• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.55-66
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• 2016

This study was carried out to investigate the effect of artificial light sources with different light qualities on the growth and flowering characteristics of a herbaceous long-day plant, Petunia ${\times}$ hybrida Hort. Seedlings of petunia cultivar 'Madness Rose' were potted, acclimated for one week, and grown in a phytotron equipped with tube- and bulb-type fluorescent lamps (FL tube and bulb), tube-type white light-emitting diodes (LED tube), halogen lamps (HL), metal halide lamps (MH), and high pressure sodium lamps (HPS) for 10 weeks. The temperature, photoperiod, and photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD) in the phytotron were $22{\pm}2^{\circ}C$, 16 h, and $25{\pm}2{\mu}mol{\cdot}m^{-2}{\cdot}s^{-1}$, respectively. Light sources combined with HL promoted stem elongation, and plant height and internode length decreased with increasing red to far-red (R:FR) ratio. FL tube + LED tube, HPS, and FL tube promoted branching, whereas plants grown under light sources combined with HL did not have any branches. Days to flowering (from longest to shortest) occurred as follows: FL tube + HL > FL tube + HL > MH > HPS = FL tube + FL bulb > FL tube + LED tube > LED tube > FL tube, indicating that reducing the R:FR ratio of the light sources promoted flowering. Only 20% of plants grown under an FL tube flowered, whereas under all other treatments, 100% of plants flowered. At 10 weeks after treatment, plants grown under HPS and MH had (cumulatively) 12 open flowers, and those grown under FL tube + FL bulb, LED tube, FL tube + LED tube, and HPS treatment had approximately seven flower buds. These results suggest that light sources with low R:FR ratios promote flowering and stem elongation in petunia, but they reduce its ornamental value due to overgrowth and poor branching.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.1-11
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• 2013

Objectives : The 7-zone-diagnostic system is a device for predetermining bodily locations by measuring the energy of the living body. The purpose of this study is to examine correlations between gastroscopy results and zone-5 data from the 7-zone-diagnostic system. Methods : This study was carried out with data from gastroscopy procedures. It involved 115 patients who had been diagnosed with gastritis, esophagitis, or gastric ulcers. These patients were divided into three groups according to the different patterns of zone-5 factors AA, FL2 and FL1. Group A was made up of patients for whom the red bar graph of zone-5 was higher than the normal range for factor AA. Group B was made up of patients for whom the red bar graph of zone-5 was within the normal range for factor AA. Group C was made up of patients for whom the red bar graph of zone-5 was lower than the normal range for factor AA. Group D E and F were made up of same way as group A B and C for factor FL2. Group G H and I were made up of same way as group A B and C for factor FL1. After the collection of gastroscopy results and data on zone-5 from the 7-zone-diagnostic system, the data was analyzed statistically. Results : 1. Group D had a higher ratio of medication than group E, and this result was statistically significant. 2. Group D G had a higher ratio of medication than group E G and group E H, and this result was statistically significant. 3. Group G had a higher ratio of esophagitis than group H, and this result was statistically significant. 4. A Group B H had a higher ratio of esophagitis than group B G, group C G, and group C H, and this result was statistically significant. 5. The medication group had a high score on the function index than the non-medication group, and this result was statistically significant. Conclusions : This study suggests that there is a slight correlation between gastroscopy results and zone-5 data from the 7-zone-diagnostic system. The research resulted in significant data that are helpful for diagnosing digestive system problems through the use of the 7-zone-diagnostic system.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.27 no.9
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• pp.1433-1438
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• 2006

An AsFlFFF channel was designed and built, and then tested for analysis of pullulans and proteins. Pullulans and proteins having various nominal molecular weights were injected at various conditions of the cross-flow rate ($F_c$) and the channel-out flow rate ($F_{out}$). The retention (measured by the retention ratio R) and the zone broadening (measured by the plate height H) were measured, and then compared with theory. When the incoming flow rate, $f_{in}$ (and thus $F_{out}$) was varied with $F_c$ fixed at 2.5 mL/min, the plate height measured for the pullulan with nominal molecular weight (M) of about 100,000 showed the trend expected by the longitudinal diffusion theory (H decreases with increasing flow rate). In contrast, when $F_{out}$ was varied with the flow rate ratio, $F_c/F_{out}$, fixed constant at 5, the plate height measured for the same sample showed the trend expected from the non-equilibrium theory (H increases with increasing flow rate). Calibration plots (log D vs. log M) obtained with pullulans and proteins were not coincide, probably due to the difference in molecular conformation, suggesting the analysis of pullulans and proteins using AsFlFFF requires independent calibration. It was found that the linearity of the protein-calibration plot was improved by using a buffer solution as the carrier.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.363-370
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• 1992

Microorganisms capable of accumulating poly-p-hydroxybutyric acid(PHB) were isolated from soil by enrichment culture technique. Among them, the strain designated as FL-027 had high PHB productivity and was identified as Alcaligenes. The optimal medium composition for cell growth was 8.0 $g/\ell$ of fructose and 3.0 $g/\ell$ of $(NH_4)_2S0_4$, equivalent to C/N ratio 5.04 at pH 7.0 and $30^{\circ}C$. To investigate the optimal conditions for the PHB accumulation, we divided the process into two stages; the first stage for the growth of the cell in nutrient-rich medium and the second stage for the PHB accumulation in nutrient-deficiency medium. The optimal conditions for PHB accumulation were 8.0 $g/\ell$ of fructose and 0.25 $g/\ell$ of $(NH_4)_2S0_4$, equivalent to C/N ratio 60 at pH 6.5 and $30^{\circ}C$. PHB accumulation was stimulated by deficiency of nutrients such as $NH_4^+$, $Ca^{2+}$, $SO_4^{2+}$ in medium. Among them. $NH_4^+$ deficiency was chosen because of its effectiveness. We found the inhibition of cell growth by fructose in batch culture. In order to keep the fructose concentration at an optimal level, intermittent feeding fed-batch culture was employed, and the cell concentration as high as 10.83 $g/\ell$ whose PHB content was responsible for 43% of the dry cell weight. The purified PHB was identified as homopolymer of 3-hydroxybutyric acid by using IR and $^1H-NMR$.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.137-144
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• 1996

The study was carried out for the preparation and evaluation of a buoyant hydrogel matrix (BHM), which is buoyant in a neutral or in pH 2.0 buffer solution, by the aspects of buoyancy, swelling, and drug release. Physical mixtures of HPC and CP in various molar ratio were employed as a mucoadhesive polymer which swells and controls the rate of drug release. Anhydrous citric acid and sodium bicarbonate in the molar ratio of 1:3 were employed as effervescing agents which provide a buoyancy for the mucoadhesive polymeric matrix. The buoyancy in vitro was expressed as both floating time$(T_{fl})$ and surfing time$(T_{sf})$, which are the time required for floating from the bottom to the surface of the medium and the time to keep the floated state at the surface of medium during release studies, respectively. A close relationship was observed between the buoyancy and the amount of effervescing agent added. $T_{fl}$ of the buoyant hydrogel matrices were decreased to about 10 seconds linearly with increasing the amount of effervescing agent in the range of 5 to 15%. $T_{sf}$ of the buoyant hydrogel matrices were varied from 1 to 3 hr depending on the amount of effervescing agent. The swelling was observed by changes in diameter of the buoyant hydrogel matrices in distilled water or acidic buffer solution, resulted in dependences on pH and the amount of effervescing agents. The release of hydrochlorothiazide from the buoyant hydrogel matrices were followed by apparent zero-order kinetics, while the buoyant hydrogel matrices were floated at the surface and maintaining their swollen shapes.

• Proceedings of the Korean Vacuum Society Conference
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• 1999.07a
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• pp.227-227
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• 1999

Plasma display panel(PDP) is a leading technology for large-area flat panel displays. A current issue in operating the PDP cell is that the efficiency of the PDP cell is very low. To increase the efficiency of the PDP cell, the visible light needs to be maximized and the power consumption minimized. Since the excited xenons are related to the production of the visible light, it is important to optimize the cell geometry and the gas composition that produce the excited xenons more efficiently. A 2D-fluid code (FL2P) is developed and used to simulate the plasma dynamics and the radiation transport in the PDP cell. The cell is optimized with the code for various operating conditions and cell dimensions such as the voltage pulse, electrode length, electrode spacing, gap size, dielectric constant, gas mixture ratio, pressure, and pulse duration.

• Journal of Sericultural and Entomological Science
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.7-19
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• 1985

The genetic variances and combinding ability of some useful characters were analyzd on sixty four combinations in the 8$\times$8 diallel cross using the four Japanese races(Jam 107, Jam 113, Jam 117 and Jam 119) and the four Chinese races(Jam 108, Jam 114, Jam 118 and Jam 120). The eight quantitative characters were the total larval stage period(TP), the fifth larval instar period(FP), the female cocoon total weight(FW), the male cocoon total weight(MW), the female cocoon layer weight(FL), the male cocoon layer weight(ML), the female cocoon layer ratio(FR), and the male cocoon layer ratio(MR). The results were as follows: The analysis of the genetic variance and the combining ability in the TP and the FP. In TP and FP, h2N was less than h2B. The GCA, SCA and RCA were at a high significant level. Hl/D and (Hl/D)1/2 ere large. The heterosis were small minus. E and D were large. The r was in the positive direction, because the recessive genes were mainly expressed as a short rearing periods. The regressions of the characters were passed below 0 point, because the characters in the TP and the FP were appeared overdominant. The order of the dominance in the TP of the parents were in the order of Jam 119>Jam 113>Jam 117>Jam 108>Jam 120>Jam 114>Jam 107>Jam 118, and that in the FP of the parents were followed in the orders of Jam 117>Jam 113>Jam 108>Jam 114>Jam 119>Jam 107>Jam 120>Jam 118. The analysis of the genetic variance and the combining ability of the FW and the MW. In the FW and the Mw, h2N was less the h2B. The GCA and SCA were large but RCA was little. Hl/D and (Hl/D)1/2 in the parents were large. Heterosis was large. E was appeared large in the FW, and small in the MW. D was small. The r was of the minus direction, because the dominance genes were less expressed. The regression of the these characters were padded below 0 point, because the characters in FW and MW were appeared overdominant. The orders of the dominance in the FW of the parents were as the order of Jam 107>Jam 108>Jam 119>Jam 113>Jam 114>Jam 120>Jam 117>Jam 118, and in the MW of them in the order of Jam 114>Jam 120>Jam 108>Jam 113>Jam 107>Jam 119>Jam 117>Jam 118. The analysis of the genetic variance and the combining ability of the FL and ML. In the FL and the ML, h2N was less than h2B. GCA and SCA were large. RCA was little. Hl/D and (Hl/D)1/2 ere large. Heterosis was large. The r was in the negative direction, because the dominance genes were less expressed. The regression of the characters of FL and ML were appeared overdominant. The dominance in the FL of parents ere in the order of Jam 120>Jam 114>Jam 119>Jam 119>Jam 118>Jam 107>Jam 117>Jam 113, and the ML of them in the order of Jam 114>Jam 108>Jam 120>Jam 117>Jam 118>Jam 107>Jam 119>Jam 113. The analysis of the genetic variance and combining ability of the FR and the MR. In the FR and the Mr, h2N was less than h2B. GCA was large. The SCA and RCA were little. In the FW, Hl/D was large but (Hl/D)1/2 was a little. In MR, Hl/D and (Hl/D)1/2 both were a littel. Heterosis was a little. E in the FR was in the negative direction, because the dominance genes were less expressed but that in the MR was the positive direction because the recessive genes were mainly expressed. The order of the dominance in the FR of the parents were in the order of Jam 117>Jam 114>Jam 108>Jam 120>Jam 118>Jam 119>Jam 107>Jam 113 and that in the MR these were in the order of Jam 114>Jam 117>Jam 108>Jam 118>Jam 107>Jam 119>Jam 120.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.207-219
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• 2016

Incandescent (INC) lamps have been commonly used to promote flowering of long-day (LD) plants during short-day (SD) seasons, but production of INC lamps has been prohibited due to their low energy efficiency. One of the light sources replacing INC lamps is a compact fluorescent lamp (CFL). This study was carried out to compare the flowering and morphological responses of LD annuals grown in a controlled environment greenhouse at $20^{\circ}C$ with a truncated 9-h SD and a 2- or 4-h night interruption (NI) or 6-h day extension (DE) provided by lighting from INC lamps, CFLs, or a combination of the two (INC + CFLs), in which red (R) to far-red (FR) ratios were 0.60, 8.46, and 0.91, respectively, and their PPFDs were $2.3{\pm}0.3{\mu}mol{\cdot}m^{-2}{\cdot}s^{-1}$. After 12 weeks of treatment, $Petunia{\times}hybrida$ 'Wave Purple' plants did not flower under the SD photoperiod whereas 100% flowered under all of the LD treatments. Flowering was more rapid under the INC or INC + CFL lighting treatments compared to CFL and DE, and 4-h NI enhanced flowering compared to 2-h NI. In addition, plants under DE and 4h-NI generally flowered earlier than under 2-h NI. All petunia 'Single Dreams Red' plants flowered within 65 days after treatment, and flowering was hastened by some LD lighting regimens and lamp types. Plants under DE and 4h-NI generally flowered earlier than under 2-h NI INC or INC + CFL compared to FL, and flowering time under INC 6-h DE was earliest. In addition, INC lighting promoted stem elongation of both petunia cultivars. In both pansy (Viola${\times}wittrockiana$) 'Coiossus Yellow' and 'Delta Blue Blotch', LD treatments, especially using INC lamps, promoted flowering whereas the lighting period had little influence on days to flowering. Therefore, INC or INC + CFL with lower R:FR promoted flowering and stem extension and the promoting effect was larger with longer lighting periods. These results suggest that CFLs can be used to provide LDs to promote the flowering of petunia and pansy and to reduce stem elongation, although the promoting effect on flowering is sometimes less than that of INC lamps alone.

• Korean Journal of Animal Reproduction
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.85-90
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• 2001

To study the signaling effect of growth hormone (GH) in vivo on animal physiology, transgenic mice containing GH Receptor (GHR) gene fused to metallothionein promoter were produced by DNA microinjection into one-cell stage embryos. Three founder mice were produced with transgenic mice with approximately 4~6 copies of GHR genes and transgene was transmitted into the progeny. The founder mice were mated with normal mice to produce F$_1$ mice, and intergation and transmission of transgene were checked by polymerase chain reaction and Southern blot methods. Transmission rate of GHR transgenic mice were 20~50% in F$_1$ generation and 50% in F$_2$ generation which means that some founder mice were mosaic and transgene in F$_1$ mice was transmitted to F$_2$ progeny with Mendelian ratio. Death rate of GHR transgenic mice after birth was about 10~30% in F$_1$ and F$_2$ progenies indicating that GHR gene may affect death of transgnenic progeny.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.193-200
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• 2013

BACKGROUND: Plant factory system of an artificial light type using Light-Emitting Diodes (LEDs), fluorescent light, or metal halide lamp instead of sun light is an ultimated method for plant production without any pesticides regardless of seasonal changes. The plant factory is also completely isolated from outside environmental conditions such as a light, temperature, or humidity compared to conventional greenhouse. Light-environment control such as a quality or quantity in the plant factory system is essential for improving the growth and development of plant species. However, there was little report that the effects of various light qualities provided by LEDs on Ledebouriella seseloides growth under the plant factory system. METHODS AND RESULTS: Ledebouriella seseloides seedlings transplanted at urethane sponge were grown in the plant factory system of a horizontal type with LED artificial lights for 90 days. Yamazaki solution for hydroponic culture of the seedlings was regularly irrigated by the deep flow technique (DFT) system on the culture gutters. Electrical Conductivity (EC) and pH of the solution was recorded at 1.4 ds/m and 5.8 in average, respectively during the experimental period. Number of unfolded leaves, leaf length, shoot fresh and dry weight of the seedlings were three times measured in every 30 days after beginning of the experiment. Blue LEDs, red LEDs, and fluorescent lights inside the plant factory were used as light sources. Conventional fluorescent lamps were considered as a control. In all the treatment, light intensity was maintained at $100{\mu}mol/m^2/s$ on the culture bed. Fresh weight of the seedlings was 3.7 times greater in the treatment with the mixture radiation of fluorescent light and blue+red LEDs (1:3 in energy ratio; Treatment FLBR13) than in fluorescent light treatment (Treatment FL). In FLBR13 treatment, dry weight per seedling was two times greater than in FL or BR11 treatment of blue+red LEDs (1:3 in energy ratio; Treatment BR11) during the culture period. Increasing in number of unfolded leaves was also significantly affected by the FLBR13 treatment comparing with BR11 treatment. CONCLUSION(S): Hydroponic culture of Ledebouriella seseloides seedlings was successfully achieved in the plant factory system with mixture lights of blue, red LEDs and fluorescent lights. Shoot growth of the seedlings was significantly promoted by the FLBR13 with the mixture radiation of fluorescent light, blue, and red LEDs under 1:3 mixture ratio of blue and red LEDs during the experimental period compared to conventional light conditions.