• Proceedings of the PSK Conference
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• 2000.10a
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• pp.221.1-221.1
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• 2000

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.92-103
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• 1980

Components of neutral lipids and amino acids of Hirneola auricula-Judae and Gyrophora esculenta grown in Korea were compared by using a Thinchrography (latroscan TH-10) and an amino acid auto analyzer(Technicon PNC-1 type), respectively. Cholesterol ester and tripalmitin were the major components among the triglycerides in both of the samples. From the total amino acids which are closely related with the nutritional valuation, aspartic acid was in the richest amount and then came with glutamic acid, serine, alanine and valine in Hirneola auricula-Judae and Gyrophora esculents contained large quantity of glutamic acid.

• Proceedings of the PSK Conference
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• 2000.04a
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• pp.97.2-98
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• 2000

• Journal of Microbiology
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• v.45 no.6
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• pp.578-582
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• 2007

The primary objective of this study was to assess the in vitro melanogenesis inhibitory effects of methanolic extracts of the edible and medicinal lichens, Umbilicaria (Gyrophora) esculenta and Usnea longissima. The quantities of the total phenolic compounds of methanolic extract of the two lichen extracts were determined to be 1.46% and 2.62%, respectively. In order to evaluate the antioxidative effects of the extracts, we also measured electron donating abilities (EDA) and lipid peroxidation rates. The EDA values measured by the reduction of 1.1'-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) were 72.8% and 80.7% for the extracts, with $SC_{50}$ (median scavenging concentration) values of $1.29{\pm}0.05\;mg/ml$ and $1.03{\pm}0.06\;mg/ml$, respectively. The rates of inhibition of lipid peroxidation using linoleic acid were 92.1% and 97.3% for the extracts, with $IC_{50}$ (median inhibitory concentration) values of $0.57{\pm}0.05\;mg/ml$ and $0.53{\pm}0.06\;mg/ml$, respectively. The inhibitory rates of the extracts against tyrosinase were 67.4% and 84.8%, respectively. The extracts were shown to reduce melanin formation in human melanoma cells. Melanin contents in the samples treated with 0.01% and 0.1% U. esculenta were 47.1% and 31.2%, respectively, and those treated with 0.01% and 0.1% Usnea longissima were 51.1% and 34.9%, respectively, whereas a value of 54.0% was registered when ascorbic acid was utilized as a positive control. In addition to direct tyrosinase inhibition, it was determined that the lichen extracts affected the activity of tyrosinase via the inhibition of tyrosinase glycosylation. As a result, the methanolic extracts of U. esculenta and Usnea longissima evidenced melanogenesis inhibitory effects, which occurred via multiple routes.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.39 no.6
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• pp.820-825
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• 2010

The functional food components from various Basidiomycota were investigated to improve human intestinal microflora, especially associated with obesity. EtOH extract from Gyrophora esculenta fruit body and Coriolus versicolor judae mycelia showed antimicrobial activities on Eubacterium limosum, Clostridium perfrigens, Clostridium paraputrificum, Clostridium difficile and Clostridium ramosum, and on Bacteroides fragilis, respectively. Although the 80% EtOH extract from G. esculenta fruit body and hot-water extract from C. versicolor judae mycelia did not reduce weight of the rats in the high fat diet, these extracts showed stability at high temperatures and at wide pH ranges. In the rat group of feeding 80% EtOH extract from G. esculanta fruit body, Bifidobacterium spp. were increased and Clostridium spp. and Eubacterium spp. were decreased compared to the high fat feeding group. Also sensory evaluation was carried out for the development of prototype drink product. These results demonstrated the possibilities of C. versicolor judae and G. esculenta as a functional food components to control intestinal microbial flora.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.23 no.1 s.72
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• pp.14-27
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• 1995

For the searching of antibiotics in the mushroom, we studied on the screening of antiyeast and antifungal components. The powder of fruiting body of each mushroom was extracted with petroleum ether, 80% ethanol, and distilled water in that order, respectively. The antifungal activity of each extract from 32 different mushrooms were tested. The petroleum ether or ethanol extracts from fruiting bodies of Boletus auripes, Leccinum extremiorientale, Gomphus floccosus, Phaeolus schweinitzii, Pycnoporus cinnabarinus and Marasmius maximus showed antiyeast activities. The ethanol extract of Gyrophora esculenta showed an antiyeast activity against Cryptococcus neoformans, and its minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) was $600\;{\mu}g/ml$. The petroleum ether or ethanol extracts from fruiting bodies of Amanita citrina, Leccinum extremiorientale, Gomphus floccosus, Phaeolus schweinitzii, Pycnoporus cinnabarinus, Marasmius maximus and Gyrophora esculenta showed antifungal activities. The ethanol extract of Gomphus floccoscus showed an antifungal activity against Microsporum gypseum, and its MIC was $1,000\;{\mu}g/ml$. The ethanol extract of Gyrophora esculenta showed antifungal activities against Trichophyton mentagrophytes, Microsporum gypseum and Pyricularia oryzae, and theirs MIC were $300\;{\mu}g/ml,\;600\;{\mu}g/ml\;and\;600\;{\mu}g/ml$, respectively. The petroleum ether extract of Gyrophrora esculenta also showed an antifungal activity against Microsporum gypseum, and its MIC was $300\;{\mu}g/ml$.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.6-12
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• 1980

Compositions of fatty acid and sterol of Hirneola auricula-Judge and Gyrophora esculenta produced is Korea were analyzed by gas liquid chromatographic(GLC) and infra red(IR) spectro-photometric techniques. As results, H. auricula showed linoleic acid 33.73, palmitic acid 15.52, stearic acid 5.03, oleic acid 16.03, linolenic acid 17.80, and unknown acid 11.89 % respectively, in their composition, while G. esculenta linoleic acid 46.35, palmitic acid 31.71, oleic acid 16.82, unknown acid 5.12 %, and trace of stearic and linolenic acids, respectively. Sterols were separated by thin layer chromatographic technique from both samples and identified by IR analysis. Two sterols, sitosterol and ergosterol, were present in both samples.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.129-135
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• 1991

To investigate on the trace element content of twelve edible mushrooms and Aloe arborescens, i. e., Lentinus edodes, Ganoderma lucidum (culturing in wood and soil), Tricholoma matsutake, Agaricus bisporus, Cyrophora esculenta, Auricularia auricula-Jude (produced in Korea and China), Sarcodon asparatus, Pleurotus ostreatus, Coriolus versicolor, Smilax rotundifolia and Aloe arborescerts were analyzed by Atomic absorption spectrometer. The obtained results were summerized as follows: 1. Potassium, sodium, magnesium and iron content for the most part samples were in large quantities, especially phosphorus content of those was highest ammount for the all samples. 2. Sodium content was much ammount in the Lentinus edodes (39mg) and Ganoderma lucidurn (20 mg), Culturing in wood and soil, while potassium was very high ammount in the Aloe arborescens and other samples. Mush ammount of magnesium as compared with others was Lentinus edodes (144mg), Ganoderma lucidurn (128mg), Aloe arborescerts (50mg) and pleurotus ostreatus (60mg). Phosphorus content of Ganoderma lucidurn, Lentinus edodes, Gyrophora esculenta, Auricularia polytricha and Agaricus bisporus was much ammount while iron content of all samples equality higher ammount. Sodium content of Aloe arborescens was not analyzed out for almost all, its potassium (82mg), magnesium (50mg) and iron (18rng) content comparatively higher quentity than others minerals and phosphorus volume (4.9mg) as compared with others, was conspicuously lower detect. 4. Cadimium and lead content of harmful metal element were detected on trace quentity for the most part samples 5. Organic acids of samples i.e., Legtinus edodes, Agaricus bisporus, Pleurotus ostreatus and Ganoderma lucidum were Citrate, Malate, Fumalate, Succinate, Oxalate, Acetate, Lactate, and Tartarate and Citrate, Malate and Fumarate contents were higher amount remarkbly than other organic acids. Tartarate content was trace amount.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.294-297
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• 2005

The amount of $\beta-glucans$ in 12 edible mushroom species was determined and their water-solubility was assessed. A large variability in $\beta-glucans$ content was observed in the mushroom species, ranging from 4.71 to $46.20\%$ on a dry basis. Gyrophora esculenta, Lentinus edodes, Coriolus versicolor, Ganodenna lucidum, and Flammulina velutipes had high levels of $\beta-glucans$ Soluble $\beta-glucans$ content, which plays a key role in the physiological effects of mushrooms, also varied greatly according to the mushroom species, ranging from 2.12 to $19.66\%$. Water-solubility of $\beta-glucans$ in the edible mushrooms, as a percentage of total $\beta-glucans$ content varied from 42.55 to $73.35\%$.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.33-36
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• 1984

As the previous report, by the administration of Sogi , Gyrophoraesculenta, to rats, cholesterol levels in liver and plasma were lowered. To know the Characteristics of the effective material contained in Iwatake, the aqueous and the alcoholic extracts were prepared, and these extracts were miked in the diet. After the feeding for 6weeks, cholesterols in liver and in plasma were determined. Either the aqueous or the alcoholic extracts administered groups showed a little low value as to these cholesterol levels compared with the value of group without the extract, but these values of alcoholic extract administered group were lower than those of aqueous extract group. From this result, it was assumed that this effective material would be the organic compound with hydrophilic groups.