• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.189-197
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• 2002

Twenty nine strains of photosynthetic purple nonsulfur bacteria were isolated from Kyonggi area in Korea. The isolated strains were identified as Rhodopseudomonas blastica, Rhodocyclus gelatinosus, Rhodocyclus tenuis, and Rhodopseudomonas rutila. The enhanced nutrients removal system for wastewater using phototrophic purple non-sulfur bacteria was developed. Experiments were performed into two Phases and the results were compared: the synthetic wastewater was tested for the removal efficiency of nutrients and organics during Phase 1 and the real wastewater during Phase2. Results showed that 97∼99％ of organics were removed during Phase 1 and 96∼99％ during Phase 2. Nutrients (nitrogen and phosphorus) were also removed efficiently: 85∼91％ removal of T-N and 78∼92％ removal of T-P were achieved for Phase 1, and 76∼89％ removal of T-N and 73∼88％ removal of T-P for Phase 2.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.50 no.2
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• pp.84-92
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• 2006

The present study investigated an effect of arsenic trioxide on the urethane-induced lung carcinogenesis in mice. To understand its carcinogenesis, we examined proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), apoptotic index as well as cell cycle-related proteins (cyclin D1, p21, and p27). Urethane was injected intraperitoneally in ICR mice, and then they were sacrificed at 5, 15, or 25 weeks following treatment of arsenic trioxide. Arsenic trioxide was given with tap water at a concentration of 1 mg/l (low-dose) and 5mg/1 (high-dose) for 25 weeks. During the carcinogenesis, sequential histological changes from hyperplasia to adenomas, and ultimately to overt carcinomas were noted. The development of hyperplasias, adenomas, and carcinomas in the lung were slightly increased by the treatment of low-dose arsenic trioxide. However, there is no correlation between dose and tumor multiplicity. The administration of low-dose arsenic trioxide, significantly increased the tumor size. The proliferative index observed on 5 weeks after significantly increased. Cyclin D1 and p21 protein, cell cycle related proteins, were more significantly increased in hyperplasia and adenoma in low dose arsenic treated group than urethane alone group. The p27 protein expression did not show any significantly changes with arsenic treated or untreated group. Low dose exposure to arsenic trioxide resulted in increased expression of cyclin D1 and p21 protein. The present results indicate that low-dose treatment of arsenic trioxide, but not high dose of it, partly modulate the cellular proliferation, cyclin D1, and p21 protein expression, and that this effect may contribute to accelerated development of lung adenocarcinomas in urethane-induced mice.

• Journal of architectural history
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• v.22 no.6
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• pp.35-46
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• 2013

This study aims to examine the early use of Da-bo tap and their transformation by analyzing the various meanings of the term pagoda in Chinese translations, the Sanskrit version of the Lotus Sutra, as well as Dabotap in the Mogao Caves of Dunhuang. In addition, we aim to highlight changes in Dabotap usage, which started out as residential spaces, but transformed into burial spaces over time. The details can be summarized as follows. First, early Buddhist monuments were usually either pagodas serving as burial places for the dead or shrines that were not. A Dabotap is a type of pagoda enshrining the body of Prabhutaratna, and was initially used as a residential space, rather than a burial place for the dead. Second, the terms stupa and caitya are clearly distinguished from each other in the Sanskrit scriptures, and stupa is also further classified into dhatu, sarisa, and atmabhava based on the object being enshrined. In Gyeon-bo-tab-pum, the preconditions for caitya to transform into stupa is presented by explaining that worshipping the space enshrining the body of Prabhutaratna is worthy of the same status as the space enshrining sarira. Third, the Mogao Caves of Dunhuang had been depicted from the Western Wei of the Northern Dynasties until the time of the Yuan Dynasty. It was used as a residential space until the early Sui Dynasty, but was used as both residence and burial places until the Tang Dynasty when pagodas were first being constructed with wheel or circles forms on top, which then gradually changed into stupa (grave towers).

• Physical Therapy Korea
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.241-249
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• 2020

Background: Prolonged standing during work causes a lower extremity pain and disorders. Patellofemoral pain syndrome (PFPS) is one of the common diagnoses of the knee pain. Although the etiology of PFPS is not completely understood, it is considered to be multifactorial. Objects: The purpose of this study was to investigate difference in strength of knee muscles, quadriceps:hamstring muscles strength ratio (Q:H ratio), asymmetry ratio of knee muscles strength and dorsiflexion range of motion (ROM) between standing workers with and without PFPS. Methods: Twenty-eight standing workers with PFPS and 26 age-, height-, and weight-matched standing workers without PFPS participated in this study. A tension sensor measured knee muscle strength, and motion sensor measured dorsiflexion ROM. The asymmetry ratio of knee muscles was calculated by a specific formula using the knee muscles strength of the dominant side and the sound side. An independent t-test was used to identify significant differences in the strength, ROM, Q:H ratio, and asymmetry ratio between the PFPS and normal groups. Results: The standing worker with PFPS have significantly lower dorsiflexion ROM (p < 0.000) and higher asymmetry ratio of the hamstring muscles strength (p < 0.000) compare to the standing worker without PFPS. No significant differences were seen in the strength of quadriceps muscle and hamstring muscles, Q:H ratio, and asymmetry ratio of quadriceps muscle strength. Conclusion: There was a significant difference in the asymmetry ratio of the isometric hamstring muscle strength. This finding suggests that the asymmetry ratio of isometric hamstring muscle strength may be more important than measuring only the hamstring muscle strength of the PFPS side. Furthermore, the results of this study showed a significant difference in dorsiflexion ROM between the standing industrial workers with and without PFPS. Dorsiflexion ROM and isometric hamstring muscle strength should be considered when evaluating the subjects with PFPS.

• Journal of the Korean Dietetic Association
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.2-9
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• 1995

The present study was designed to observe whether nutritional education on children or mothers of the children who avoid to eat vegetables can improve the preferences for the vegetables of the subjects. The subjects were 45 children who are fourth to sixth grade of primary school in Bibong. They were assigned to one of three groups which are Control, Children Education and Mothers Education groups. Control group was not given any special education, while experimental groups were given nutritional education for 4 weeks. The effects of education was evaluated in the aspects of preference changes for vegetables, nutritional knowledge, attitude and food behavior of the subjects The results are summarized as follows. 1. Preferences to cucumber, lettuce, chinese cabbage and raddish were high in three groups while greenonion, onion, lotus roots and red pepper didn't suit for their taste. 2. Significantly increased scores for the preference to red pepper, pumpkin, Dorajee(root of chinese bell-flower), braken, mushroom was shown only in the children who had nutritional education while the children in the group of Mothers Education improved their preference only cabbage and lotus roots. 3. Nutritional knowledge of the children in Children Education group has improved significantly(p<0.05). While there was no significant difference between control and Mothers Education group. 4. When scores for food habit of mother and children were estimated, there was no significant difference among three groups. However, score of food habit in children was higher than that of mothers. 5. Food habit and nutrition knowledge of mother were not well corelated with dietary attitude and behavior of their children. These results indicate that the program of nutrition education in the present study can improve the food choice of children for vegetable and correct one-sided food habit. The program applied in this study would serve a kind of model for the dietetic teachers to guide the children who mainly dislikes vegetables.

• Journal of Sensor Science and Technology
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.189-194
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• 1999

The heat treatment effects of the undoped ZnO and Al doped ZnO(AZO) transparent conductive films prepared by rf magnetron sputtering were investigated. The variations of the electrical and optical properties with heat treatment temperature and ambient were studied. The resistivity of the un doped ZnO films heat treated in air and $H_z$ plasma for 1 hour increased rapidly above $200^{\circ}C$ and $300^{\circ}C$, respectively. And that of the ZnO:Al films heat treated in air also increased rapidly above $300^{\circ}C$. On the other hand that of the ZnO:Al films heat treated in $H_z$ plasma was constant regardless of heat treatment temperature. The optical transmittance above 550nm is about 90% for all thin films regardless of impurity doping, the heat treatment temperature and ambient.

• Proceedings of the Korean Vacuum Society Conference
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• 2013.02a
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• pp.163-163
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• 2013

최근 들어서 유연 OLED (Organic Light-Emitting Diodes) 소자에 대한 연구가 증가하면서 전통적인 ITO 전극을 대체할 수 있는 전극물질 후보로 그래핀이 많은 주목을 받고 있다. 그 중에 CVD 방법으로 합성된 다층 그래핀(Few layer graphene, FLG)은 실제 상용화되는 소자에 응용이 될 가능성이 높아 많은 연구가 이 방향으로 진행되고 있다. 이 연구에서는 다층 그래핀과 유기물질 사이의 계면을 전자분광학 분석을 이용해 각 분자층 사이의 에너지 준위 변화에 대해 분석했다. 에너지 준위 정렬을 이용하면 각 분자층간의 정공주입 에너지장벽을 알 수 있는데 이 에너지 장벽은 소자의 효율에 직접적으로 연관되는 값이다. 정공 주입층 물질로는 TAPC 1,1- Bis[4-[N,N'-di(p-tolyl)amino]phenyl]cyclohexane (TAPC)를 사용했고, 다층 그래핀과 TAPC층 사이의 에너지 준위 정렬을 분석한 결과 다층 그래핀과 TAPC층 사이에는 ~1.4 eV의 에너지 장벽이 존재함을 확인했다. 하지만 OLED 소자로 활용하기 위해서는 이보다 더 낮은 에너지 장벽을 필요로 하기 때문에 두 물질 사이에 4,4'-bis(N-phenyl-1-naphthylamino)biphenyl (NPB), 1,4,5,8,9,11-hexaazatriphenylene-hexacarbonitrile (HAT-CN)을 삽입하여 에너지 장벽을 낮추기 위한 시도를 해 보았다. 그래핀과 TAPC 사이에 중간층으로 NPB를 사용했을 때의 에너지 장벽은 0.55 eV, HAT-CN을 사용했을 때는 0.4 eV로 TAPC만 사용했을 때보다 ~1 eV정도 에너지 장벽을 낮추는 효과를 보여줬다. 이 연구를 통해 다층 그래핀을 OLED 소자의 전극으로 활용할 수 있는 가능성을 볼 수 있었다.

• Journal of Society of Preventive Korean Medicine
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.1-10
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• 2014

Objective : This study aimed to investigate the level of friendship perceived by hospital staffs in korean medicine hospitals in Gwangju and relationship between friendship and organizational effectiveness. Method : The subject were 134 hospital staffs in 5 different hospitals in Gwangju. The questionnaire used in this study contained 44 questions about workplace friendship (15 questions), organizational effectiveness (16 questions), social demographic characteristics (8 questions) and others (5 questions). Results : Young woman in their 20s and 30s were major participants (69person, 52.7%), nursing and administrative department(72person, 55%) were dominant division, the person those who have less than 1 year current workplace career(69person, 52.7%) were major group in this study. Participants responded about barriers of friendship at workplace were lack of opportunities for formal or informal meeting and lack of hospital's interest and supporting about human relations among employees at workplace. Both friendship level with superior and friendship level with subordinate were lower than friendship level with colleague. (p=.000) Participants who have higher workplace friendship level, were also higher level at job satisfaction, organizational commitment and lower level at turnover intention, job stress. Especially friendship level with superior had biggest relationship with variables of organizational effectiveness. Conclusion : Participants showed close relationship with friendship degree and organizational effectiveness. We suggest that the CEOs of korean medicine hospital would make their effort to improve friendship level of workers for the rise of organizational effectiveness.

• The Bulletin of The Korean Astronomical Society
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• v.37 no.2
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• pp.152.1-152.1
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• 2012

한국형발사체개발사업은 대형복합시스템 사업이며, 장기간에 걸쳐 개발이 진행되는 사업이다. 따라서 사업적, 기술적 측면의 불확실성과 위험 등이 존재하며, 이를 적절히 관리 통제하지 못하면 비용 상승, 일정 지연 및 기술성능 요구조건 등의 불만족을 초래한다. 따라서 개발사업 초기단계에서부터 일정, 비용, 기술성능 및 위험관리 등을 위한 종합적 사업관리시스템 구축 및 운용은 개발사업 성공의 주요 관건이다. 현재 한국형개발사업단에서는 이러한 요구조건을 만족시키기 위한 일환으로써 일정 및 비용에 대한 효과적 관리시스템인 EVMS(Earned Value Management System)을 구축하여 운용 중에 있으며, 한국형개발사업에 맞는 최적화된 EVMS을 구축하기 위하여 시스템 커스터마이징 작업을 수행 중에 있다. EVMS의 구축과정에서 가장 고심했던 문제는 WBS 개발과 성과(Earned Value) 측정방법의 선정이었다. WBS의 경우, 개발초기단계에서부터 사업 전체를 포괄하는 완벽한 WBS을 개발하는 것은 상당히 어려운 문제이다. 그러나 사업초기에 존재하는 불확실성 및 위험에도 불구하고 개발을 계속 진행해야 하는 상황은 개발 현장에서 자주 접하게 되는 문제이다. 이러한 문제를 해결하기 위해서 적용하는 유용한 기법이 연동계획하기(Rolling Wave Planning)이다. 한국형개발사업을 위한 EVMS 구축과정에서도 이와 같은 문제에 봉착하게 되어 WBS 개발 시 연동계획하기(Rolling Wave Planning)기법을 적용할 예정이다. 성과(EV) 측정방법의 경우, 퍼센트완료기법과 마일스톤+퍼센트완료기법 등을 선정하여 적용 중에 있다. 현재 연구개발사업의 특성을 고려하여 우선 퍼센트완료기법을 적용하여 성과를 측정하였으나, 성과측정 결과의 주관성 문제로 인하여 마일스톤+퍼센트완료기법을 적용하여 성과(EV) 측정 결과의 객관성을 최대한 확보 할 예정이며, 최종적으로 한국형개발사업에 최적화된 성과측정 기법을 개발할 예정이다.

• Magazine of the Korean Society of Agricultural Engineers
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.4805-4811
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• 1978

This paper deals with the correlations between the results of the physical property tests and the mechanical property tests for estimating the mechanical indexes by the physical property test results. The soil samples were taken at changweon area, Gyeon-gsangnam-do, where the structures would be placed on the alluvial clay foundation. The outcomes of the study are as follows: 1. Judging from casagrande's plasticity chart, it is considered that the almost all soil samples belong to inorganic silty clay with medium plasticity (clay 14∼62%, silt 36∼73%, sand 1∼29%). The specific gravities are between 2.61 and 2.72, the wet unit weights 1.53g/㎤ and 1.93g/㎤, the liquid limits 28% and 51%, the plastic limits 15% and 31%, the plastic indexes 7% and 27%, the natural moisture contents 33% and 64%. 2. The unconfined compression strengths are between 0.07kg/$\textrm{cm}^2$ and 0.77kg/$\textrm{cm}^2$, the cohesions 0.04kg/$\textrm{cm}^2$ and 0.37kg/$\textrm{cm}^2$, the internal friction angles 0$^{\circ}$ and 9$^{\circ}$. 3. The consolidation tests show that the initial void ratios are between 0.68 and 1.68, the precompression loads 0.27kg/$\textrm{cm}^2$ and 1.15kg/$\textrm{cm}^2$, the compression indexes 0.12 and 0.59. 4. The correlations between the results of the physical property tests and the mechanical property tests for the soil samples are presented as follows: rt=0.011 (203-wn), Cc=0.025 (LL-27.2), Cc=0.46 (e0-0.58), Cc=0.013 (wn-23.2), C=0.021+qu/2.08, qu=2.268rt-3.635