• Annals of Clinical Neurophysiology
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.81-88
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• 2000

Background : Guillain-$Barr{\acute{e}}$ syndrome(GBS) is characterized clinically by acute flaccid paralysis, areflexia, and albumino-cytologic dissociation. Based on electrophysiology and pathology, GBS can be divided into either predominantly demyelinating or predominantly axonal patterns. Objectives : The clinical and laboratory status of probable acute axonal GBS occurring at a mental hospital was evaluated. Methods : Eight schizophrenia patients with probable acute axonal GBS were analyzed. Results : The mean age of the patients was 38 years old. Most of the patients were men. All patients showed an acute ascending paraparesis and/or quadriparesis with areflexia, and all have a history of schizophrenia for 3~20 years. The diseases occurred predominantly in the summer and electrodiagnostic studies revealed axonal patterns. The patients were treated by supportive care, except one patient with intravenous immunoglobulin. The prognosis was improved in 3 ; no change in 4 and 1 became aggravated. One patient with acute motor-sensory axonal neuropathy had a recurrence after 10 months of the first attack. Conclusions : Axonal GBS has been considered uncommon clinically or electrophysiologically, but 8 probable acute axonal GBSs occurring at a mental hospital have been diagnosed in 3.5 years.

• Journal of the Korean neurological association
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.211-214
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• 2017

Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM) and Guillain-$Barr{\acute{e}}$ syndrome (GBS) are both rare post-infectious neurological disorders. The co-existence of these conditions has often been reported despite of low incidence. We describe a 20-year-old male, who presented with acute flaccid paralysis and encephalopathy. The patient showed reversible MRI lesions suggesting ADEM. This case showed anti-GT1a IgG and anti-GM1 IgM antibodies positivity. We suggest that certain immunogenicity within central and peripheral nervous system may share a common autoimmune process during the disease course.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.59 no.6
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• pp.271-275
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• 2016

Purpose: A limited number of studies have examined the link between F-wave abnormalities and clinical presentation in pediatric Guillain-$Barr{\acute{e}}$ syndrome (GBS). Therefore, this study examined the importance of F-wave abnormalities as a prognostic factor in pediatric GBS patients. Methods: The records and electrodiagnostic studies (EDS) of 70 GBS patients were retrospectively evaluated, and divided into 2 groups according to the results of EDS. Group A (n=33) presented with F-wave abnormalities, and group B (n=26) exhibited normal findings. We compared laboratory reports, clinical features, response to treatment, and prognosis between the 2 groups. Results: Motor weakness was the most frequently observed symptom for either group. Clinically, the incidence of fever and upper respiratory symptoms differed between the 2 groups, while the prevalence of abnormal deep tendon reflex (DTR) was significantly higher in group A than B (P<0.05). Patients diagnosed with GBS had received intravenous immunoglobulin treatment: 94% in group A and 58% in group B. Furthermore, significantly greater numbers of patients in group A showed H-reflex abnormalities and poor prognosis compared with group B (P<0.05). Conclusion: This study demonstrated that F-waves are a clinically important prognostic factor in GBS. F-wave abnormalities were associated with abnormal DTR and poor prognosis in patients. Limited studies have examined the link between F-wave abnormalities and clinical results; therefore, further randomized controlled studies are needed to confirm the clinical characteristics and efficacy of treatments.

• Annals of Clinical Neurophysiology
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.50-53
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• 2017

An infection is less likely to elicit chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (CIDP) than Guillain-$Barr{\acute{e}}$ syndrome. We here report a case of acute-onset CIDP following hepatitis A virus infection and briefly comment on the potential mechanisms regarding the induction and chronicity of autoimmunity after a viral infection.

• Kosin Medical Journal
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.257-262
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• 2018

Guillain-$Barr{\acute{e}}$ syndrome (GBS) and acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM) are demyelinating neurologic disorders with different target organs. Although they share similar pathogenetic mechanism, reports of simultaneous occurrence of the 2 disorders are rare. A 2 year 6 month old girl visited our hospital for fever, cough, and general weakness. Although the muscle power of extremities showed mild weakness and voiding difficulty, initial deep tendon reflex of both knees and ankles was normal. A nerve conduction study to evaluate the weakness revealed the absence of F waves. Cerebrospinal fluid analysis demonstrated pleocytosis with lymphocyte predominance and elevated protein levels. Magnetic resonance imaging showed abnormal T2 hyperintensity in pons, medulla and spinal cord. Serum anti-GD1b antibody was positive. Based on clinical findings, laboratory findings, nerve conduction study, and neuroimaging, the diagnosis of GBS and ADEM was made. This is the first case of GBS accompanied by ADEM in Korea.

• Annals of Clinical Neurophysiology
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.13-18
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• 2020

The electrodiagnostic findings in Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) play important roles in both understanding its pathophysiology and its diagnosis. Only demyelinating neuropathies were thought to be present when GBS patients were first diagnosed in Western countries, but the concept changed when many axonal GBS patients were reported in Asia. Reversible conduction failure was subsequently revealed, and it was recognized as a pathophysiologic continuum of axonal GBS. Thus, the electrodiagnostic findings in GBS have had a profound effect on the history of this disease.

• Annals of Clinical Neurophysiology
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.112-116
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• 2020

Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) and Miller Fisher syndrome (MFS) can present with overlapping features. A 56-year-old female developed ptosis and diplopia after an upper respiratory infection, and presented with facial palsy, dysarthria, brachial weakness, ataxia, and areflexia. Mild weakness of both legs appeared after a few days. Anti-ganglioside complex antibody were positive to IgG GM1/GQ1b and GQ1b/sulfatide antibodies. The present case suggests that the manifestation of overlap between MFS/PCB variants and GBS could be caused by antiganglioside complex antibodies.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.54 no.1
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• pp.39-48
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• 2014

The prevalence of thermophilic Campylobacter (C.) spp. in stray, breeding, and household dogs was 25.2, 12.0, and 8.8%, respectively. C. jejuni and C. upsaliensis were the predominant Campylobacter spp. from household dogs. cdtA, cdtB, and cdtC were detected by PCR in all isolates. Despite the high cytolethal distending toxin (CDT) gene prevalence, only 26 (31%) C. jejuni strains and one (15.3%) C. coli strain showed evidence of CDT production in HEp-2 cell cytotoxicity assays. Virulence-associated genes detected in the C. jejuni and C. coli isolates were cadF, dnaJ, flaA, racR, ciaB, iamA, pldA, virB11, ceuE, and docC. cadF, dnaJ, flaA, and ceuE were found in all C. jejuni and C. coli isolates. When detecting Guillain-Barr$\acute{e}$ syndrome-associated genes (galE, cgtB, and wlaN), galE was identified in all isolates. However, cgtB and wlaN were more prevalent in C. jejuni isolates from humans than those from dogs. Adherence and invasion abilities of the C. jejuni and C. coli strains were tested in INT-407 cells. A considerable correlation (adjusted $R^2$= 0.678) existed between adherence and invasion activities of the Campylobacter spp. isolates.

• Annals of Clinical Neurophysiology
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.117-120
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• 2020

Miller Fisher syndrome (MFS) is characterized by the acute ophthalmoparesis, ataxia and areflexia. We describe the case of 70-year-old man with cardinal symptom of MFS and active pulmonary tuberculosis (Tb). A thorough evaluation led to the diagnosis of MFS and treatment with intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg) was started. The complete resolution of ophthalmoparesis and ataxia was observed from the fourth day of IVIg treatment. This is the first report to describe a case of MFS that developed in patient pulmonary tuberculosis.

• Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.52-61
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• 2005

Background: Guillain-Barre syndrome is defined as a recognizable clinical entity that is characterized by rapidly evolving symmetric limb weakness, the loss of tendon reflexes, absent or mild sensory signs, and variable autonomic dysfunctions. This study evaluated the clinical and electrophysiological findings retrospectively. Materials and Methods: Forty-five patients with Guillain-Barre syndrome, who were admitted to the Yeungnam University Hospital for six years from Jan. 1994 to Dec. 1999 were investigated. The correlation between the clinical manifestation and the electrophysiological study was evaluated. Results: The male to female ratio was 1.8:1 and there was a peak seasonal incidence in the winter. A preceding illness was noted in 66.7 % of cases, and an upper respiratory tract infection was the most common one. The most common clinical manifestations were a loss of tendon reflex and ascending muscle weakness and paralysis. The cerebrospinal fluid examinations revealed, albuminocytologic dissociation in 33 cases (73.3 %). Intravenous immunoglobulin therapy was performed in 29 cases (64.4 %). The sequential electrophysiological abnormalities were most marked at 2 to 4 weeks after onset. At that time the most significant change was a decrease in the compound muscle action potential amplitude. These 45 patients with Guillain-Barre syndrome were subclassified using the clinical and electrophysiological data. Conclusion: The result in this study, concured with other research on the clinical and electrophysiological data of Guillain-Barre syndrome. However, an extensive and dynamic investigation is necessary to determine the reason for the peak seasonal incidence in winter.