• 한국정밀공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국정밀공학회 2004년도 추계학술대회 논문집
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• pp.742-745
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• 2004

If a personal robot is popularized like a personal computer in the future, many kinds of robots will appear and the number of manufacturers will increase as a matter of course. In such circumstances, it can be inefficient, in case each manufacturer makes a whole platform individually. The solutions for this problem are to modularize a robot component (hardware and software) functionally and to standardize each module. Each module is developed and sold by each special maker and a consumer purchases desired modules and integrates them. The standardization of a module includes the unification of electrical and mechanical interface. In this paper, the standard interfaces of modules are proposed and CMR(Component Modularized Robot)-P2 made with the modules(brain, sensor, mobile, arm) is introduced. In order to simplify and to make the modules light, a frame is used for supporting a robot and communication/power lines. The name of a method and the way to use that are defined dependently on the standard interfaces in order to use a module in other modules. Each module consists of a distributed object and that can be implemented in the random language and platform. The sensor, mobile and arm modules are developed on Pentium or ARM CPU and embedded Linux OS using the C programming language. The brain module is developed on Pentium CPU and Windows OS using the C, C++ and RPL(Robot Programming Language). Also tasks like pass planning, localization, moving, object perception and face perception are developed. In our test, modules got into gear and CMR-P2 executed various scenarios like guidance, errand and guarding completely.

• 시큐리티연구
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• 제5호
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• pp.157-178
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• 2002

The objectives of this study is to analyze the curriculum based on the hypothesis of bodyguarding related department and to research the differences of the amongthree groups of public bodyguarding, private bodyguarding and bodyguarding professors with its significance in order to establish the development of direction in education curriculum for bodyguarding related departments at university level,For this purpose, this study categorized the sample group into three kind and surveyed them, Those are public bodyguarding members, private bodyguarding member, and the professors and 121 samples were selected in those three with the help of self-admistrated method, which is one of the sampling methods, First, among the current bodyguarding related theoretical disciplines significant differences among groups was presented by the evaluations on bodyguarding science, traffic safety management, fire extinguishing, secretary science, administration, psychology, sports education, sport physiology, jurisprudence and philosophy, which showed differences among groups through the multiple comparison, But there was no significant difference among the means of the groups concerned with the other curriculum, We could know that more curriculum is needed to facilitate the private bodyguarding in disciplines and system of the current theory in this study. For it is predicted the demand for the private bodyguarding will increase continuously in the future. for which we should prepare. Thus it is required to increase the theoretical curriculum of the private bodyguarding. That is. the models of curriculum like introduction to machinary guarding. introduction to communication. computer theory and so on are required to be established. In addition to that. it must be noticed that the current private bodyguarding is not guaranteed by the legitimate institution. But the private bodyguarding is related to the police service. thus the curriculum of jurisprudence and police science should be studied together.

• 시큐리티연구
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• 제12호
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• pp.291-308
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• 2006

국가의 성립과 발전에 따라 그 사회의 지배자와 피지배자 사이에는 일정한 간극이 발생한다. 이 중 지배자는 다시 세분화되어 국왕이나 대통령 및 최고 집권자 등으로 구분되어 상대적으로 신변에 불안을 느끼게 되고, 이를 보호하기 위한 모든 수단과 방법을 동원하여 위해 요인을 사전에 예방하거나 제거하기 위한 여러 작용이 발생하는 바, 이것을 일반적으로 경호라 한다. 따라서 경호의 시작은 왕권의 강화 내지 중앙집권화체제와 밀접한 관련이 있으며, 처음에는 군사조직이 이를 대행해 왔으나, 점차 경호업무의 세분화${\cdot}$조직화에 따라 독립적인 부서로 자리를 잡게 된다. 삼국 및 통일신라시대의 경호는 왕권의 강화, 영토의 확장, 중앙집권화의 확립 등에 따라 새로운 지배체제가 필요하였으며, 국와 근시집단과 시위부가 성립하여 국왕을 시위하거나 사병적 역할을 담당하는 업무를 관장하게 된다. 신라말에는 광범위한 관제개혁이 진행되어 중사성${\cdot}$선교성 등의 근시기구가 나타나며, 국왕과 태자의 시종뿐만 아니라 문한(文翰)의 업무도 장악하는 관부로 발전하게 된다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제13권3호
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• pp.381-389
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• 2000

The Jindo is a Korean native dog, well-known for its hunting and guarding abilities. When he gives his devotion to one individual, he gives it whole-heartedly. He is not tempted easily and impetuous. The breed was not developed. but the dog retained their original qualities -loyal, alert, fearless, obedient, watchful, intelligent, energetic- to survive in the harsh environment of the Jindo island. The dog had been spread over the entire Korean peninsula from the time unknown, and the ones in the Jindo island, isolated until lately, survived and maintained their original characteristics. They are now spread over the entire Jindo County consisted of many islands, whence the breed name came. The Jindo comes in a variety of colors and color combinations, with the fawn and white colorings predominant. The dog is one of the Korean natural monuments, protected by law since early 1960s. The Jindo gained official approval by the Federation Cynologique Internationale as a hunting dog. Apart from the basic housetraining, the dog rarely gets training. Many people have attempted to preserve its pure bloodlines and original qualities. Today, there are a total of 10,356 Jindoes being raised over the entire Jindo County, and many more are kept elsewhere. A research into genetic characteristics of the Jindo is now going on, using the technique of isozyme electrophoresis. The Jindo Dog Breeding Management Center has been reinforced lately, and in addition to their routines, the Center is to work on the breeding of the Jindo. Efforts should be made in the future to produce stable, trustworthy Jindoes according to their proposed use and to modify their temperament in order to make it more widely acceptable as a pet and companion dog in the strangers home.

• 한국안전학회지
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• 제1권1호
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• pp.51-59
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• 1986

This study was conducted to analyse the exact causes of occupational accidents in Korean construction industry and to contribute to the accident prevention programs. The results and conclusions of the field survey are as follows ： 1) The accidents caused by hazardous conditions are 96 percent, and those by unsafe acts are 97.3 percent. The accidents caused simultaneously by two categories are nore than 96 percent. 2) The injured workers who were employed less than 3 months are 71.1 percent. Safety training for newly recruited workers should be required. 3) More than 40 percent of all accidents were occurred in the morning and more than 30 percent were in summer. Required caution should be paid for the time and season. 4) Fracture, cut/laceration/puncture and multiple injuries in the lower extremeties, upper entremeties and head as well as many kinds of injuries by the fall from elevation mainly occurred. Safety. shoes, safety gloves, safety helmets, safety glasses, face shields and safity belts should be used 5) As the sources of injuries, each of building/structure and materials is one third of all sources, and machinery is a quarter. 6) The use of hazardous methods/procedures, defects of agencies and inadequate guarding of builing/structure, materials' and machinery mainly caused the accident types, such as s truck by, struck against, fall from elevation, and fall on same level. Such a hazardous conditiion should not be used and be correctet 7) The unsafe acts, such as improper use of hands or body parts, the operation or working at unsafe speed and improper use of equipment mainly caused accidents. Safety training for the control of such a unsafe acts should be strengthened.

• 비교문화연구
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• 제34권
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• pp.115-146
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• 2014

Cyclical stories on Caucasus and Sebastopol Sketches, including War and Peace, have generally been said as masterpieces dealing with the theme of war in Leo Tolstoy's literature. Among them, it is no doubt that War and Peace is absolutely the best one describing the grand panorama of people's lives and war itself. The plot of this novel consists of the so-called Napoleonic War of 1812 and of diverse lives both from the upper class and lower class, more essentially it dramatically presents how these pictures made all literary participants experienced their destiny and lives. Throughout these texts, war, including of its cause and effects and participants, re-considers and re-evaluates all of each features. The most important themes in War and Peace is war itself as the novel's title says. Rather than a just backdrop to the novel, the war plays a significant role in providing the reader with various realistic, philosophic, moral and existentialist perspectives. Moreover, War and Peace for the writer shows contradictory two views about war; he severally criticizes the Napoleonic war of 1812 in the sense that it violets people's reason and nature. At the same time, however, Tolstoy considers that the war as liberation is justified and necessary for guarding people's nation, otechestvo in Russian. What the writer attempts to show from this novel, however, goes beyond the simple descriptions which were done above. Leo Tolstoy successfully offers and what he tries to show in the long run is that how people go through all kinds of sufferings and hardship and their spiritual resurrection, thereby leading to the vital force making history. For the writer, the essential force that makes history and people's lives is not heroic military leader like Napoleon, but those common people. And the novel serves a wonderful prelude expecting the Decembrist revolt in 1825, because all of the vital and active streams that Tolstoy emphasizes turn out true in Russian history.

• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• 제32권3호
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• pp.168-177
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• 2019

Background: Brennan's rodent paw incision model has been extensively used for understanding mechanisms underlying postoperative pain in humans. However, alterations of physiological parameters like blood pressure and heart rate, or even feeding and drinking patterns after the incision have not been documented as yet. Moreover, though eicosanoids like prostaglandins and leukotrienes contribute to inflammation, tissue levels of these inflammatory mediators have never been studied. This work further investigates the antinociceptive effect of protein C after intra-wound administration. Methods: Separate groups of Sprague-Dawley rats were used for quantitation of cyclooxygenase (COX) activity and leukotriene B4 level by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, as well as estimation of cardiovascular parameters and feeding and drinking behavior after paw incision. In the next part, rats were subjected to incision and $10{\mu}g$ of protein C was locally administered by a micropipette. Both evoked and non-evoked pain parameters were then estimated. Results: COX, particularly COX-2 activity and leukotriene B4 levels increased after incision. Hemodynamic parameters were normal. Feeding and drinking were affected on days 1 and 3, and on day 1, respectively. Protein C attenuated non-evoked pain behavior alone up to day 2. Conclusions: Based upon current observations, Brennan's rodent paw incision model appears to exhibit a prolonged period of nociception similar to that after surgery, with minimal interference of physiological parameters. Protein C, which is likely converted to activated protein C in the wound, attenuated the guarding score, which probably represents pain at rest after surgery in humans.

• 대순사상논총
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• 제34집
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• pp.141-169
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• 2020

本文乃研究韓國大巡真理會對 《大學》 思想的解釋與轉化。韓國屬於漢字文化圈的一國, 受到中國科舉制度的影響, 亦以朱熹 《四書章句集註》 做為策試選才的版本。朝鮮儒者丁若鏞以實用角度注解 《大學》, 故後之儒者多以實學解讀 《大學》 思想。大巡真理會系譜創教主姜甑山, 即在此一傳統脈絡中, 以宗教修道的立場, 賦予新義。姜甑山十分重視 《大學》, 特別是「經一章」, 他認為 《大學》 兼具心性之學與實學, 尤其是誠意正心的真實修練。他將 《大學》 神聖化與神秘化, 促使 《大學》 成為宗教書籍, 《大學》 宛若道教的符籙, 具有奇異的神秘力量。再者, 只要誦讀 《大學》 經一章, 所有的疑難雜症皆可醫治, 促使 《大學》 成為醫療書籍。大巡真理會之道主趙鼎山將誠意正心的思想定位於「誠, 敬, 信」與「無自欺」, 並以誠意為自修之首。趙鼎山在姜甑山的基礎下, 以「誠, 敬, 信」結合「無自欺」的修煉, 在都典朴牛堂的闡釋與大力推廣之下, 成為現今大巡真理會的核心教義與修道工夫, 藉此可見韓國新宗教轉化 《大學》 之「誠意正心」思想, 與其所開展的現況!

• The Korean Journal of Physiology
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• 제26권2호
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• pp.143-150
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• 1992

The purpose of this study is to obtain the effective concentration of capsaicin to relieve pain with no change in the number of C-fibers and its effective duration for pain relief. Capsaicin has been used extremely as a experimental tool and as topical medications for acute or chronic tissue injuries and partial nerve injury is the main cause of causalgiform pain disorders in humans. Here, the left sciatic nerve was ligated unilaterally at the high level of the thigh to prepare an animal model of this pain condition. The rat developed guarding behavior of the ipsilateral hind paw within a few hours after the operation and this behavior was maintained for several months thereafter, suggesting the possibility of spontaneous pain. These animals were divided into two groups(4-week & 8-week) and each group was subdivided into five groups by different concentration (0.05, 0.1, 0.5, 1.0 & 2.0%). Each capsaicin concentration was treated locally on the spinal cord-side of the ligated nerve and the foot withdrawal latency was measured. Thereafter, the dorsal roots of L5 were removed from both sides immediately after in tracardial perfusion for the counting of C-fibers by the histological procedure. There were no significant differences in the foot-withdrawal latency and the number of C-fibers between the left side treated with 0.05% capsaicin and the right side treated with the vehicle. However, latencies of the left sides treated with 0.1, 0.5, and 1.0% capsaicin increased significantly throughout 4-6 weeks with almost no change in the number of C-fibers, and the latencies showed the trends to approach slowly to those of the conditions after operation. The latency of subgroup treated with 2.0% increased by approximate 10% more than that of the right side throughout 8 weeks, and the number of C-fibers decreased by about 30% or more These results suggest that the elevated latency with capsaicin(0.1-1.0%) treatment is due to the inhibition of impulse transmission throughout the primary afferent fiber and the data from 2.0% are due to partial destruction of C-fibers. Therefore, capsaicin concentrations from 0.1% to 1.0% are probably very effective for the treatment of causalgiform pain with almost no destruction of C-fibers.

• 근관절건강학회지
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• 제1권1호
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• pp.97-115
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• 1994

The purpose of this study was to examine the reliability and validity of the observed behaviors of subjects who suffered from low back pain with spinal diseases, Thirty two low back pain patients admitted on the neurosurgical unit in an army hospital were compared with 30 normal controls belonged to an army unit, by means of matching the age, hight and weight. Observed pain behaviors were developed by the researcher on the bases of literature and patient observation. This tool consists of 18 behaviors seperated into two major groups : mutually exclusive and concomittent behaviors. The mutually exclusive behaviors included coding cathegories for 6. body motions assumed by the subjects during the observation session. These 6 standardized motions consisted of sitting from standing first, and serially tying down, reclining, sitting again, and then standing, 6 steps walking. Concomittent behaviors consisted of 12 observable patterns that can be observed systematically from the face, grimacing, bracing, rubbing, walking with arms fixed, support with hands on sitting or standing, guarded movement, limping, unbalaced weightbearing, stopped movement from tying position to sitting, sighing and graoning. Subjects were videotrecorded as they performed a 6-standardized sequence of motions, simultanously researcher measured the time spent performing each motion and step length. Patients were asked torate their subjective pain score on the 10 mm graphic rating scale ranging from 'no pain' to 'sever pain'. For scoring of the pain behaviors, two trained nursing officiers independently and simutanously viewwd each videorecording and checked subject 'pain behaviors at the observational item checklist. The result of the study are summarized as follows : 1. Reability of the observational tool was a=.845. 2. Spearman's rho and percentage agreement were p=.97 and 81.7 persent respectively, that indicate adequate interrater reability of this tool. 3. The sensitivity rate of the tool was .875 while specificity rate .866 for differentiating patient from the normal. 4. When difference in the objective pain indices between patient group and control were compared, there was significant difference of all indices, such as pain behavior(t=7.71, p=.0001). spent time performing motion(t=14.2, p=.0001), step length (t=-10.72, p=.0001). 5. There were differences in the objective indices the subjective pain subgroups (low, medium, high). Differences in the mean score of objective pain behavior (F=6.376. p=.005) and spent time for moyion(F=4.631, p=.018). But there were no significant differences in the step length among the subgroups(F=.667, p=.521). 6. Highly correlated pain behavior items wiyh subjective pain score were 'stopped movement from lying position to sitting', 'limping', 'support with hands on sitting or standing', 'bracing', 'guarding' and 'walking with arms fixed'. In summary, although some of rho behavior items such as sighing and groaning in this study could not be observed because of videotaped datd, the reliability and validity of the over all observation method were satifactory. Thus, the results of the present study demonstrate rye potetional utility of the tool in assessing objective pain complementing self-reported pain in low back pain patients.