• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• 제29권3호
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• pp.83-91
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• 2001

This paper examines the structural characteristics of fern lignins (deer fern (Blechnum spicant), sword fern (Polystichum munitum) and maidenhair fern (Adiantum pedatum)) by chemical degradation methods of thioacidolysis and nitrobenzene oxidation as well as 13C NMR. Phloroglucinol-HCI staining indicates that the lignins are specifically accumulated at the sclerenchyma cells beneath the epidermis and vascular bundles. The fern lignins consist of only guaiacyl units. Remarkably, the frequency of the -O-4 linkages is extremely low in fern lignins (only 9 to 11 %). Furthermore, the presence of lignin is ambiguous in maidenhair fern, due to very rare amount of -O-4 linkage. Biphenyl (5-5) and 1,2 bis arylpropane (-1) are main condensed dimeric substructures in fern lignins over 70%. In addition, 13C NMR analysis strongly evidenced the integration of phenolics or their derivatives into the fern lignins.

• Current Research on Agriculture and Life Sciences
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• 제9권
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• pp.103-108
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• 1991

세포간층 lignin은 2차벽 lignin(end-wise-polymer)에 비해 축합도가 높으며 guaiacyl type의 phenol성 수산기등 말단기를 많이 갖는 2차벽 lignin보다 저분자량의 bulk polymer형 lignin이다.

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• 제13권1호
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• pp.143-152
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• 1997

백색부후균인 Fomes pini (Thore) Lloyd에 의해 처리된 chip을 anthraquinone(AQ)을 첨가하여 화학 펄프화를 실시하여 얻은 결과를 미처리재의 것과 비교하였다. 균처리함에 의해 카파값 20에서의 H factor는 소다와 크라프트 증해에서 각각 17%와 15%가 감소되었다. 이러한 결과는 목재를 백색부후균으로 처리함으로 인해 탈리그닌이 용이해졌음을 나타내는 것이다. 비페놀성 ${\beta}$-O-4 화합물인 veratrylglycerol-${\beta}$-guaiacyl ether(I)와 페놀성 ${\beta}$-O-4 화합물인 syringylglycerol-${\beta}$-syringyl ether(III)에 백색부후균을 작용시키면 반응생성물로서 각각 ${\alpha}$-guaiacoxy-${\beta}$-hydroxypropioveratrone(II)과 ${\alpha}$-syringyloxy-${\beta}$-hydroxypropiosyringone(IV)이 생성됨이 밝혀졌다. 따라서 목재에 균처리를 함으로서 카르보닐기가 리그닌의 측쇄 ${\alpha}$ 위에 도입되어 그로 인해 탈리그닌이 용이하게 된 것으로 여겨진다.

• 펄프종이기술
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• 제36권5호
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• pp.29-35
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• 2004

Fiber dimensions, their derived values and chemical properties of cotton stalks (Gosypium hirsutum L), jute stick (Corchorus capsularis) and dhancha (Sesbania aculeate) have been examined to assess their suitability for paper production. Cotton stalks have a good derived values especially slender ratio, which is comparable to hardwood. The flexibility coefficient of these three non wood plants is better than hardwood. Anatomical analysis shows higher percentage of fibers and vessels than in general non wood plants. Lignin, $\alpha$-cellulose and pentosan contents in these three nonwood plants are within the range of hardwood. Neutral sugar analysis of cotton stalks, jute stick and dhancha shows that the glucose in the major sugar followed by xylose and mannose. The arabinose and galactose are present in minor amount. Alkaline nitrobenzene oxidation of cotton stalks, jute stick and dhancha wood meal exhibits that these nonwood plant lignins mainly consist of syringyl (S) and guaiacyl (V) units. The S/V ratios are 1.6, 1.2 and 2.1 for cotton stalks, jute stick and dhancha, respectively.

• 펄프종이기술
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• 제48권1호
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• pp.53-60
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• 2016

Abiotic-stressed tobacco stems as a non-wooden biomass were analyzed for their chemical characteristics. Light-stressed tobacco stems (LST) have a relatively high nitrogen concentration, much more extractive content, and a similar amount of lignin and higher contents of acid sugars than those of Non stressed tobacco (NST). It also has low cellulose crystallinity and a high degree of condensation. Guaiacyl units having a lower molecular weight distribution consist of rich lignin. Tension stressed tobacco (TST) growth differentiation under tensile stress was significantly different between normal tissue and cell walls, with the exception of the slightly higher cellulose crystallinity observed for.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• 제49권4호
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• pp.287-298
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• 2021

Torch ginger (Etlingera elatior Jack) is a potential source of lignocellulose material for various derivative products. This study aims to determine the chemical components, ratio of syringyl to guaiacyl units (S/G) in lignin, and crystallinity of the biomass of torch ginger. The effects of soda pulping on the chemical characteristics of torch ginger pulp were also studied. Pulping of the chips was conducted with active alkali of 15%, 20%, and 25% and a Liquor-to-Wood (L/W) ratio of 4:1, 5:1, and 6:1. The impregnation and pulping times at maximum temperature (170℃) were 120 and 90 min, respectively. To assess the effect of treatments on the properties of pulping, a two-factorial experimental design was applied. Results showed that the content of α-cellulose and hemicellulose in the torch ginger was 48.48% and 31.50%, respectively, with an S/G ratio of 0.70 in lignin. Soda pulping changed the crystalline structure of the biomass from triclinic to monoclinic. Active alkali, L/W ratio, and interactions considerably influenced the observed responses. The degree of delignification increased with an increase in the loading of active alkali, which lead to a decrease in the kappa number of the pulp. An active alkali content of 25% and an L/W ratio of 6:1 resulted in the highest delignification selectivity with a kappa number of 2.78 and a yield of 24%. Given its cellulose content and ease of pulping, torch ginger can be a potential raw material for derivative products that require delignification as pretreatment. However, the increase in cellulose crystallinity should be considered when converting torch ginger to bioethanol.

• 한국산림과학회지
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• 제45권1호
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• pp.62-67
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• 1979

목재(木材)의 초박편시료(超薄片試料)에 자외선주사현미(紫外線走査顯微) 분광분석법(分光分析法)이 목재세포벽내(木材細胞壁內)의 리그닌 분포량(分布量) 변화측정(變化測定)에 우수(優秀)한 방법(方法)임이 판명(判明)되고 자작나무, 목질부(木質部)에서 복합세포간층(複合細胞間層)을 단리(單離)하여 분광분석법(分光分析法)과 정량분석(定量分析)을 수행(遂行), 도관(道管)의 이차막(二次膜)과 세포간층내(細胞間層內)의 리그닌은 주(主)로 Guajacylpropane으로 구성(構成)되었고, 목섬유(木纖維)와 방재세포(放財細胞)의 이차막내(二次膜內)의 리그닌은 대부분(大部分)이 Syringylpropane으로 구성(構成)되었고, 또 목섬유(木纖維) 및 방사세포(放射細胞)의 세포(細胞) 간층(間層)은 Guaiacyl- 및 Syringyl-propane으로 구성(構成)되었다는 연구보고(硏究報告)에 따라 본(本) 연구(硏究)는 너도밤나무 탈지(脫脂) 목분(木粉을 시료(試料)로 하여 마쇄단계별(磨碎段階別)로 Bjorkman리그닌(Milled Wood Lignin, MWL)을 추출(抽出)하여 MWL의 화학적(化學的) 구조(構造)와 특성(特性)을 분석(分析)하여 목재세포벽내(木材細胞壁內)의 리그닌의 구조적(構造的) 차이(差異)와 그 분포량(分布量), 그리고 MWL의 기원(基源)을 보다 명확(明確)히 구명(究明)하고j 수행(修行)하였다. 마쇄시간(磨碎時間)이 길어질수록 MWL의 pehnolic-OH기(基), 카보닐기(基) 그리고 메톡실기(基)의 함량(含量)이 높아지며 또한 단계별(段階別) MWL을 nitrobezene으로 산화(酸化)하여 얻은 vanillin량(量)은 감소(減少)하여 가고 반대로 syringaldehyde량(量)은 증가(增加)한다. 따라서 마쇄초기(磨碎初期)의 MWL은 세포간층(細胞間層) 부위(部位)로부터 온 것이고, 마쇄말기(磨碎末期)의 그것은 마쇄후기(磨碎后期)에 파괴(破壞)되는 목섬유(木纖維)의 세포벽(細胞壁) 이차막(二次膜)에서 유래(由來)된 것이라고 믿어진다. 그러므로 활엽수재목(闊葉樹材木)의 세포벽내(細胞壁內) 리그닌도 위치(位置)에 따라 화학적(化學的) 구조(構造)가 다르다는 것을 명화(明確)히 알 수 있다. 본(本) 연구(硏究)에서 마쇄단계별(磨碎段階別) 각(各) MWL을 젤 여과법(濾過法)에 의(依)한 분자량(分子量)을 분석(分析)한 바 마쇄초기(磨碎初期)MWL의 분자량(分子量)이 마쇄후기(磨碎后期) MWL의 그것보다 작았으나 세포벽내(細胞壁內) 리그닌의 분자량(分子量) 분포(分布)에 관(關)한 상세(詳細)한 것에 관(關)하여는 연구(硏究)가 필요(必要)함을 적시(摘示)한다.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• 제34권2호
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• pp.68-77
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• 2006

The heartwood of cengal (Neobalanocarpus heimii) is known to have a high degree of decay resistance by virtue of its high extractive content. After 30 years in ground contact an utility pole of this tropical hardwood was found to be degraded only in the surface layers by cavity-forming soft rot fungi. The present work was undertaken 1) to characterize the degradation of cengal heartwood from the aspect of ultrastructure and chemistry and 2) to investigate the correlation between soft rot decay and its extractive microdistribution in wood tissues. The chemical analysis of cengal heartwood revealed the presence of a high amount of extractives as well as lignin. The wood contained a relatively high amount of condensed lignin and the guaiacyl units. Microscopic observations revealed that vessels, fibers and parenchyma cells (both ray and axial parenchyma) all contained extractives in their lumina, but in variable amounts. The lumina of fibers and most axial parenchyma were completely or almost completely filled with the extractives. TEM micrographs showed that cell walls were also impregnated with extractives and that pit membranes connecting parenchyma cells were well coated and impregnated with extractives. However, fungal hyphae were present in the extractive masses localized in cell lumina, and indications were that the extractives did not completely inhibit fungal growth. The extent of cell wall degradation varied with tissue types. The fibers appeared to be more susceptible to decay than vessels and parenchyma. Middle lamella was the only cell wall region which remained intact in all cell types which were severely degraded. The microscopic observations suggested a close correlation between extractive microdistribution and the pattern and extent of cell wall degradation. In addition to the toxicity to fungi, the physical constraint of the extractive material present in cengal heartwood cells is likely to have a profound effect on the growth and path of invasion of colonizing fungi, thus conferring protection to wood by restricting fungal entry into cell walls. The presence of relatively high amount of condensed lignin is also likely to be a factor in the resistance of cengal heartwood to soft rot decay.