• The Korean Journal of Malacology
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.263-272
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• 2013

The development of swift's scallop Chlamys swiftii, reared in the laboratory, has been examined through the investigation of morphological characteristics in fertilized egg, larvae and juvenile. Eggs were fertilized with a dilute sperm solution to improve the survival of fertilized eggs. Developing larvae were maintained at a temperature of $16{\pm}0.5^{\circ}C$ and salinity concentration of 33 ppt. We have investigated the fertilization rates and egg number spawned at several stimulating conditions such as sunlight exposure, air dry, seawater temperature rise ($5^{\circ}C$) and seawater temperature rise ($5^{\circ}C$) after exposure of air dry for spawning induction of swift's scallop Chamys swiftii. Stimulation treated with sunlight exposure and seawater temperature rise ($5^{\circ}C$) have shown the spawning number of 700,000-900,000 and 700,000-800,000 per individual, respectively while stimulation treated with seawater temperature rise ($5^{\circ}C$) after exposure of air dry have shown the high spawning number of 1,000,000-1,500,000 per individual. Survival rate of D-shaped larvae of swift's scallop put into the different seawater temperatures of $8^{\circ}C$, $12^{\circ}C$, $16^{\circ}C$, $20^{\circ}C$ and $24^{\circ}C$ has been 4.1%, 11.6%, 32.7%, 18.6% and 3.2%, respectively. Fertilized eggs with the diameter of $72{\mu}m$ developed into trochophore larvae of $103{\pm}3.8{\mu}m$ shortly after 35 hours and to D larvae of $129{\pm}10.4{\mu}m$ shell length within 72 hours. It took 336 hours to become initial Umbo-stage larva of $145{\pm}16.8{\mu}m$ shell length. Post larvae, which have been $197{\pm}13.6{\mu}m$ shell length, spontaneously have settled in the attachment substances. It have required 528 hours from fertilized eggs to early attached juvenile to become initial juvenile size of $245{\pm}15.8{\mu}m$ shell length.

• Journal of Aquaculture
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.73-84
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• 1991

Underground sea water is widely utilized for land based aquaculture in Cheju province, Korea nowadays. Salinity of this water($20{\~}30$ ppt) is slightly lower than natural sea water but because of its good water quality and temperature which is maintained at $16{\~}18^{\circ}C$ all year-round, many fish farmers are using this water for finfish culture. To evaluate the possibility of utilizing underground sea water for the seed production of the flounder, Paralichthys olivaeceus, hatching rate of fertilized eggs, survival rate of hatched larvae, and growth rate of the juveniles were tested with various salinity levels ranged from 14.1 ppt to 40.2 ppt. The salinity ranges which showed over $70{\%}$ survival rate for fertilized eggs to hatchout were 33.7 ppt${\~}$40.2 ppt, for hatched larvae to 2-day-old were 20.6 ppt${\~}$40.2 ppt, from 10-day-old to 12-day-old were 27.2 ppt${\~}$40.2 ppt, and from 45-day-old to 47-day-old were 20.6 ppt${\~}$40.2 ppt. Two hundred day old fingerlings showed no mortality when exposured to 7.6 ppt${\~}$40.2 ppt for 2 days. All fish died within 3 days when 45-day-old juveniles were transferred directly from normal sea water to 14.1 ppt sea water. However, they were all survived when transferred first to 20.6 ppt for 3 days then to 14.1 ppt sea water. The highest growth rates of fingerlings reared at 4 different salinities (33.7, 27.0, 31.0, or 15 ppt) were obtained at the 27 ppt group followed by 33.7, 21.0, 15 ppt respectively. The relationship between the days of rearing (X) and the total length of the fingerlings were as follows. $33.7\%$ group : Y=8.8109 + 0.1104X(r=0.999) $27.0{\%}$ group : Y=8.6797 + 0.1208X(r=0.997) $21.0{\%}$ group : Y=8.4081 + 0.1052X(r=0.990) $15.0{\%}$ group : Y=8.4309+ 0.0995X(r=0.990)

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.44 no.2
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• pp.122-129
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• 2016

It is important to know the sensitivity of shrubs to de-icing salt in order to set guidelines for ecological tolerance of evergreen shrubs along roads. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the influence of de-icing salt, calcium chloride($CaCl_2$), on the growth and physiological characteristics of three evergreen shrubs, Euonymus japonica, Rhododendron indicum, and Buxus koreana. Plants were exposed to calcium chloride at different concentrations(weight percentage, 0% as control, 1.0%, 3.0%, and 5.0%) through amended soil maintained from the start of the experiment in October of 2014 until termination in March of 2015. The survival rate, plant height, leaf length, leaf width, leaf shape index, number of leaves, fresh weight, dry weight, dry matter, root/top ratio, chlorophyll contents, fluorescence, photosynthesis, stomatal conduct, and transpiration rate were recorded. Elevated calcium chloride concentrations decreased plant height, leaf length, leaf width, leaf shape index, fresh weight, dry weight, dry matter, and R/T ratio of the three shrubs. Root growth responded more sensitively than the top growth to salinity. However Euonymus japonica was more tolerant to salt stress than Rhododendron indicum and Buxus koreana. Their growths were totally inhibited by $CaCl_2$ above 3.0% and 1.0% concentrations, respectively. Chlorophyll content, fluorescence, photosynthesis, stomatal conduct, and transpiration rate of both Rhododendron indicum and Buxus koreana were reduced sharply, while Euonymus japonica exhibited mild reductions compared to plants grown in control when increasing calcium chloride was used. Especially, the transpiration rates of Rhododendron indicum, and the photosynthesis and stomatal conduct of Buxus koreana were suppressed as the concentrations of calcium chloride increased. Therefore, Euonymus japonica should be considered as an ecologically tolerant species with proven tolerance to de-icing salt.

• Korean Journal of Plant Taxonomy
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• v.46 no.2
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• pp.256-266
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• 2016

A total of 13,000 individuals of Dendrobium moniliforme (L.) Sw. artificially propagated in laboratories and greenhouses were restored in their natural habitat of Bogildo Island, Wandogun, in the southern part of Korea in June of 2013. The growing conditions of the individuals were monitored for two years. The parental individuals for the restoration were obtained from a wild population in southern Korea, from which seeds were produced via artificial crossings. These seeds were germinated and cultivated in growing media and two-year-old plants were then grown in greenhouse beds. The genetic diversity among the propagated individuals was confirmed by examining DNA sequences of five regions of the chloroplast genome and the nuclear ITS region. The diversity values were as high as the average values of natural populations. All propagated individuals were transplanted into two different sites on Bogildo by research teams with local residents and national park rangers. After restoration, we counted and measured the surviving individuals, vegetative propagated stems, and growth rates in June of both 2014 and 2015. There was no human interference, and 97% of the individuals survived. The number of propagules increased by 227% in two years. In contrast, the average length of the stems decreased during the period. In addition, different survival and propagation rates were recorded depending on the host plants and the restored sites. The shaded sides of rock cliffs and the bark of Quercus salicina showed the best propagation rates, followed by the bark of Camellia japonica. A few individuals of D. moniliforme successfully flowered, pollinated, and fruited after restoration. Overall, our monitoring data over two years indicate that the restored individuals were well adapted and vigorously propagated at the restored sites. In order to prevent human disturbance of the restored sites, a CCTV monitoring system powered by a solar panel was installed after the restoration. In addition, a human surveillance system is operated by national park rangers with local residents.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.52-60
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• 1993

Panax ginseng has been extensively used in the traditional oriental medicine as a restorative, tonic and Prophylactic agent. Recently, several reports regarding to anticancer effects of Panax ginseng has accumulated. These studies emphasized the fact that the anticancer activities might be due to a glycoside group called ginsenoside or pan.u saponin which has a water soluble characteristic. However, the authors and collaborates demonstrated that a highly lipid soluble component in extract of Panax ginseng roots contains a considerable cytotoxic activities against marine leukemic cells (L1210, P388) and human censer cells (HRT-18, HT-29, HCT48). This study was devised to observe the cytotoxic activities of Petroleum-ether extract of Panax giuseng roots (crude GBD and its Partially Purified fraction from silicic acid column chromatography (7 : 3 GX) against sarcoma-180 (5-180) and Walker carcinosar- coma 256 (Walker 256) in vivo, and murine leukemic Lymphocytes (L1210) and human rectal cancer cells (HRT-18) and human colon cancer cells (HT-29 and HCT48) in vitro. Each cell-line was cultured in medium containing serial concentration of the crude GX or 7 : 3 GX in vitro. A highly lipid soluble compound in the extract of Panax ginseng root was cytocidal to murine leukemic cells and human colon and rectal cancer cells in vitro. In the meantime, ginseng saponin derivatives did not have cytotoxic effects at its corresponding concentration. The growth rates of the cancer cells in medium containing ginseng extracts were inhibited gradually to a significant degree roughly in proportion to the increase of the extract concentration. The cytotoxic activity of 7 : 3 GX was about 3 times more potent than that of crude GX, one unit of cytotoxic activity against L1210 cells being equivalent to 2.54 Ug and 058 Ug for the crude GX and 7 : 3 GX, respectively. The Ri value of the active compound on silica- gel thin layer chromatography with petroleum-ether/ethyl ether/acetic acid mixture (90 : 10 : 1, v/v/v) as a developing so lvent was 053. While, the Panaxydol and Panaxynol as active compounds were purified from Petroleum-ether extract of Panax ginseng root by Drs. Ahn and Kim, and author found out that the one unit of cytotoxic activity of the Panaxydol and Panaxynol against L1210 cells being equivalent to 056 Ug and 0.3918 respectively. The survival times of mice inoculated with S-180 cells were extended about 1.5 to 2 times by the 7 : 3 GX treatment compared with their control group. The significantly decreased hemoglobin values of rats after inoculation with Walker 256 were recovered to normal range by oral administration of the crude Gt The synthetic levels of protein, DNA and RNA in human colon and rectal cancer cells were significantly diminished by treatment with the crude GX, which can explain a part of the origin of its anticancer activity.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.66-93
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• 1979

Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer, which has been known for more than EWO years. occupies a Particular prince in folk medicine as so called tonic remedy. The pharmacolgical investigations of ginseng, based on the scientific concepts and methodology, have been performed by many researchers through the past 50∼60 years at different parts of the world. The pharmacological action of Panax ginseng compiled from the numerous reports can be summarized as follows: 1. On central nervous system, the effect of Panax ginseng is timulatory in smaller doses and somewhat depressive in larger doses. From the psychopharmacological aspect, ginseng seems to increase the mental efficiency of man. 2. Ginseng has the effect tending to Protect organism from various physical and chemical stresses. 3. The growth and basal metabolic rates of experimental animals are stimulated by ginseng. Ginseng also prolongs the survival time of animals under adverse influences. 4. Increasing the physical and mental efficiency, ginseng postpones the onset of fatigue and increases the working capacities. 5. In the case of the intravenous administration of ginseng, a transitory and slight hypotensive effect is observed. These hypotensive effects seems to include that of a direct action and actions related to the release of histamine and/or serotonin by ginseng. 6. It is Presumed that ginseng lowers the elevated bleed ingar and cholesterol level. 7. Ginseng tends to increase the gastrointestinal motizity and tone 8. It is presumed that ginseng Promotes the iron metabolism and activates the hematopoietic factors. 9. Ginseng tends to stimulate the biosynthesis of nucleic acid and release of histamine and serotonin. 10. The toxicity end adverse reactions of ginseng appear to be nothing that warrants apprehension. 11. Anticancer erects of ginseng seem to be due to indirect action rather than direct action on cancer cell, by improving the host condition 12. Recent clinical trials of ginseng harts obtained sent good results, but Present trial is still limited in its range, so it is necessary to broaden the scope of trial covering many kinds of organs and diseases. From the above, although it appears that substantial advancements have been achieved in the studies on the Pharmacological actions of Panax ginseng there are many discrepancies noticed in the reported data. Furthermore the precise mechanisms of actions of ginseng are sometimes obscure, even unknown in other actions as the students stand now. The main reasons for this are considered to be that even though saponin has been identified at one of the active substances of ginseng, other components have not fully been identified and that the experimental approaches of the investigations varied with different researchers. Thus a thorough analysis of the chemical components and newer standardized concepts and metohds appear to be the pre-requisites for further study of the pharmacolgical effects and mechaisms of Panax ginseng.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.31 no.5
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• pp.1247-1253
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• 1999

Yakju(rice wine) was sterilized with high-voltage pulses of short time on a batch pulsed electric field(PEF) system. The initial microbial counts of Yakju were 7.52 X $10^4\;CFU/mL$ for total aerobes, 2.20 X $10^4\;CFU/mL$ for lactic acid bacteria and 7.08 X $10^4\;CFU/mL$ for yeasts. The pH, acidity and electric conductivity of Yakju were 3.36, 0.462% and 1.24 mS/cm, respectively. Yakju was treated with 2-250 of pulses exponential-wave formed electric pulses under the field strength of 12.5-25 kV/cm. The critical strengths of the electrical field for the sterilization of Yakju were 7.5 kV/cm for total aerobes, 8.5 kV/cm for lactic acid bacteria and 6.5 kV/cm for yeasts. Logarithmic survival rates decreased linearly at low pulse number, but curvilinearly at high pulse number. The PEF sterilization kinetics of Yakju could be analysed by In s = In A-k In (n) and the sterilization rate constant increased with electric field strength and the size of target microorganisms. No changed in pH, acidity, and the growth of microorganisms were found in the PEF treated Yakju during the storage for 6 weeks at both $4^{\circ}C$ And $30^{\circ}C$.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.33 no.5
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• pp.469-474
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• 2000

This study was conducted to investigate the utilization of defatted soybean meal as a substitute for fish meal in the diet for juvenile flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus). Duplicate groups of average weighing 35 g were fed one of four isonitrogenous ($54{\%}$) and isocaloric (575 kcal/100 g diet) diets containing $0{\%}, 10{\%}, 20{\%} and 30{\%}$ soybean meal for 45 days. Survival rates of all groups were $100{\%}$, Weight gain of fish decreased with increasing dietary soybean meal levels, However, this value was not significantly different between fish fed the control and $10{\%}$ soybean meal diet (P > 0.05). Feed efficiency and protein efficiency ratio decreased with increasing dietary soybean meal levels, but no significant differences were found among fish fed the control, $10{\%}\;and\;20{\%}$ soybean meal diets (P > 0.05). Daily feed and protein intake increased with increasing dietary soybean meal level. Crude protein and moisture content of liver tended to decrease and crude lipid content tended to increase with decreasing of dietary soybean meal levels. Plasma total cholesterol levels of fish fed the diets containing $20{\%}\;and\;30{\%}$ soybean meal were significantly lower than that of fish fed control diet (P < 0.05), Plasma GOT level significantly increased with increasing dietary soybean meal level (P < 0.05). It is concluded that soybean meal can be used as a partial substitute for fish meal up to $10{\%}$ in this dietary formulation for growth of juvenile flounder.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.54 no.4
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• pp.343-353
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• 2018

Our previous research demonstrated the essential role of the xenB gene in stress response to RDX by using Pseudomonas sp. HK-6 xenB knockout. We have extended this work to examine the cellular responses and altered proteomic profiles of the HK-6 xenA knockout mutant under RDX stress. The xenA mutant degraded RDX about 2-fold more slowly and its growth and survival rates were several-fold lower than the wild-type HK-6 strain. SEM revealed more severe morphological damages on the surface of the xenA mutant cells under RDX stress. The wild-type cells expressed proportionally-increased two stress shock proteins, DnaK and GroEL from the initial incubation time point or the relatively low RDX concentrations, but slightly less expressed at prolonged incubation period or higher RDX. However the xenA mutant did not produced DnaK and GroEL as RDX concentrations were gradually increased. The wild-type cells well maintained transcription levels of dnaA and groEL under increased RDX stress while those in the xenA mutant were decreased and eventually disappeared. The altered proteome profiles of xenA mutant cells under RDX stress also observed so that the 27 down-regulated plus the 3 up-regulated expression proteins were detected in 2-DE PAGE. These all results indicated that the intact xenA gene is necessary for maintaining cell integrity under the xenobiotic stress as well as performing an efficient RDX degradation process.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.52 no.3
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• pp.352-364
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• 2016

In this study, we examined in vitro the potential probiotic properties of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) obtained from the fish intestine and their ability to degrade histamine through the production of diamine oxidase (DAO) enzymes and bacteriocin. Among 97 LAB strains isolated from the intestine of croaker, flatfish, pollack, and rockfish, CIL08, CIL16, FIL20, FIL31, PIL45, PIL49, PIL52, and RIL60 isolates exhibited excellent survival rates under simulated gastrointestinal tract conditions, high adhesion ability to HT-29 epithelial cells, and resistance to the antibiotics such as amoxicillin, ampicillin, erythromycin, penicillin G, streptomycin, tetracycline, or vancomycin. In addition, these strains did not produce histamine in decarboxylating broth containing histidine. In particular, 4 strains (CIL08, FIL20, PIL52, and RIL60) that may produce DAO were significantly able to degrade histamine. The bacteriocins produced by FIL20, FIL31, and PIL52 LAB inhibited the growth and histamine production of Enterococcus aerogenes CIH05, Serratia marcescens CIH09, Enterococcus faecalis FIH11, Pediococcus halophilus FIH15, Lactobacillus sakei PIH16, Enterococcus faecium PIH19, Leuconostoc mesenteroides RIH25, or Aeromonas hydrophilia RIH28. Histamine-producing strains isolated from fish intestine were found to reduce histamine accumulation during co-culture with CIL08, FIL20, PIL52, and RIL60 LAB showing histamine degradation or bacteriocin production ability. The probiotic strains preventing histamine formation were identified as Pediococcus pentosaceus CIL08, Lactobacillus plantarum FIL20, Lactobacillus paracasei FIL31, Lactobacillus sakei PIL52, and Leuconostoc mesenteroides RIL60 with high similarity based on 16S rRNA gene sequencing.