• 한국약용작물학회지
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• 제25권6호
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• pp.389-396
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• 2017

Background: Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer is wood-cultivated ginseng (WCG) in Korea which depends on an artificial forest growth method. To produce this type of ginseng, various P. ginseng cultivars can be used. To obtain a WCG similar to wild ginseng (WG), this method is usually performed in a mountain using seeds or seedlings of cultivated ginseng (CG) and WG. Recently, the WCG industry is suffering a problem in that Panax notoginseng (Burk.) F. H. Chen or Panax quinquefolium L. are being sold as WCG Korean market; These morphological similarities have created confusion among customers. Methods and Results: WCG samples were collected from five areas in Korea. After polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification using the primer pair labeled with fluorescence dye (FAM, NED, PET, or VIC), fragment analysis were performed. PCR products were separated by capillary electrophoresis with an ABI 3730 DNA analyzer. From the results, WCG cultivated in Korea showed very diverse genetic background. Conclusions: In this study, we tried to develop a method to discriminate between WCG, P. notoginseng or P. quinquefolium using simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers. Furthermore, we analyzed the genetic diversity of WCG collected from five cultivation areas in Korea.

• 인간식물환경학회지
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• 제21권6호
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• pp.533-543
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• 2018

This study aimed to examine how the horticultural therapy that was originated in the US has influenced South Korea and Japan and developed in the two countries as an interim check to promote qualitative growth of horticultural therapy with the growing social attention. It also aimed to look into the background of how horticultural therapy was introduced in Japan (which introduced horticultural therapy around the same time as Korea), and the process of the introduction, and compare them with those of Korea in order to set the direction for horticultural therapy. Data was collected to prepare the chronological table of horticultural therapy in Korea and Japan and investigate the flow. Interviews were conducted with the professors who first opened a horticultural therapy course in university so as to determine the introduction background. The analysis results are summarized as follows: Horticultural therapy was created to give mental comfort and emotional purification to those concerned with horticulture that had concerns over social phenomena. In Korea, there had been a process of finding a way of getting mental comfort and emotional purification in the economic slowdown in the late 1990s. Since 2001, there have been more attention and demand for horticultural therapy. As a result, there has been a tendency of studying general horticultural welfare activities and professional horticultural therapy separately. In Japan, the environmental pollution that has arisen since 1970s led to a concern over social orientation in the relation between plants and humans. The academic conference of global researchers to establish the horticultural therapy studies influenced the introduction of horticultural therapy in Korea and Japan. Both countries had no operations and system, and developed them independently. They had similar directions to seek, such as the department of horticultural therapy, need for professional education, active introduction of hospital practice (internship), and security of operating budget. Horticultural therapy has many competencies and thus requires constant research and expansion.

• Journal of Medicine and Life Science
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• 제15권2호
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• pp.46-50
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• 2018

Cancer, a leading mortality disease following cardiovascular disease worldwide, has high incidence as one out of every four adults in Korea. It was known to be caused by several reasons including somatic mutation, activation of oncogene and chromosome aneuploidy. Cancer cells show a faster growth rate and have metastatic and heterogeneous cell populations compared to normal cells. Cancer stem cells, the most invested field in cancer biology, is a theory to explain heterogeneous cell populations of cancer cells among several characteristics of cancer cells, which is providing the theoretical background for incidence of cancer and treatment failure by drug resistance. Cancer stem cells initially explain heterogeneous cell populations of cancer cells based on the same markers of normal stem cells in cancer, in which only cancer stem cells showed heterogeneity of cancer cells and tumor initiating ability of leukemia. Based on these results, cancer stem cells were reported in various solid cancers such as breast cancer, liver cancer, and lung cancer. Breast cancer stem cells were first reported in solid cancer which had tumor initiating ability and further identified as anti-cancer drug resistance. There were several identification methods in breast cancer stem cells such as specific surface markers and culture methods. The discovery of cancer stem cells not only explains heterogeneity of cancer cells, but it also provides theoretical background for targeting cancer stem cells to complete elimination of cancer cells. Many institutes have been developing new anticancer drugs targeting cancer stem cells, but there have not been noticeable results yet. Many researchers also reported a necessity for improvement of current concepts and methods of research on cancer stem cells. Herein, we discuss the limitations and the perspectives of breast cancer stem cells based on the current concept and history.

• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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• 제15권12호
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• pp.4292-4307
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• 2021

For the research field of night infrared surveillance video, the target imaging in the video is easily affected by the light due to the characteristics of the active infrared camera and the classical ViBe algorithm has some problems for moving target extraction because of background misjudgment, noise interference, ghost shadow and so on. Therefore, an improved ViBe algorithm (I-ViBe) for moving target extraction in night infrared surveillance video is proposed in this paper. Firstly, the video frames are sampled and judged by the degree of light influence, and the video frame is divided into three situations: no light change, small light change, and severe light change. Secondly, the ViBe algorithm is extracted the moving target when there is no light change. The segmentation factor of the ViBe algorithm is adaptively changed to reduce the impact of the light on the ViBe algorithm when the light change is small. The moving target is extracted using the region growing algorithm improved by the image entropy in the differential image of the current frame and the background model when the illumination changes drastically. Based on the results of the simulation, the I-ViBe algorithm proposed has better robustness to the influence of illumination. When extracting moving targets at night the I-ViBe algorithm can make target extraction more accurate and provide more effective data for further night behavior recognition and target tracking.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제46권3호
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• pp.408-417
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• 2022

Background: Korean Red Ginseng extract (KRGE) has been used as a health supplement and herbal medicine. Astrocytes are one of the key cells in the central nervous system (CNS) and have bioenergetic potential as they stimulate mitochondrial biogenesis. They play a critical role in connecting the brain vasculature and nerves in the CNS. Methods: Brain samples from KRGE-administered mice were tested using immunohistochemistry. Treatment of human brain astrocytes with KRGE was subjected to assays such as proliferation, cytotoxicity, Mitotracker, ATP production, and O₂ consumption rate as well as western blotting to demonstrate the expression of proteins related to mitochondria functions. The expression of hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) was diminished utilizing siRNA transfection. Results: Brain samples from KRGE-administered mice harbored an increased number of GFAP-expressing astrocytes. KRGE triggered the proliferation of astrocytes in vitro. Enhanced mitochondrial biogenesis induced by KRGE was detected using Mitotracker staining, ATP production, and O₂ consumption rate assays. The expression of proteins related to mitochondrial electron transport was increased in KRGE-treated astrocytes. These effects were blocked by HIF-1α knockdown. The factors secreted from KRGE-treated astrocytes were determined, revealing the expression of various cytokines and growth factors, especially those related to angiogenesis and neurogenesis. KRGE-treated astrocyte conditioned media enhanced the differentiation of adult neural stem cells into mature neurons, increasing the migration of endothelial cells, and these effects were reduced in the background of HIF-1α knockdown. Conclusion: Our findings suggest that KRGE exhibits prophylactic potential by stimulating astrocyte mitochondrial biogenesis through HIF-1α, resulting in improved neurovascular function.

• 중국학논총
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• 제62호
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• pp.85-100
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• 2019

The article purpose is 'Reading Chinese translation text as a Korean integrated education for Chinese students'. Although number of foreign students has increased rapidly to the economic growth of Korea, the influence of Korean Wave, and the popularity of Korean popular culture like K-pop at domestic universities but the problems of their curriculum have been found in many places. Korean literary education through novel text has an important place in Korean studies, but literary education is often excluded in Korean language education as a foreign language education. Chinese students already have background knowledge of Korean translation novels through Chinese novels. They can get the learning effect as the Korean language study. Second, they can compared with Korean national violence and Chinese national violence through 'Red Revolution' and understand about Korean-Chinese understanding of the times, social and cultural phenomena, Third, they are able to study the theory of literature itself. also It was the educational purpose pursued by the humanities. Chinese students develop their Korean language skills by studying the Brothers which are translated into Korean, and we can see the similarities and differences of national violence by comparing Korea's '4.19' with China's 'Cultural Revolution' After comparing people, background, dynamics of the space where they are located, we can raise awareness of the historical and social problems of both countries. It is possible to study subjects' memories of space, change of local meaning, the formation of urban space or individual space in the text in the specific space where national violence occurs. In this way, the method of learning Korean integrated education through Brothers of the Chinese translation novels makes an opportunity to look at national violence in the Korean-Chinese space of the 1960s and 1970s. It has a subjective perspective from subordination to the nationality of the modern nation-state. This is an educational effect that can be obtained through reading a Chinese translation novel as a Korean language integrated education.

• 대한한의학원전학회지
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• 제27권2호
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• pp.49-67
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• 2014

Subject : The Association between Extraordinary Organs(奇恒之腑) and Eight Extra Meridians(奇經 八脈). Objectives : This study research some special aspects of Extraordinary Organs and Eight Extra Meridians which differentiated from ordinary Organs and Meridians, and the association between Extraordinary Organs and Eight Extra Meridians. Methods : First, researched classification standard and physiological characteristics of Extraordinary Organs through studying various chapters of HuangdiNeijing. Second, researched The Association between Extraordinary Organs and Eight Extra Meridians through studying on the origin of Eight Extra Meridians in HuangdiNeijing. Third, from accompanying researching the subject of Cheon-gye(天癸) and human body shape, draw synthetic hypothesis on the relationship among ordinary Meridians and Organs, muscles and skins of body shape, Extraordinary Organs and Eight Extra Meridians. Results & Conclusions : The following conclusions could be drawn. 1. Extraordinary Organs afford background for shaping human body. This is same as the properties of the earth which afford background for shaping all creations. The physiological characteristics of Extraordinary Organs is intermediation and regulation between Ki(氣) of Five Viscera & six Bowels and shape of muscles & skins in human body. 2. The origin of Eight Extra Meridians could be found in HuangdiNeijing. The collateral Meridians of the Uterus and Epiglottis Meridian are specifically formulated to supplying for the Uterus or Epiglottis. From this we can draw The Association between Extraordinary Organs and Eight Extra Meridians, that is Eight Extra Meridians are specifically formulated to supplying for Extraordinary Organs. 3. The Cheon-gye(天癸) is doing significant function in Eight Extra Meridians supplying for Extraordinary Organs. Cheon-gye concerned to growth, secondary sexual characters, generative function, aging process. Theses are all concerned with the changing of human body shape. Cheon-gye urge to change the body shape with following the human life cycle. 4. Human body has vertical symmetry because preserve its shape from the gravitational force. Eight Extra Meridians place at the middle or flank axis of human body, thus do physiological function that assistant human body have vertical symmetry shape. The purpose of shaping vertical symmetry is securing space what the inner Twelve Regular Meridians and Five Viscera & six Bowels create there own physical changes. On the other hand the inner changes need deviation between left and right because of mobility and circulation of force. But human body change the shape in the process of growth, reproduction, aging. Eight Extra Meridians play role at time of these processing, thus they deeply concerned to human's life cycle and reproduction. 5. Eight Extra Meridians and Extraordinary Organs were named 'Extra' because of some special aspects which differentiated from ordinary Meridians and Organs. All they play role to have vertical symmetry shape of human body and maintain the shape, thus they deeply concerned to the change of human life cycle. These shaping maintaining and the change of human life cycle are very special aspects of human body. So they needed to differently cognize separate to the ordinary changes of Five Viscera & six Bowels and Twelve Meridians at inner space.

• 한국환경농학회지
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• 제32권4호
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• pp.252-259
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• 2013

간척지 논 토양에서 염 농도에 따른 메탄 배출특성을 조사하기 위하여 포트 실험을 실시한 결과, 염 농도의 증가는 메탄 배출량 감소와 벼 생육 및 수량성 악화에 영향을 주는 것으로 조사되었다. 벼 재배기간 중 높은 EC와 pH로 인한 메탄생성균의 활성 감소와 벼 생육 악화에 따른 메탄 배출량 감소가 주요 원인으로 평가되었다. 토양의 EC와 pH는 총 메탄배출량과 고도의 부의 상관관계를 나타내었으며, 벼 생육(초장 및 분얼)과는 정의 상관관계를 나타내었다. 하지만 주로 높은 EC에 의한 메탄 저감효과는 벼의 생육 초기에 대부분 나타났으며, 생육 후기로 갈수록 염의 희석효과에 의하여 저감효과가 크게 감소되는 것으로 확인하였다. 본 연구의 결과를 통하여 간척지 논 토양의 염 농도가 메탄 배출량에 감소에 큰 영향을 줄 수 있는 것으로 평가되며, 간척지 논 토양에서 메탄 배출량 평가 또는 예측에 좋은 자료로 활용될 수 있을 것으로 판단된다.

• IMMUNE NETWORK
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• 제1권2호
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• pp.143-150
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• 2001

Background : Many investigators have found transforming growth factor-${\beta}1$ (TGF-${\beta}1$) to be elevated in tumors. Changes in responsiveness to TGF-${\beta}1$ have been linked to malignant transformation, tumor progression and tumor regression. Many malignant cell lines of epithelial or hematopoietic origin are refractory to the antiproliferative effects of TGF-${\beta}1$. However, a little is known about the association of TGF-${\beta}1$ with progression of malignant tumor. Methods : In this study, we measured the plasma level of TGF-${\beta}1$ in various cancer patients and evaluated the utility of plasma TGF-${\beta}1$ as a possible tumor marker. Plasma TGF-${\beta}1$ levels were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in cancer patients and normal controls. Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) and alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) as tumor marker were compared with TGF-${\beta}1$ in the aspects of sensitivity and specificity. Results : The mean of plasma TGF-${\beta}1$ levels was $1.219{\pm}0.834ng/ml$ in normal controls, $5.491{\pm}3.598ng/ml$ in breast cancer, $12.670{\pm}10.386ng/ml$ in lung cancer, $5.747{\pm}3.228ng/ml$ in hepatocellular carcinoma and $10.854{\pm}7.996ng/ml$ in cervical cancer. In comparison with CEA and AFP, TGF-${\beta}1$ is more sensitive. Conclusion : We conclude that the high levels of TGF-${\beta}1$ are common in the plasma of cancer patients. These results suggest that the plasma TGF-${\beta}1$ level can be a potent tumor marker in various cancer patients.

• IMMUNE NETWORK
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• 제9권6호
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• pp.236-242
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• 2009

Background: Melanoma is the most fatal form of skin cancer due to its rapid metastasis. Recently, several studies reported that selenium can induce apoptosis in melanoma cells. However, the precise mechanism remains to be elucidated. In this study, we investigated the effect of selenium on cell proliferation in murine melanoma and on tumor growth and metastasis in C57BL/6 mice. Methods: Cell proliferation was measured by MTT assay in selenium-treated melanoma cells. Cell cycle distribution was analysized by staining DNA with propidum iodide (PI). mRNA and protein expression related to cell cycle arrest was measured by reverse transcription PCR and western blot. Tumor growth and metastasis was measured by in vivo model. Results: Selenium was suppressed the proliferation of melanoma cells in a dose dependent manner. The growth inhibition of melanoma by selenium was associated with an arrest of cell cycle distribution at G0/G1 stage. The mRNA and protein level of CDK2/CDK4 was suppressed by treatment with selenium in a time-dependent manner. In vivo, tumor growth was not suppressed by selenium; however tumor metastasis was suppressed by selenium in mouse model. Conclusion: These results suggest that selenium might be a potent agent to inhibit proliferative activity of melanoma cells.