• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.91-108
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• 1998

This study was carried out to survey basic information of swine farms on the machine holdings. facility type. management of manure by farm scale and operation, and then to develop the mechanization model. Manual feeding was common for sows and nursing sows. but automation feeding was normally furnished for weaners. growing pigs and castrated male pigs. Water supplies was completely automated for all of the surveyed swine farms. Fully mechanized and automated system would not be feasible and affordable for the small scale farms breeding less than 500 heads. Because the environmental control for the nursing sows and weaner was important, some swine houses were constructed with the windowless type. However, the furnished rates ranged from 22.2% to 44.4% of the surveyed nursing sow and weaner houses at the farm scales. In the future, a computerized ventilation system would be commended for the efficient use of heat energy and to maintain the desirable temperature of swine buildings. Over-investment for large scale farm and over-crowded pigpen of small farm would cause wasting construction expenses and spreading epidermic diseases Hence, the size of swine building should follow the recommended scale. The fermentation drier was recommended for the manure management. Urine could be recycled or discharged after treating by the activated sludge process.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.43 no.1
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• pp.40-46
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• 2007

For restoration of disturbed ecosystem in Lake Paro, artificial floating island (AFI) was installed. Even though the lake water was oligo-mesotrophic, the macrophytes, such as Iris ensata, Iris pseudoacorus, Phragmites communis were growing well in the rubberized coconut fiber media. For elucidating this process, total bacterial numbers, active bacterial numbers and exoenzymatic activities of ${\beta}-glucosidase$ and phosphatase of pore water of media and lake water were analyzed. The average of total bacterial numbers, active bacterial numbers and exoenzymatic activities of ${\beta}-glucosidase$ and phosphatase were $28.6{\times}10^{6}\;cells/ml,\;22.7{\times}10^{6}\;cells/ml,\;452.9nM/L/hr,\;and\;16381.9nM/L/hr$ which were 10, 15, 22 and 38 times higher than those of lake water, respectively. Moreover, the total phosphorus and total nitrogen concentration of media showed high values of 0.82 mg/L and 7.0 mg/L, respectively, while those of lake water 0.07 mg/L and 2.3 mg/L. This results suggest that the bacteria was playing an important role for restoration of disturbed ecosystem with newly created microbial ecosystem in media of artificial floating island.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.207-212
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• 1981

Nutritional evaluation of nitrogen compounds of soybean and soybean sprout in various growth conditions various conditions was conducted by feeding Sprague-Dawley strain of albino rat and was correlated with chemical evaluation. food intake and PER also showed the same trend as weight gain. Average body fyeight gain showed significant positive correlation with essential amino acid index (EAAI) $(r=0.996^{**})$ and requirement index (RI) $(r=0.988^{**})$. According to EAAI and RI, quality of soybean sprout was in order of Soybean-heated, 4 days soybean sprout (S.S.) cotyledon, 4 days S.S heated, 8 days S.S heated and 4 days S.S axis heated. Process of soybean sprout (4 days growing at $25^{\circ}C$) caused quantitative loss of soybean protein by 4.5%, and quantitative loss of 11% (EAAI basis) in chemical evaluation while protein efficiency loss of 7% (PER basis) and overall nutritional loss of 18% (weight gain basis).

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Near Infrared Spectroscopy Conference
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• 2001.06a
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• pp.1273-1273
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• 2001

The efficiency of the luminal fermentation process influences overall efficiency of luminal production, animal health and reproduction. Ruminant production systems have a significant impact on the global environment, as well. Animal wastes contribute to pollution of the environment as ammonia volatilized to the air and nitrate leached to ground water. Microbial protein synthesis in the rumen satisfies a large proportion of the protein requirements of animals. Quantifying the microbial synthesis is possible by using markers for lumen bacteria and protozoa such as nucleic acids, purine bases, some specific amino acids, or by isotopic $^{15}N,^{32}P,\;and\;^{35}S$ labelled feeds. All those methods require cannulated animals, they are time-consuming and some methods are very expensive as well. Many attempts have been made to find an alternative method for indirect measurement of microbial synthesis in intact animals. The present investigations aimed to assess possibilities of NIRS for prediction of purine nitrogen excretion and ruminal microbial nitrogen synthesis by NIR spectra of urine. Urine samples were collected from 12 growing sheep,6 of them male, and 6- female. The sheep were included in feeding experiment. The ration consisted of sorghum silage and protein supplements -70:30 on dry matter basis. The protein supplements were chosen to differ in protein degradability. The urine samples were collected daily in a vessel containing $60m{\ell}$ 10% sulphuric acid to reduce pH below 3 and diluted with tap water to 4 liters. Samples were stored in plastic bottles and frozen at $-20^{\circ}C$ until chemical and NIRS analysis. The urine samples were analyzed for purine derivates - allantoin, uric acid, xantine and hypoxantine content. Microbial nitrogen synthesis in the lumen was calculated according to Chen and Gomes, 1995. Transmittance urine spectra with sample thickness 1mm were obtained by NIR System 6500 spectrophotometer in the spectral range 1100-2500nm. The calibration was performed using ISI software and PLS regression, respectively. The following statistical results of NIRS calibration for prediction of purine derivatives and microbial protein synthesis were obtained.(Table Omitted). The result of estimation of purine nitrogen excretion and microbial protein synthesis by NIR spectra of urine showed accuracy, adequate for rapid evaluation of microbial protein synthesis for a large number of animals and different diets. The results indicate that the advantages of the NIRS technology can be extended into animal physiological studies. The fast and low cost NIRS analyses could be used with no significant loss of accuracy when microbial protein synthesis in the lumen and the microbial protein flow in the duodenum are to be assessed by NIRS.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.892-900
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• 2010

Objectives : To save the lives of patients with cardiac arrests, CPR must be performed rapidly and precisely. Regarding its critical necessity, there is a growing tendency to encourage whomever witnesses the cardiac arrest to perform basic CPR. However, the attitude toward basic CPR nor its current state of education in Korean Oriental Medical arena, which is one of the dual axes unique to Korean medical system, are not known. This is a kind of pilot study to research attitudes toward and the educative effect of basic CPR among oriental medical doctors in Korea. Methods : We carried out surveys and tests targeting nineteen apprentice doctors working in Dongguk University Ilsan Oriental Hospital, who were receiving training for 'AHA BLS course for healthcare providers', on the attitude toward and educative effect of basic CPR before and after the education. Results : The pre-educational survey showed that most of the participants felt the necessity to be trained in the BLS course, were not confident about performing CPR, and not well-acquainted with the whole process of performing CPR. After education, however, none of them responded with a lack of confidence to perform basic CPR, and the score of the confidence to perform basic CPR was significantly increased, too (from $2.05{\pm}0.71$ to $4.05{\pm}0.40$, n=19, p<0.001). Moreover, all of them answered they were satisfied with this BLS course, and it aroused their sense of responsibility as oriental medical doctors. All the participants passed the exam, and their average score for BLS scheme performance was $28.2{\pm}1.3$. Conclusions : It is necessary, in the future, to set up a management system for intensive, regular and continuous reeducation and expand the research on the perception and attitude targeting larger numbers and more multilevel groups of oriental medical doctors.

• International Commerce and Information Review
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.433-457
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• 2011

This study attempts to make a constructive contribution to the debate on which WTO rules accommodate trade measures for environmental purposes. Does trade undermine the regulatory efforts of governments. However, the theoretical dimensions are partly addressed on the several key questions. For instances, is economic integration through trade and investment a threat to the environment? to control pollution and resource degradation? Will economic grow driven by trade help us to move towards a sustainable use of the world's environmental resources? The growing world economy has been accompanied by environmental degradation including deforestation, losses in bio-diversity, global warming, air pollution, depletion of the ozone layer, overfishing and so on. The sheer number of us obviously put pressure on natural resources and ecological systems, and this pressure will counting to rise as we grow towards 10 billion in the next century. What is more, there is no indication that consumption per capita is slowing. The perceived costs of acting alone in terms of lost investments and jobs often take the stream out of regulatory initiatives. In the worst case scenario environmental community is fearful that international trade will magnify the effects of poor environmental polices in the world Generally, economic growth drive by trade may speed up the process of environmental degradation unless sufficient environmental safeguards are put in place. Under these circumstances, this paper attempts to make a constructive contribution to the study on which WTO rules accommodate trade measures for environmental purposes.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.91-101
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• 2011

The purpose of this study is to demonstrate the positive effects of artificial ground greening on the reduction of carbon dioxide ($CO_2$) which can help improve ecological functions in cities and mitigation of climate change, through quantifying $CO_2$ uptake and evapotranspiration by the process of photosynthesis of some plants. Experiment of $CO_2$ uptake and evapotranspiration was conducted by measurement of $CO_2$ exchange rate using the infrared gas analyzer, for 7 month, growing season from May to November 2009, 2 times a month. The result was as follows; The $CO_2$ uptake quantity per $cm^2$ of Chrysanthemum zawadskii was the highest rate at $21.47{\times}10^{-6}g/cm^2/s$ and Poa pratensis was $16.20g{\times}10^{-6}g/cm^2/s$. The stronger was light of intensity, the higher were $CO_2$ uptake rate of most plants. In quantity of evapotranspiration, Poa pratensis was the highest rate at $8.75{\times}10^{-5}g/cm^2/s$ and Aquilegia buergariana was $8.66{\times}10^{-5}g/cm^2/s$. From this study, it is confirmed that artificial ground greening has capacity of absorption $CO_2$ and effects on improving urban microclimate.

• Health Policy and Management
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.35-69
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• 1995

The managerial environment of hospitals in Korea characterized by low levels of medical insurance fees is worsening by increasing government regulations as to the utilization of medical services, rising costs of labor, material, and medical equipments, growing patient expectations concerning the quality of services, and escalating competitions among large hospitals in the market. Hospitals should seek for their survival strategies in this harsh environment and they should have information about costs of their products in doing so. However, it has not been available due to the complexity of the production process of hospital services. The objectives of this study were to develop a service-based cost accounting model and to apply the developed model to a study hospital to obtain cost information of hospital services. A model commonly used for the job-order product cost accounting in the manufacturing industry was modified for the use in hospitals in Korea. Actual costs, instead of standard costs, incurred to produce a unit of services during a given period of time were estimated in the model. Data required to implement the model included financial information, statistics for the allocation of supportive cost center costs to final cost centers, statistics for the allocation of final cost center costs to services, and the volume of each services charged to patients during a study period. The model was executed using data of a university teaching hospital located in Seoul for the fiscal year 1992. Data for financial information, allocation statistics fo supportive service costs, and the volume of services, most of them in electronic form, were available to the study. Data for allocation statistics of final cost center costs were collected in the study. There were 15 types of evaluation and management service, 2, 923 types of technical service, and 2, 608 types of drug and material service charged to patients in the study hospital during the fiscal year 1992. Labor costs of each of seven types of pesonnel, material costs of 611 types of drugs and materials, and depreciation costs of 212 types of medical equipments, miscellaneous costs, and indirect costs incurred in producing a unit of each services were estimated. Medical insurance fees for basic services such as evaluation and management of inpatients and outpatients, injection, and filling prescriptions, and for operating procedures were found to be set lower than costs. Infrequent services which use expensive medical equipments showed negative revenuse as well. On the other hand, fees for services not covered by the insurance such as CT, MRI and Sonogram, and for laboratory tests were higher than costs. This study has a significance in making it possible for a hospital to obtain cost information for all types of services which produced income based on all types of expenses incurred during a given period of time. This information can assist the management of a hospital in finding an effective cost reduction strategy, an efficient service-mix strategy under a given fee structure, and an optimum strategy for within-hospital resource allocations.

• Journal of the Korea Concrete Institute
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• v.20 no.5
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• pp.557-563
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• 2008

Recently, the amount of disposed construction materials like demolished concrete is growing fast and the shortage of natural concrete aggregate is becoming serious. Therefore, recycling of aggregate extracted from the demolished concrete is getting important and use of the recycled aggregate for concrete has been seriously considered. However, the use of the recycled aggregate even for low performance concrete is very limited because recycled aggregate which contains large amount of old mortar has very low quality. Therefore, removing the paste sticked to the recycled aggregate is very important in the manufacturing of high quality recycled aggregate. We have studied a series of research according to complex crushing method, which is removed the ingredient of cement paste from recycled fine aggregate using both the low speed wet abrasion crusher as mechanical process and the acid treatment as chemical processes. This paper is to analyze the quality of the recycled fine aggregate produced by those complex method and investigate optimum manufacturing condition for recycled fine aggregate by the design of experiments. The experimental parameters considered are water ratio, coase aggregate ratio, and abrasion time. As a result, data concerning the properties of recycled sand were obtained. It was found that high quality recycled fine aggregate could be to obtain at the condition of the fifteen minute of abrasion-crusher time and the over 1.0 of recycled coarse aggregate ratio.

• Journal of Intelligence and Information Systems
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.103-122
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• 2009

The recent development of information technology has been envisioned as the next technological wave and is expected to play an important role in diminishing boundaries between business organizations. Enterprises have recently resulted in a surge in workflow management, making business processes sharable among different business organizations. To make heterogeneous workflows operational, it is crucial that workflow management systems provide efficient tools for an environment supporting interoperability of business processes among different business organizations. As the potential of workflow management is becoming widely recognized, the demand for an integrated framework that facilitates interoperability among heterogeneous workflows is concomitantly growing. Despite the large body of work in the area of workflow management, few efforts are directed towards identifying conflict patterns for heterogeneous workflow interoperability of inter-organizational business processes. In this paper, we summarize state of the art research trends in workflow management research area and identify conflict patterns for heterogeneous workflows. We believe that this is one of the first attempts to conceptualize conflict patterns that exist on inter-organizational business processes. This paper opens up a novel avenue for workflow management research by supplementing the existing conceptual frameworks for workflow management.