• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제13권12호
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• pp.1659-1666
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• 2000

Two experiments were conducted to determine the effects of Leucaena leucocephala (leucaena) and Gliricidia sepium (gliricidia) supplementation on intake, digestion, outflow rates, microbial protein yield and live-weight changes in sheep fed with ammoniated rice straw (ARS). In experiment 1, three rumen cannulated Japanese Corriedale wether (mean body weight of 35.6 kg) in $3{\times}3$ Latin Square Design were used. Animals were fed ad libitum ARS alone, or supplemented with 200 g of either leucaena or gliricidia. In experiment 2, twenty-four growing native Philippine sheep with average body weight of $13.5{\pm}0.25kg$ were used in a completely randomized design (CRD) and offered similar diets to those of experiment 1. Supplementation increased total dry matter intake and nutrient digestibility except for fiber (p<0.05) without affecting ARS consumption. Nitrogen balance revealed that absorbed and retained N was significantly higher in leucaena and gliricidia. The significant improvement in N utilization and more digestible OM intake brought about by the inclusion of leucaena and gliricidia to ARS resulted in increased (p<0.05) microbial N yield. Efficiency of microbial N supply in supplemented group was not significantly different, but higher (p<0.05) than the 24.92 g N/kg DOMR for ARS group. Liquid outflow rate was 7.8 and 6.8 %/h, while the solid phase of rumen digesta was 4.4 and 3.8 %/h for the leucaena and gliricidia group respectively, which were significantly higher than 5.30 and 2.50 %/h in the control diet. The increase in total DMI resulted to higher (p<0.01) growth performance and efficient feed utilization. Average daily gain (ADG) was 19.3, 34.6 and 33.9 g/d for the ARS, leucaena and gliricidia respectively. It is therefore concluded that addition of leucaena and gliricidia to ARS in could increase nutrient intake and digestibility, subsequently improving N utilization and livestock performance.

• 스마트미디어저널
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• 제11권5호
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• pp.9-16
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• 2022

최근 농업 현장에서는 빅데이터와 IoT(Internet of Things) 등 기술을 적용하여 디지털농업 스마트팜으로 자동화를 하고 있다. 이러한 스마트팜은 작물의 환경을 측정하고 데이터를 조사하고 가공하여 생산량의 증대와 작물의 품질을 향상하고자 한다. 생산량 예측은 첨단 농업인 스마트팜 디지털 농업에서 중요한 연구로 빅데이터를 활용하여 환경데이터를 분석하고 나아가 생육정보 데이터 품질 관리를 위한 표준화 연구가 필요하다. 본 논문에서는 스마트팜 딸기 농장에서 수집된 환경 및 생산량 데이터를 분석하여 연구하였다. 회귀분석을 기반으로 릿지회귀(Ridge Regression), LightGBM, XGBoost를 사용하여 작물 생산량 예측 모델을 분석하였다. 3가지 모델 중 최적의 모델은 XGBoost로 R2는 82.5%의 설명력을 보였다. 연구 결과 양액흡수량과 환경데이터간의 상관관계를 확인할 수 있었고, 생산량 예측 연구에 대한 유의미한 결과를 얻을 수 있었다. 향후 작물의 생육환경 정보 및 양액의 성분 등 양액흡수량을 연구하여 양액관리를 통해 환경오염 예방 및 양액 절감에 기여할 것으로 기대된다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제2권2호
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• pp.103-114
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• 1989

Reciprocal crosses were conducted between three strains of Taiwan Country chickens, developed in the National Chung-Hsing University, and two strains of Single Comb White Leghorns, developed in the Taiwan Livestock Research Institute. Traits studied were growing performances, laying performances, egg quality traits and traits concerning disease resistance, including resistance to Marek's disease virus and immune responses to Newcastle disease virus vaccine and to sheep red blood cell. Results indicated that laying performances of Taiwan country chickens were much inferior to White Leghorns, but they matured earlier, their eggs had better shell strength and larger proportion of yolk, and their general disease resistance was much better than White Leghorns. Heterosis were found in laying performances and egg quality traits. The heterosis in laying traits was so large that the hybrid laid as many eggs and as large eggs as did pure strains of White Leghorns. Strategies on the improvement of native chickens and the utilization of genetic merits of native chickens were also discussed.

• 한국초지조사료학회지
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• 제6권3호
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• pp.138-144
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• 1986

본(本) 시험(試驗)은 독일(獨逸)의 남부지방(南部地方)인 Bayern Alps 지역(地域)의 2차천이(次遷移) 식생(植生)인 Carex ferruginea 우점(優占) 군락지(群落地)에서 PK-시비(施肥) 및 면양(緬羊) 방목(放牧)에 依(依)한 걸뿌림 초지(草地)의 식생유지(植生維持) 및 자연초지(自然草地)의 개량(改良)을 생태학적(生態學的)인 면(面)에서 연구(硏究)코자 1980년 4월부터 1983년 10월까지 수행(遂行)되었으며 식생변화(植生變化)에 대(對)한 조사(調査) 방법(方法)으로는 Releve-method, Point-Interecept-method 및 Quadrat-Charting-method 등(等)이 이용(利用)되었다. 1. PK-시비(施肥) 및 면양(緬羊) 방목(放牧)에 의(依)해 겉뿌림 초지(草地)의 사료가(飼料價)는 점차(漸次) 증가(增加)되었으며, 시비(施肥)를 하지 않고 방목(放牧)만 실시(實施)한 곳은 초지(草地)의 사료가(飼料價)가 차츰 감소(減少)되었다, 2. 2차천이(次遷移) 식생(植生)인 자연초지(自然草地)의 품종(品種)(초지가(草地價)은 시비(施肥) 및 방목(放牧)에 의(依)해 시험(試驗) 2년차(年次) 가을에 겉뿌림 초지(草地)와 대등(對等)하게 크게 증진(增進)되었으며 시비(施肥)없이 방목(放牧)만 실시(實施)한 자연초지(自然草地)의 사료가(飼料價)는 증가(增加)되지 않았다. 3. 자연초지(自然草地)에서 PK-시비(施肥)의 영향(影響)은 방목(放牧) 보나 우수(優秀)하였으며, 섭초류(涉草類)는 시비(施肥)에 의(依)해 거의 소멸(消滅)되었고, 화본과(禾本科) 및 두과(荳科)는 크게 증가(增加)되었으며, 시비(施肥)를 하지 않고 면양(緬羊) 방목(放牧)만 실시(實施)한 구(區)는 두과목초(荳科牧草)가 점차(漸次) 감소(減少)되었다. 특(特)히 6월과 10월의 섭초(涉草)의 수량(收量) 비율(比率)이 크게 차이(差異)가 있었는데 이것은 재생력(再生力) 결핍(缺乏)에 기인(基因)되었다. 4. PK-시비(施肥) 및 면양(緬羊) 방목(放牧)에 의(衣)해 시험전(試驗前)의 Carex ferruginea 우점(優占) 초지(草地) 군락(群落)은 기름진 산지초지형(山地草地型)인 Alchemillo-Cynosuretum으로 천이(遷移)되었다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제16권5호
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• pp.665-671
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• 2003

A factorial experiment was conducted to assess nutrient utilization by growing lambs maintained on three levels each of digestible energy (high: HE, medium: ME, low: LE) and protein (high: HP, medium: MP, low: LP) in nine combinations (HEHP, HEMP, HELP, MEHP, MEMP, MELP, LEHP, LEMP, LELP). The experiment was conducted during the hot season in a semiarid location. Daily dry matter intake (DMI) was similar in all the groups in terms of unit body weight or metabolic body size. Digestibility of DM and nitrogen free extract increased (p<0.01) from low to medium and high energy regimen while the CF digestibility followed a reverse trend. The digestibility of crude protein (CP) decreased from high to medium and low protein regimens while it was similar in terms of energy variation. Nitrogen intake was higher in high followed by medium and low protein regime while fecal and urinary nitrogen loss were similar in all the treatment groups. Lambs in all the three levels of protein were in positive N balance and percent N retention was higher (p<0.01) in high followed by medium and low protein levels whereas it was similar in terms of energy variation. Initial body weight was similar in all the groups while final weight, total gain in the experiment and average daily gain (ADG) were higher in high than medium and low energy regimens. It is concluded that crossbred lambs required 75.1 g DM, 9.6 g CP, 6.3 g DCP and 711 KJ DE/kg W $^{0.75}$or 11.0 g CP/MJ DE or 7.2 g DCP/MJ DE for 93 g average daily gain in a hot semiarid environment.

• 한국근적외분광분석학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국근적외분광분석학회 2001년도 NIR-2001
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• pp.1273-1273
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• 2001

The efficiency of the luminal fermentation process influences overall efficiency of luminal production, animal health and reproduction. Ruminant production systems have a significant impact on the global environment, as well. Animal wastes contribute to pollution of the environment as ammonia volatilized to the air and nitrate leached to ground water. Microbial protein synthesis in the rumen satisfies a large proportion of the protein requirements of animals. Quantifying the microbial synthesis is possible by using markers for lumen bacteria and protozoa such as nucleic acids, purine bases, some specific amino acids, or by isotopic $^{15}N,^{32}P,\;and\;^{35}S$ labelled feeds. All those methods require cannulated animals, they are time-consuming and some methods are very expensive as well. Many attempts have been made to find an alternative method for indirect measurement of microbial synthesis in intact animals. The present investigations aimed to assess possibilities of NIRS for prediction of purine nitrogen excretion and ruminal microbial nitrogen synthesis by NIR spectra of urine. Urine samples were collected from 12 growing sheep,6 of them male, and 6- female. The sheep were included in feeding experiment. The ration consisted of sorghum silage and protein supplements -70:30 on dry matter basis. The protein supplements were chosen to differ in protein degradability. The urine samples were collected daily in a vessel containing $60m{\ell}$ 10% sulphuric acid to reduce pH below 3 and diluted with tap water to 4 liters. Samples were stored in plastic bottles and frozen at $-20^{\circ}C$ until chemical and NIRS analysis. The urine samples were analyzed for purine derivates - allantoin, uric acid, xantine and hypoxantine content. Microbial nitrogen synthesis in the lumen was calculated according to Chen and Gomes, 1995. Transmittance urine spectra with sample thickness 1mm were obtained by NIR System 6500 spectrophotometer in the spectral range 1100-2500nm. The calibration was performed using ISI software and PLS regression, respectively. The following statistical results of NIRS calibration for prediction of purine derivatives and microbial protein synthesis were obtained.(Table Omitted). The result of estimation of purine nitrogen excretion and microbial protein synthesis by NIR spectra of urine showed accuracy, adequate for rapid evaluation of microbial protein synthesis for a large number of animals and different diets. The results indicate that the advantages of the NIRS technology can be extended into animal physiological studies. The fast and low cost NIRS analyses could be used with no significant loss of accuracy when microbial protein synthesis in the lumen and the microbial protein flow in the duodenum are to be assessed by NIRS.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제26권7호
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• pp.981-986
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• 2013

The nutrient digestibility, nitrogen balance and in vivo metabolizable energy supply of Mucuna pruriens whole pods fed to growing Pelibuey lambs was investigated. Eight Pelibuey sheep housed in metabolic crates were fed increasing levels of Mucuna pruriens pods: 0 (control), 100 (Mucuna100), 200 (Mucuna200) and 300 (Mucuna300) g/kg dry matter. A quadratic (p<0.002) effect was observed for dry matter (DM), neutral detergent fibre (aNDF), nitrogen (N) and gross energy (GE) intakes with higher intakes in the Mucuna100 and Mucuna200 treatments. Increasing M. pruriens in the diets had no effect (p>0.05) on DM and GE apparent digestibility (p<0.05). A linear reduction in N digestibility and N retention was observed with increasing mucuna pod level. This effect was accompanied by a quadratic effect (p<0.05) on fecal-N and N-balance which were higher in the Mucuna100 and Mucuna200 treatments. Urine-N excretion, GE retention and dietary estimated nutrient supply (metabolizable protein and metabolizable energy) were not affected (p>0.05). DM, N and GE apparent digestibility coefficient of M. pruriens whole pods obtained through multiple regression equations were 0.692, 0.457, 0.654 respectively. In vivo DE and ME content of mucuna whole pod were estimated in 11.0 and 9.7 MJ/kg DM. It was concluded that whole pods from M. pruriens did not affect nutrient utilization when included in an mixed diet up to 200 g/kg DM. This is the first in vivo estimation of mucuna whole pod ME value for ruminants.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제23권5호
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• pp.567-572
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• 2010

The objective was to assess the concentrations of Vitamins A and E in blood of growing lambs infected or not with gastrointestinal nematodes (GIN) and fed a diet containing clinoptilolite. Twenty-four male lambs were used. A $2{\times}2$ factorial design consisting of two feeding treatments (B and Z) and two levels of parasitic status, infected (I) and uninfected (U) was used. Lambs were randomly assigned to one of four (n = 6), groups: BU (basal-uninfected), BI (basal-infected), ZU (zeolite-uninfected) and ZI (zeoliteinfected). Lambs of groups BI and ZI were infected with a single dose of 15,000 $L_3$ larvae of GIN. Blood samples were collected from individual animals at the start of the experiment and, thereafter, at 15-day intervals. The average blood serum vitamin A and vitamin E, concentration in lambs (mean${\pm}$SD) was 0.25${\pm}$0.090 ${\mu}g/ml$ and 1.59${\pm}$0.769 ${\mu}g/ml$, respectively. Lambs fed Z diet had higher values of vitamin A (p<0.001), but lower values of vitamin E (p<0.01) when compared with those fed B diet.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제27권2호
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• pp.284-289
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• 2014

The experiment was conducted to evaluate the ingestive behavior of lambs confined in individual and group stalls. We used thirty-four lambs in their growing phase, aged an average of three months, with mean initial live weight of $17.8{\pm}5.2$ kg. They were allotted in a completely randomized design with 24 animals kept in individual stalls and 10 animals confined as a group. The experiment lasted for a total of 74 days, and the first 14 days were dedicated to the animals' adaption to the management, facilities and diets. The data collection period lasted 60 days, divided into three 20-d periods for the behavior evaluation. The animals were subjected to five days of visual observation during the experiment period, by the quantification of 24 h a day, with evaluations on the 15th day of each period and an interim evaluation consisting of two consecutive days on the 30th and 31st day of the experiment. The animals confined as a group consumed less (p<0.05) fiber. However, the animals confined individually spent less (p<0.05) time on feeding, rumination and chewing activities and longer in idleness. Therefore, the lower capacity of lambs confined in groups to select their food negatively affects their feeding behavior.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제22권3호
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• pp.440-447
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• 2009

Domestic ruminant animals are reared in diverse production systems, ranging from extensive systems under semi-arid and tropical conditions with poor feed resources to intensive systems in temperate and cold areas with high quality feed. Nitrogen (N) recycling between the body and gut of ruminants plays a key role in the adaptation to such diverse nutritional conditions. Ammonia and microbial protein produced in the gut and urea synthesized in the liver are major players in N-recycling transactions. In this review, we focus on the physiological factors affecting urea production and recycling. Sheep and buffalo probably have higher abilities to reabsorb urea from the kidney compared with cattle. This affects the degree of urea-N recycling between the body and gut at both low and high N intakes. The synthesis and gut entry of urea also differs between cattle bred for either dairy or beef production. Lactating dairy cows show a higher gut entry of urea compared with growing cattle. The synthesis and recycling of urea dramatically increases after weaning, so that the functional development of the rumen exerts an essential role in N transactions. Furthermore, high ambient temperature increases urea production but reduces urea gut entry. An increase in total urea flux, caused by the return to the ornithine cycle from the gut entry, is considered to serve as a labile N pool in the whole body to permit metabolic plasticity under a variety of physiological, environmental and nutritional conditions.