• Proceedings of the Korean Geotechical Society Conference
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• 2000.11a
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• pp.63-70
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• 2000

In 1925, H.J. Joosten was the first in the world to use chemical injection grouts composed of sodium silicate and calcium chloride. This unique development prompted the introduction of other chemical grouting techniques. Among these chemical grouting techniques, sodium silicate based grout has been the most widely used in the world, but it has not been generally considered to be a permanent material. Therefore, studies to improve the weak points of sodium silicate based grout have been conducted, and new applications of grout were recently developed. We also developed the micro fine hybrid silicate grout of suspention type which properties are sepecialized as the high strength and durability, according to the reactant of special sodium silicate grout and the high strength hardener. As the results of this study we could derive the 2 times over high strength of Micro fine hybrid Silicate grouting method(MS method) more than that of the ordinary sodium silicate grout. And also we could confirm that the alkali leakage of micro fine hybrid silicate grout is less than that of ordinary sodium silicate grout. So we could get the high strength and durability of hybrid silicate grout are superior to those of ordinary sodium silicate grout.

• Journal of the Korean Geotechnical Society
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• v.18 no.5
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• pp.229-236
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• 2002

In this study, the characteristics of chemical grouting, such as solidification, penetrability, were analyzed experimentally by grain size of grout materials and permeability, relative density of the ground. For evaluating applicability of grout material, solidification tests and permeability tests were peformed. From the results of the tests, effective solidification ratio and penetrability ratio of Micro Cement were 75% and 86% respectively when ground permeability was in the range of 10$^{-4}$ to 10$^{-2}$cm/sec. On the other hand, effective solidification ratio and penetrability ratio of Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) were both lower than 50%. When penetrability of grout material is needed for improvement of dam foundation and soft ground, application of Micro Cement is much superior to that of the other materials. The results of the grouting tests in the hydrodynamic ground show that the solidification effect of long gel-time grout material is excellent as injection pressure increases when groundwater velocity is relatively low. But when groundwater velocity is relatively high, the solidifcation effect of long gel-time grout material is very poor because most grout materials are outflowed.

• Journal of Ceramic Processing Research
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• v.19 no.6
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• pp.509-513
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• 2018

This study uses fly ash for non-shrinkage grout in order to develop strength of grout and improve its durability. We grind fly ash to the extent of $7,000cm^2/g$ and use ground fly ash and raw fly ash respectively at the proportion of 10%, 20%, 30% instead of OPC and compare the results drawn on the condition of each proportion. As a mixed material of grout, EVA and water-reducing agent is added in order to prevent bleeding and improve segregation resistance, CSA is added with a view to preventing drying shrinkage and improving early strength property. In regard to flow and flow time test for analyzing and evaluating workability, it is revealed that grouts of all mix proportions except raw fly ash 30% mix proportion satisfy all performance criteria. With regard to length change rate, grout with no admixture shows the highest shrinkage rate, but the rate is 0.0005%, extremely insignificant rate. As material age increases, compressive strength of two grouts, that is to say ground fly ash 10% and 20%-used grouts, exceed that of grout with no admixture or show high-level compressive strength.

• Journal of the Korean GEO-environmental Society
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• v.11 no.9
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• pp.47-53
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• 2010

This study was made on the fact that the compressive strength characteristic of the recently developed alkali silica-sol chemical grout material was examined, whose grout material used for this study was designed to understand its strength property through the uniaxial compressive strength test(homo-gel, sand-gel), permeability test, deflection strength test, etc. In order to compare with the engineering characteristics regarding alkali silica-sol grout material and sodium silicate grout material. The uniaxial compressive strength of silica-sol grout material was identified to be increased more than 3~5 times than sodium silicate grout material at the early stage(within 72 hours). When comparing with the uniaxial compressive strengths of Sand-gel and Homo-gel at the material age of 28 days in case of silica-sol grouting material the strength of Sand-gel was measured to be about 1.3 times higher than Homo-gel. In case of silica-sol, it is assumed to have the property to exert high strength when it is actually grouted into the ground. As a result of permeability test it is judged that it is possible to apply the silica-sol to the site in the place requiring the water cut-off as the silica-sol. As a result of testing the strength at the material age of 28 days of grouting-use silica-sol showed more than 3 times' difference than the sodium silicate grouting material.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Safety
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• v.26 no.5
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• pp.59-64
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• 2011

This paper presents the research results performed to develope the shrinkage-free grout with high early strength. Alumina cement and anhydrite were utilized as the expensive tool to gain the shrinkage-free grout. The compressive strength, length change, and ettringite formation of the grout were investigated with compressive test, length change test, and X-ray diffraction. The more anhydrite was added into the grout, the larger the early expansion of the grout. In addition, the more anhydrite formated the more ettringite. From this study, It was conformed that the grout mixture with shrinkage-free property and high early strength is the mixture with the ratio of alumina cement and anhydrite of 40:60 by weight.

• Geomechanics and Engineering
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.259-266
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• 2019

This paper presents a comparison between experimental measurements and numerical estimations of penetration length of a cement grout injected in discrete joints. In the experiment, a joint was generated by planar acryl plates with a certain separation distance (; aperture) and was designed in such a way to vary the separation distances. Since a cement grout was used, the grout viscosity can be varied by controlling water-cement (W/C) ratios. Throughout these experiments, the influence of joint aperture, cement grout viscosity, and injection rate on a penetration length in a discrete joint was investigated. During the experiments, we also measured the time-dependent variation of grout viscosity due to a hardening process. The time-dependent viscosity was included in our numerical simulations as a function of elapsed time to demonstrate its impact on the estimation of penetration length. In the numerical simulations, Bingham fluid model that has been known to be applicable to a viscous cement material, was employed. We showed that the estimations by the current numerical approach were well comparable to the experimental measurements only in limited conditions of lower injection rates and smaller joint apertures. The difference between two approaches resulted from the facts that material separation (; bleeding) of cement grout, which was noticeable in higher injection rate and there could be a significant surface friction between the grout and joint planes, which are not included in the numerical simulations. Our numerical simulation, meanwhile, could well demonstrate that penetration length can be significantly over-estimated without considering a time-dependency of viscosity in a cement grout.

• Journal of the Korean GEO-environmental Society
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.15-23
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• 2023

The grouting method is a method of construction for the purpose of waterproofing and reinforcing soft ground. When grout is injected into the ground, there are various types of penetration and diffusion of grout depending on the shape of the ground, the size of soil, the porosity, and the presence or absence of groundwater. the current situation. Therefore, in this study, to investigate the penetration performance of the grouting to conductive material, laboratory tests were performed on the addition of the conductive material. In the injection test, 0%, 3%, and 5% of the mixed water were added as conductive materials to the grout, and the original ground condition was composed of various types of ground composed of gravel and silica sand. Conductive grout is injected by pressure into the model ground using a dedicated injection device, and the injection time (t), pressure (p), flow rate (v) and injection amount (q) are measured, and the hardened body injected in the model ground is collected. Penetration performance was evaluated. In the results of the grout injection experiment, the amount of conductive material used and the grout injection rate showed an inverse relationship, and it was confirmed that the penetration pattern was changed according to the size of the soil particles in the model ground. The grout containing the conductive material has relatively good penetration into the ground and excellent strength and durability of the hardened body, so it was judged that it could be used as an additive for measuring the penetration range of the grout.

• Geomechanics and Engineering
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.59-69
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• 2019

Grout injection is mainly used for permeability reduction and/or improvement of the ground by injecting grout material into pores, cracks, and joints in the ground. The oscillatory grout injection method was developed to enhance the grout penetration. In order to verify the level of enhancement of the grout, field grout injection tests, both static and oscillatory tests, were performed at three job sites. The enhancement in the permeability reduction and ground improvement effect was verified by performing a core boring, borehole image processing analysis, phenolphthalein test, scanning electron microscopy analysis, variable heat test, Lugeon test, standard penetration test, and an elastic wave test. The oscillatory grout injection increased the joint filling rate by 80% more and decreased the permeability coefficient by 33-68%, more compared to the static grout injection method. The constrained modulus of the jointed rock mass was increased by 50% more with oscillatory grout injection compared to the static grout injection, indicating that the oscillatory injection was more effective in enhancing the stiffness of the rock mass.

• KCI Concrete Journal
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.8-14
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• 2002

This is the first of two part series on experimental studies of grout type transverse joints. In this study, grout type transverse joints between precast concrete slabs are statically tested to determine the cracking loads and ultimate shear capacities of the grout type transverse joints. The tests are performed with a loading equipment designed and constructed especially in the lab to induce shear failures on the joints of the test specimens. Shape of the transverse joints, grouting materials and amount of prestress are selected as test parameters for the study. The results indicate that epoxy is an excellent grouting material which can be used in limited locations where large tensile stress is acting on the slab. Longitudinal prestressing is also an effective method to increase the shear strength of the transverse joints. A rational method to estimate the cracking and ultimate loads for the design of grout type transverse joints is proposed based on the static loading tests. Success of the tests with shear loading equipment allowed continuing the research further onto the fatigue strength of the grout type joints, which will be presented in the second part of the paper.

• KIEAE Journal
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.29-36
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• 2014

The ground source heat pump (GSHP) system has attracted much of attention, because of its stability of heat production and the high efficiency of the system. Performance of the heat exchanger is dependent on the soil temperature, the ground thermal conductivity, the operation schedule, the pipe placement and the design temperature. However, in spite of the many variables of these systems, there have been few research on the effect of the systems on system performance. In this study, analysis of the heat exchange rate according to soil temperature and grout material was conducted by numerical simulation. Furthermore, the heat distribution around the ground heat exchanger was presented on the different conditions of grout and underground temperature by the simulation.