• Journal of the Earthquake Engineering Society of Korea
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• 제25권1호
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• pp.11-20
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• 2021

The seismic deformation method is conventionally used as a seismic design for a multi-utility tunnel in Korea. In the seismic deformation method, the soil ground's natural period is one of the most critical factors for calculating the ground displacement using cosine functions. Correction factors for the natural period and shear wave velocity have been used to consider the non-linearity of dynamic soil properties. However, the correction factors have been issued because the correction factors have not been sufficiently studied to consider Korea's regional conditions. This paper aims to evaluate the natural periods for the seismic deformation method considering Korea's ground conditions. Ground response analysis was performed using seven real earthquake records on twelve sites with different soil conditions where actual multi-utility tunnels are installed. As a result, natural periods of the sites were analyzed and new correction factors were proposed according to seismic performance and Korea's regional conditions.

• The Journal of Korean Institute of Electromagnetic Engineering and Science
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• 제17권5호
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• pp.490-499
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• 2006

In this paper, we present the newly developed propagation toss model of a long range maritime communication channel, measured by a ground to air flight test, and discuss its validity compared with the predictive value based on the spherical earth reflection model. To measure the propagation loss, actual flight test was performed in the Yellow Sea and the measurement of receiving signal strength was made for overall test range. As far as the test condition is concerned, it is expected that the receiving signal strength must be interfered with the reflected wave by an island existing around the reflection point. Therefore we introduce some modifications on the conventional spherical earth reflection model by including the effect due to the reflected wave from the island. And then, we compare the path loss measured by flight test with that one analyzed by the spherical earth reflection model accounting for reflected wave of the island. As a result of the comparison, it is verified to predict the path loss accurately by the spherical earth reflection model including the effect due to the reflected wave from an island for a long range ground to air communication.

• Journal of Korean Tunnelling and Underground Space Association
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• 제18권2호
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• pp.235-244
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• 2016

Grouting is frequently used before the construction of subsea tunnels to mitigate problems that can occur in weak ground zones such as joints, faults or unconsolidated settlements during construction. The grout material injected into rock mass often flows through the discontinuities present in the host rock and hence, joint properties such as its distribution, roughness and thickness greatly affect the properties of grouting-improved rocks. The grouting-improved zones near subsea tunnels are also subjected to high water pressures that can cause long-term weathering in the form of changes in grout microstructure and crack formation and lead to subsequent changes in ground properties. Therefore, an assessment method is needed to accurately measure changes in the grouting-improved zones near subsea tunnels. In this study, the elastic wave propagation characteristics in grouting-improved rocks were tested for various axial stress levels, curing time, joint roughness and thickness conditions under laboratory conditions and the results were compared with wave velocity standards in different Korean rock mass classification systems to provide a basis for inferring improvement in grouted rock-mass.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Information and Communication Engineering
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• 제20권2호
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• pp.231-236
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• 2016

The stability of DGPS signal in the DGPS service area was measured and the service availability according to the receiving signal strength was analyzed in this paper. Based on the effects of radio wave propagation in the seasons of winter and summer, daytime and night, the method to provide the DGPS service coverage was presented in this paper. The signal's strength of DGPS radio wave were measured at a constant distance from the DGPS reference station during a constant period. The propagation of DGPS radio wave is affected by status of ground conductivity, so the DGPS service area is dependant on the ground conductivity. To provide the stable service coverage, it is necessary to apply the adaptive power control for receiving signal's variations and the antenna design for alleviation of high elevation's radiation.

• Tunnel and Underground Space
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• 제19권5호
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• pp.432-439
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• 2009

For more reliable estimation of seismic source, attenuation properties and dynamic ground property, site amplification function should be considered. Among various estimation methods, this study used the Nakamura's method (1989) for estimating site amplification characteristics. This method was originally applied to the surface waves of background noise and therefore there are some limitations in applying to general wave energy. However, recently this method has been extended and applied to the S wave energy successfully. This study applied the method to S wave and Coda wave energy, which is equivalent to the backscattered S wave energy. We used more than 60 observed ground motions from 5 earthquakes which were occurred recently, with magnitude range from 3.6 to 5.1. Each station showed characteristic site amplification property in low-, high- and resonance frequencies. Some of the stations showed as high as 4 times of site amplification in the range of specific frequencies, which may imply abnormal small scale geologic strata below the station or development of various trapped modes in the basin structure. Moreover, removal of site amplification can give us more reliable seismic source and attenuation parameters, addition to the seismic hazard estimation.

• Journal of the Korean Geotechnical Society
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• 제22권12호
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• pp.67-76
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• 2006

The reasonable assessment of the shear stiffness of a dredged soft ground and soft clay is difficult due to the soil disturbance. This study addresses the development and application of a new in-situ shear wave measuring apparatus (field velocity probe: FVP), which overcomes several of the limitations of conventional methods. Design concerns of this new apparatus include the disturbance of soils, cross-talking between transducers, electromagnetic coupling between cables, self acoustic insulation, the constant travel distance of S-wave, the rotation of the transducer, directly transmitted wave through a frame from transducer to transducer, and protection of the transducer and the cable. These concerns are effectively eliminated by continuous improvements through performing field and laboratory tests. The shear wave velocity of the FVP is simply calculated, without any inversion process, by using the travel distance and the first arrival time. The developed FVP Is tested in soil up to 30m in depth. The experimental results show that the FVP can produce every detailed shear wave velocity profiles in sand and clay layers. In addition, the shear wave velocity at the tested site correlates well with the cone tip resistance. This study suggests that the FVP may be an effective technique for measuring the shear wave velocity in the field to assess dynamic soil properties in soft ground.

• Journal of the Korean Geotechnical Society
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• 제15권1호
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• pp.41-52
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• 1999

In order to assess the quality and depth of ground densification by compaction, SPT and/or CPT are performed before and after compaction. Both methods are intrusive and one point tests, require a substantial time to evaluate a large area, and their results are quite dependent on the operation technique and soil type. In this paper, the quality and extent of ground densification by compaction was evaluated by using in situ SASW test and laboratory resonant column (RC) test results. SASW test was used to determine the shear wave velocity profiles before and after compaction, and RC test was adopted to determine the correlation between the normalized shear wave velocity and the density of the site, which is almost uniquely independent of confinement. Testing and data reduction procedures of both tests were discussed, and a simplified evaluation procedure of ground densification was proposed. Finally, the feasibility of the proposed method was verified by performing field study at Inchon International Airport Project. Field densities determined by the proposed method matched well with those determined by sand cone tests.

• Proceedings of the Korean Geotechical Society Conference
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• 한국지반공학회 2007년 가을학술발표회
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• pp.266-292
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• 2007

Round Robin Test (RRT) on ground response analyses was conducted for three sites in Korea based on several site investigation data, which include borehole logs with the N values from standard penetration test (SPT) for all three sites and additionally cone tip resistance profiles for two sites. Three input earthquake motions together with the site investigation data were provided for the RRT. A total of 12 teams participating in this RRT presented the results of ground response analyses using equivalent-linear and/or nonlinear method. Each team determined input geotechnical properties by using empirical relationships and literatures based on own judgment, with the exception of the input motions. Herein, the characteristics of input motions were compared in terms of the frequency and period, and the selection of the depth to bedrock, on which the motions is impinged, was discussed considering geologic conditions in Korea. Furthermore, a variety of geotechnical properties such as shear wave velocity profiles and soil nonlinear curves were investigated with the input properties used in this RRT.

• Journal of the Earthquake Engineering Society of Korea
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• 제9권2호통권42호
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• pp.47-58
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• 2005

Dynamic response analysis in time dimain is conducted for floating bridges with discrete pontoons subject to spatial variation of ground motions. The Spatial variation of ground motions is considered with the coherency function model which represents wave passage, incoherence and local site effects. The superstructure of the bridge is represented by space frame and elastic catenary cable elements, the abutment us modelde with the spring element of FHWA guideline for considering soil structure interaction and the concept of retardation function is utilized to consider the frequency dependency of the hydrodynamic coefficients which are obtainde by boundary element method. multiple support excitations considering the spatial variation. The noticeable amplification of the response can be shown when the spatial variation of ground motions is incorporated in the anallysis of floating bridges.

• Journal of the Korean Geotechnical Society
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• 제22권10호
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• pp.101-110
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• 2006

In general, environment-induced vibration propagates from the center of source to the destination through ground. In fact, the mechanism of wave propagation is highly dependent on the ground conditions, and various methods to protect structures from such a ground vibration have been proposed. The method of wall barrier has been frequently used to cut off ground vibration effectively. However, the capability of wall barrier may be affected by various factors like constituent material of it. Therefore, it is important to figure out appropriate material for the wall barrier. This study is focused on the effect of EPS on the vibration protection. Centrifuge model tests were performed. Two types of models such as a cylindrical and a rectangular wall were used. For the cylindrical type of wall, installation depth was changed, while the length of the wall varied fur the rectangular type to figure out the capability of vibration protection.