• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Soil and Groundwater Environment Conference
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• 2000.11a
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• pp.44-63
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• 2000

Situated close to Heathrow Airport, and adjacent to the M4 and M25 Motorways, the site at Axis Park is considered a prime location for business in the UK. In consequnce two of the UK's major property development companies, MEPC and Redrew Homes sought the expertise of Intergeo to remediate the contaminated former industrial site prior to its development. Industrial use of the twenty-six hectare site, started in 1936, when Hawker Aircraft commence aircraft manufacture. In 1963 the Firestone Tyre and Rubber Company purchased part of the site. Ford commenced vehicle production at the site in the mid-1970's and production was continued by Iveco Ford from 1986 to the plant's decommissioning in 1997. Geologically the site is underlain by sand and gravel, deposited in prehistory by the River Thames, with London Clay at around 6m depth. The level of groundwater fluctuates seasonally at around 2.5m depth, moving slowly southwest towards local streams and watercourses. A phased investigation of the site was undertaken, which culminated in the extensive site investigation undertaken by Intergeo in 1998. In total 50 boreholes, 90 probeholes and 60 trial pits were used to investigate the site and around 4000 solid and 1300 liquid samples were tested in the laboratory for chemical substances. The investigations identified total petroleum hydrocarbons in the soil up to 25, 000mg/kg. Diesel oil, with some lubricating oil were the main components. Volatile organic compounds were identified in the groundwater in excess of 10mg/l. Specific substances included trichloromethane, trichloromethane and tetrachloroethene. Both the oil and volatile compounds were widely spread across the site, The specific substances identified could be traced back to industrial processes used at one or other dates in the sites history Slightly elevated levels of toxic metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons were also identified locally. Prior to remediation of the site and throughout its progress, extensive liaison with the regulatory authorities and the client's professional representatives was required. In addition to meetings, numerous technical documents detailing methods and health and safety issues were required in order to comply with UK environmental and safety legislation. After initially considering a range of options to undertake remediation, the following three main techniques were selected: ex-situ bioremediation of hydrocarbon contaminated soils, skimming of free floating hydrocarbon product from the water surface at wells and excavations and air stripping of volatile organic compounds from groundwater recovered from wells. The achievements were as follows: 1) 350, 000m3 of soil was excavated and 112, 000m3 of sand and gravel was processed to remove gravel and cobble sized particles; 2) 53, 000m3 of hydrocarbon contaminated soil was bioremediated in windrows ; 3) 7000m3 of groundwater was processed by skimming to remove free floating Product; 4) 196, 000m3 of groundwater was Processed by air stripping to remove volatile organic compounds. Only 1000m3 of soil left the site for disposal in licensed waste facilities Given the costs of disposal in the UK, the selected methods represented a considerable cost saving to the Clients. All other soil was engineered back into the ground to a precise geotechnical specification. The following objective levels were achieved across the site 1) By a Risk Based Corrective Action (RBCA) methodology it was demonstrated that soil with less that 1000mg/kg total petroleum hydrocarbons did not pose a hazard to health or water resources and therefore, could remain insitu; 2) Soils destined for the residential areas of the site were remediated to 250mg/kg total petroleum hydrocarbons; in the industrial areas 500mg/kg was proven acceptable. 3) Hydrocarbons in groundwater were remediated to below the Dutch Intervegtion Level of 0.6mg/1; 4) Volatile organic compounds/BTEX group substances were reduced to below the Dutch Intervention Levels; 5) Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and metals were below Inter-departmental Committee for the Redevelopment of Contaminated Land guideline levels for intended enduse. In order to verify the qualify of the work 1500 chemical test results were submitted for the purpose of validation. Quality assurance checks were undertaken by independent consultants and at an independent laboratory selected by Intergeo. Long term monitoring of water quality was undertaken for a period of one year after remediation work had been completed. Both the regulatory authorities and Clients representatives endorsed the quality of remediation now completed at the site. Subsequent to completion of the remediation work Redrew Homes constructed a prestige housing development. The properties at "Belvedere Place" retailed at premium prices. On the MEPC site the Post Office, amongst others, has located a major sorting office for the London area. Exceptionally high standards of remediation, control and documentation were a requirement for the work undertaken here.aken here.

• Development and Reproduction
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.159-166
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• 2011

Simazine (6-chloro-N,N'-diethyl-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine) is a triazine herbicide that has been applied worldwide including Korea for agricultural purposes. Simazine is the second most commonly detected pesticide in surfaceand ground-water in the United States, Europe and Australia. It has been shown that simazine is a potent endocrine disruptor in wildlife and laboratory animals. Although many endocrine disruptors can induce apoptosis in various types of cells, the effects of simazine on apoptosis and on the expression of Bcl-2 family genes are not known. Also it is unknown the effect of simazine on the expression of steroidogenesis-regulating genes in testicular cells. In this study, we investigated the effect of simazine on the expression levels of apoptosis- and steroidogenesis-regulating genes in testicular cells. We found that a low concentration of simazine can alter the mRNA expression levels of steroidogenesis-related genes and Bcl-2 family genes in mouse Sertoli cells and rat Leydig cells. Thus, our results suggest that simazine can disturb normal testicular development and reproductive function by altering the expression of genes that are critical for the regulation of apoptosis and steroidogenesis.

• Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
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• v.39 no.4 s.165
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• pp.299-311
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• 2006

In this paper it is outlined the methodology of estimating the parameters of water balance analysis method for calculating recharge, using ground water level rises in monitoring well when values of specific yield of aquifer are not available. This methodology is applied for two monitoring wells of the case study area in northern area of the Jeiu Island. A water balance of soil layer of plant rooting zone is computed on a daily basis in the following manner. Diect runoff is estimated by using SCS method. Potential evapotranspiration calculated with Penman-Monteith equation is multiplied by crop coefficients($K_c$) and water stress coefficient to compute actual evapotranspiration(AET). Daily runoff and AET is subtracted from the rainfall plus the soil water storage of the previous day. Soil water remaining above soil water retention capacity(SWRC) is assumed to be recharge. Parameters such as the SCS curve number, SWRC and Kc are estimated from a linear relationship between water level rise and recharge for rainfall events. The upper threshold value of specific yield($n_m$) at the monitoring well location is derived from the relationship between rainfall and the resulting water level rise. The specific yield($n_c$) and the coefficient of determination ($R^2$) are calculated from a linear relationship between observed water level rise and calculated recharge for the different simulations. A set of parameter values with maximum value of $R^2$ is selected among parameter values with calculated specific yield($n_c$) less than the upper threshold value of specific yield($n_m$). Results applied for two monitoring wells show that the 81% of variance of the observed water level rises are explained by calculated recharge with the estimated parameters. It is shown that the data of groundwater level is useful in estimating the parameter of water balance analysis method for calculating recharge.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.225-230
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• 2008

Objective of this study was to access the environmental impacts of the use of discharge water from municipal waste water treatment plant as alternative irrigation resources during drought season for rice cultivation. For the field experiments, it was observed that plant growth and yield characteristics at 20 days of alternative irrigation period with application of FAST (fertilizer application based on soil test) 50% were relatively the same as the control. For the surface water quality, it appeared that $EC_i$ (electrical conductivity of irrigation water) and SAR (sodium adsorption ratio) values of DMWT (discharge waters from municipal wastewater treatment plant) irrigation were twofold higher than those of ground water irrigation as the control regardless of fertilization levels. For the irrigation periods, there were not significantly difference between 10 and 20 days of treatments, but $EC_i$ and SAR values of surface water were highest at 30 days of irrigation periods at initial rice growing stages. Generally, $EC_i$ values of percolation water in all the treatments were gradually increasing until 30days after irrigation, and then decreasing to harvest stage. Overall, it might be considered that there was possibility to irrigate DMWT with application of FAST 50% for 20 days of drought periods at rice transplanting season. Furthermore, efficiency rate of alternative irrigation water for 20 days of drought period was 32.7% relative to the total annual irrigation water for rice cultivation.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.328-336
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• 2008

Metal mining district drainage is a well recognized source of environmental contamination. Oxidation of metal sulfides produces acidic and metal-rich waters that contaminate local surface water and ground water in mines, mine dumps, and tailing impoundments. This monitoring study was carried out to investigate the stream water quality and pollution as affected by the Sambo mine drainage in relation to the relative distance from the mine. It obvious that pH values of the mine drainage ranged from 5.8 to 6.9, while the average concentrations of the dissolved chemical constituents for EC, $SO_4^{2-}$, $K^+$, $Ca^{2+}$, and $Mg^{2+}$ were $1.77\;dS\;m^{-1}$, 929, 14.6, 263.3, and 46.9 mg/L in mine drainage discharged from the main waste rock dumps (WRD), respectively. Furthermore, EC values and sulfate concentrations exceeded the critical toxicity levels in agricultural water for rice plant ($1.0\;dS\;m^{-1}$ for EC and 54.0 mg/L for $SO_4^{2-}$). Also, the average of dissolved cadmium concentrations ($0.016{\sim}0.021\;mg/L$) was higher than water quality standard (0.01 mg/L) for agricultural water in Korea, in addition to Zn, Fe and Mn were higher than trace metals maximum concentrations which recommended by FAO for irrigation water. The results indicate that mine drainage discharged from the Sambo mine affected stream water at least to distance of 1 km downstream of the mine water discharge point. EC values, $SO_4^{2-}$ and $Ca^{2+}$ concentrations in discharged water positively correlated with dissolved Cd, Zn, Al and Mn concentrations, while the pH values negatively correlated. In addition, EC values, $SO_4^{2-}$ and $Ca^{2+}$ concentrations were negatively correlated with pH values.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.85 no.4
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• pp.577-585
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• 1996

To seek effective methods for evaluating air pollution and acid rain injury, artificial acid mist(pH 2.5, 3.5 and 4.5) and ground water(pH 6.5) were treated on the potted seedlings of Ligustrum obtusifolium, Cercis chinensis, Hibiscus syriacus and Sophora japonica. Leaf chlorophyll contents, characteristics of leaf-injury, wettability-measurement of diameter of water-droplets on the leaf surface-among treatments were investigated. The results were summarized as follows. 1. Chlorophyll contents of Ligustrum obtusifolium and Hibiscus syriacus measured on June 3 were highest in pH 2.5 plot, but those of Cercis chinensis and Sophora japonica were relatively low level. Chlorophyll contents of Ligustrum obtusifolium measured on August 24 was highest in pH 2.5 plot, but those of Cercis chinensis, Hibiscus syriacus and Sophora japonica were highest in the control. 2. Changes of chlorophyll contents with acid mist treatments were differed among tree species. 3. For all the tested species, leaf injury(injured leaf number and rate, and injured leaf area) increased with decreasing pH levels of acid mist. 4. Leaf tissue injury seemed to be related with the wettability of the leaf surface. Measurement of diameter of water-droplets on the leaf surface might be useful criteria for acid rain or acid mist injury for the glabrous leaved species, such as, Cercis chinensis, Sophora japonica, etc.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.36 no.3
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• pp.326-334
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• 2016

This study was carried out to develop jerky product utilizing spent hen meat. Manipulation of water activity (a_w) of semi-dried meat with the addition of humectants (glycerol and sorbitol at the concentration of 0, 10, and 15%) and roasting process were applied to enhance quality of jerky product. After spent hen meat was ground, formulated, reformed and then dried in convection oven at 85℃ for 2 h followed by 60℃ for 1 h, all jerky samples showed values of a_w ≤0.85 with total aerobic bacteria, yeast and mold and Staphylococcus aureus counts were reduced to undetectable levels. Moreover, the results showed that the 15% glycerol added jerky showed superior quality, indicated by the lowest a_w, low protein aggregation as evaluated by sorption isotherm and the lowest shear value as compared to sorbitol added and control samples (p<0.05). Regardless effect of humectant, roasting could improve the quality of the jerky via enhanced sensory attributes by increasing color, appearance, flavor and overall acceptability scores (p<0.05). Therefore, spent hen meat could be used as a potential raw material for jerky in which soft product texture obtained by the addition of glycerol and intense flavor resulted from roasting process after drying, leading to sensory acceptance.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.53 no.4
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• pp.289-292
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• 2020

Yemen has been faced with the worst cholera epidemic of modern times, with more than 1 million suspected cases and 3000 deaths at the time of writing. This problem is largely due to the longstanding civil war between pro-government forces and the Houthi armed movement, which has severely damaged already vulnerable sanitation and healthcare facilities and systems in the country. It is further compounded by a dire lack of basic amenities, chronic malnutrition, and unfavourable weather conditions. Another contributory component may be aerial transfer by cholera-infected chironomid insects. To contain the spread of cholera in Yemen, a nation-wide armistice should be negotiated, and national and local committees must be convened to coordinate efforts on the ground. Community isolation facilities with proper sanitation, reliable disposal systems, and a clean water supply should be set up to isolate and treat sick patients. The continuity of vaccination programmes should be ensured. Public health campaigns to educate local communities about good hygiene practices and nutrition are also necessary. The One Health paradigm emphasizes a multi-sectoral and transdisciplinary understanding and approach to prevent and mitigate the threat of communicable diseases. This paradigm is highly applicable to the ongoing cholera crisis in Yemen, as it demands a holistic and whole-of-society approach at the local, regional, and national levels. The key stakeholders and warring parties in Yemen must work towards a lasting ceasefire during these trying times, especially given the extra burden from the mounting severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) outbreak worldwide.

• Journal of the Korea institute for structural maintenance and inspection
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• v.23 no.6
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• pp.9-17
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• 2019

Cement hydrates and the related characteristics change with ages, and the behaviors are much related with chloride diffusion. In this work, 30% replacement ratio with FA(Fly Ash) and GGBFS(Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag) are considered for concrete with three levels of W/B (Water to Binder ratio) and 2 years of curing period. Chloride diffusion coefficients from accelerated condition are obtained at 5 measurement period (28days, 56days, 180days, 365days, and 730days), and the results are compared with porosity, binding capacity, and permeability from program-DUCOM. The similar changing pattern between chloride diffusion and permeability is observed since permeability is proportional to the square of porosity. Curing period is grouped into 4 periods and the changing ratios are investigated. Cement hydrate characteristics such as porosity, permeability, and diffusion coefficient are dominantly changed at the early ages (28~56 days), and diffusion coefficient in OPC concrete with low W/B continuously changes to 180days.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.43 no.5
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• pp.558-564
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• 2010

Cleaning up the landfill soil by phytoremediation in association with biomass production and utilization of biosolid as a soil amendment will be an attractive green technology. In order to examine this integrated green technology, in the current study of pot trial, heavy metal removal rate and biomass production were determined following cultivation of three different plant species in the landfill soil incorporated with biosolid at two different levels (25 ton $ha^{-1}$ and 50 ton $ha^{-1}$). Among the three plant species including Indian mustard (Brassica juncea), giant sunflower (Helianthus giganteus. L), and giant cane (Arundo donax. L), sunflower appeared to produce the largest biomass yield (19.2 ton $ha^{-1}$) and the produced amounts were magnificently increased with biosolid treatment compared to the control (no biosoild treatment). The increased production associated with biosolid treatment was common for other plant species and this was attributed to the biosolid originated nutrients as well as the improved soil physical properties due to the organic matter from biosolid. The elevated heavy metals in soil which was originated from the incorporated biosolid were Cu and Zn. Based on the phytoavailable amount of heavy metals from biosolid, the removed amount by plant shoots were 95% and 165% for Cu and Zn, respectively, when sunflower was grown. This indicated that mitigation of heavy metal accumulation in soils achieved by the removal of metal through sunflower cultivation enables the successive treatment of biosolid to soils. Moreover, sunflower showed heavy metal stabilization ability in the rhizosphere resulting in alleviation of metal release to ground water.