• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• 제19권1호
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• pp.231-254
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• 1994

Fracture of cusp, on posterior teeth, especially those carious or restored, is major cause of tooth loss. Inappropriate treatments, such as unnecessarily wide cavity preparations, increase the potential of further trauma and possible fracture of the remaining tooth structures. Fracture potential may be directly related to the stresses exerted upon the tooth during masticatory function. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the fracture resistance of tooth, restored with composite resin inlay. In this study, MOD inlay cavity prepared on maxillary first premolar and restored with composite resin inlay. Three dimensional finite element models with eight nodes isoparametric solid element, developed by serial grinding-photographing technique. These models have various occlusal isthmus and depth of cavity, 1/2, 1/3 and 1/4 of isthmus width and 0.7, 0.85 and 1.0 of depth of cavity. The magnitude of load was 474 N and 172 N as presented to maximal biting force and normal chewing force. These loads applied onto ridges of buccal and lingual cusp. These models analyzed with three dimensional finite element method. The results of this study were as follows : 1. There is no difference of displacement between width of occlusal isthmus and depth of cavity. 2. The stress concentrated at bucco-mesial comer, bucco-disal comer, pulpal line angle and the interface area between internal slopes of cusp and resin inlay. 3. The vector of stress direct to buccal and lingual side from center of cavity, to tooth surface going on to enamel. The magnitude of vector increase from occlusal surface to cervix. 4. The crack of tooth start interface area, between internal slop of buccal cusp and resin inlay. It progresses through buccopulpal line angle to cervix at buccomesial and buccodistal comer. 5. The influence with depth of cavity to fracture of tooth was more than width of isthmus. 6. It would be favorable to make the isthmus width narrower than a third of the intercuspal distance and depth of cavity is below 1 : 0.7.

• 대한치과교정학회지
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• 제49권6호
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• pp.404-412
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• 2019

Objective: To assess shear bond strength and failure mode (Adhesive Remnant Index, ARI) of orthodontic brackets bonded to polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) blocks for computer-aided design/manufacture (CAD/CAM) fabrication of temporary restorations, following substrate chemical or mechanical treatment. Methods: Two types of PMMA blocks were tested: $CAD-Temp^{(R)}$ (VITA) and $Telio^{(R)}$ CAD (Ivoclar-Vivadent). The substrate was roughened with 320-grit sandpaper, simulating a fine-grit diamond bur. Two universal adhesives, Scotchbond Universal Adhesive (SU) and Assure Plus (AP), and a conventional adhesive, Transbond XT Primer (XTP; control), were used in combination with Transbond XT Paste to bond the brackets. Six experimental groups were formed: (1) $CAD-Temp^{(R)}/SU$; (2) $CAD-Temp^{(R)}/AP$; (3) $CAD-Temp^{(R)}/XTP$; (4) $Telio^{(R)}$ CAD/SU; (5) $Telio^{(R)}$ CAD/AP; (6) $Telio^{(R)}$ CAD/XTP. Shear bond strength and ARI were assessed. On 1 extra block for each PMMA-based material surfaces were roughened with 180-grit sandpaper, simulating a normal/medium-grit ($100{\mu}m$) diamond bur, and brackets were bonded. Shear bond strengths and ARI scores were compared with those of groups 3, 6. Results: On $CAD-Temp^{(R)}$ significantly higher bracket bond strengths than on $Telio^{(R)}$ CAD were recorded. With XTP significantly lower levels of adhesion were reached than using SU or AP. Roughening with a coarser bur resulted in a significant increase in adhesion. Conclusions: Bracket bonding to CAD/CAM PMMA can be promoted by grinding the substrate with a normal/medium-grit bur or by coating the intact surface with universal adhesives. With appropriate pretreatments, bracket adhesion to CAD/CAM PMMA temporary restorations can be enhanced to clinically satisfactory levels.

• Tribology and Lubricants
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• 제39권1호
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• pp.28-34
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• 2023

Because of their cleanliness, low friction, and high stiffness, aerostatic bearings are used in numerous applications. Aerostic bearings that use porous materials as means of flow restriction have higher stiffness than other types of bearings and have been successfully applied as guide bearings, which have high motion accuracy requirements. However, the performances of porous bearings exhibit strong nonlinearity and can vary considerably depending on design parameters. Therefore, accurate prediction of the performance characteristics of porous bearings is necessary or their successful application. This study presents a porous bearing design and performance analysis for a spindle used in wafer polishing. The Reynolds and Darcy flow equations are solved to calculate the pressures in the lubrication film and porous busing, respectively. To verify the validity of the proposed analytical model, the calculated pressure distribution in the designed bearing is compared with that derived from previous research. Additional parametric studies are performed to determine the optimal design parameters. Analytical results show that optimal design parameters that obtain the maximum stiffness can be derived. In addition, the results show that cross-coupled stiffness increases with rotating speed. Thus, issues related to stability should be investigated at the design stage.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• 제51권1호
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• pp.23-37
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• 2023

One type of biomass that has promising potential for bio pellet production is spent coffee grounds (SCGs). However, previous studies have shown that SCGs in bio pellets cause a lot of smoke. Therefore, they need to be mixed with a material that has a higher calorific value to produce better quality pellets. One material that can be used is pine wood because it has a natural resin content that can increase the calorific value. The aim of this study was to examine the quality of bio pellets produced with SCGs and pine wood charcoal at different particle sizes. The charcoal was ground using either a hammer mill (HM) or a ball mill (BM). Pine wood charcoal was mixed with SCGs at ratios of SCGs to pine wood charcoal of 4:6 and 6:4 by weight, respectively, and the adhesive used a tapioca with a composition ratio 5% of the raw material. The bio pellets were produced using a manual pellet press. The quality of the bio pellets was assessed based on Indonesian National Standard (SNI) 8021-2014, and the physical observations include flame length, burning rate, and compressive strength. The average water content, ash content, and calorific value of the bio pellets were in accordance with SNI 8021-2014, but the density and ash content values were below the standard values. The BM variation of bio pellets had a higher compressive strength than the HM variation, and the 4:6 BM variation had the longest burning time compared with 4:6 HM.

• 한국정밀공학회지
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• 제10권2호
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• pp.114-125
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• 1993

In the present study the newly developed CAD/CAM system is applied to the process of the molding design, machining for mini-sized and precise processive die, and the production of press-stamped parts. When the design of a die was completed by means of CAD, wire cut NC data were generated with the aid of a design drawing in the CAD system and then inputed into the wire cut machine, and with the aid of a hole chart which had been made for this purpose, all the data were classified into the categories of CNC milling, jig boring, jig grinding, and machine center, and then developing a program of generating NC data, errors in process were reduced and programming time was shortened. The program was developed by using Autolisp language which was built-in the CAD, and realizing the intergation of designing a die, generating and processing NC data directly by a designer, designing time and machinery processing time were shorted. And the traditionally required working time for design. NC program required 6 days of work becomes 4 days of work by using the developed CAD/CAM system so that the efficiency shows 150% of the reduction working time. The prpgram of the design of the automation a progressive die mold was developed in the PC-Class Autocad system, therefore development expense could be reduced, and the integration of the CAD/CAM of the progressive die mold with the standard DB being built could be realized.

• 청정기술
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• 제18권4호
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• pp.379-389
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• 2012

우리나라는 소득증가, 도시집중화, 인구증가로 인해 환경적인 문제에 대해 점점 관심이 증대되고 있으며, 이러한 다양한 환경문제 중 악취로 인한 피해는 심각한 환경문제 중 하나이다. 부산시 수영하수처리장 내 음식물처리장은 음식물과 하수를 병합처리하는 시설로 주거지역 인근에 위치해 있어 많은 민원이 제기되고 있는 실정이다. 이에 본 연구에서는 악취물질분석과 기여도를 악취지수(odor quotient, OQ)와 총악취지수(sum of odor quotient, SOQ)를 평가하여 분석하였으며, 또한 후처리시설인 바이오필터의 효율을 평가하였다. 공기희석관능법에 의한 복합악취 측정결과, 7월과 8월에 분쇄기, 투입호퍼, 침출수 순으로 복합악취가 높은 것으로 나타났다. 기기분석법을 이용해 분석한 결과, 황화수소, 암모니아, 메틸메르캅탄, 아세트알데히드에 의한 영향이 가장 큰 것으로 나타났고, 메틸메르캅탄의 경우, 최소감지농도를 3,571배 이상 초과한 것으로 나타났다. 또한 악취기여도평가에서 메틸메르캅탄(49.95~59.08%), 황화수소(20.43~29.27%), 트리메틸아민(8.82~13.42%), 아세트알데히드(9.17~11.35%)순으로 기여도가 높은 것으로 나타났다. 다른 시설과의 기여도를 비교분석한 결과, 황화합물(메틸메르캅탄, 황화수소)의 OQ가 가장 높았으며, 분쇄기에서 SOQ가 7,067로 가장 높은 것으로 분석되었다. 또한 황화합물과 아세트알데히드, 트리메틸아민의 악취기여도가 분쇄공정에서 가장 높은 것으로 나타났다. 본 연구시설의 후처리시설에 대한 처리효율을 평가한 결과, 암모니아, 아민류는 90.00% 이상의 처리효율을 보였으나, 황화합물류의 처리효율은 평균 53.51%로 나타났다. 종합적으로 본 시설은 기타 처리시설에 비해 아세트알데히드와 트리메틸아민의 기여도가 상대적으로 높은 것으로 나타났다. 또한 음식물처리장의 후처리시설은 복합적인 악취성분 처리 시 분해효율이 감소할 수 있어 적절한 용량 및 운전조건에 대한 검토가 필요하다.

• 한국식품영양학회지
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• 제25권4호
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• pp.1033-1038
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• 2012

This study was done to provide basic information about the storage and distribution of specialty grade coffee of which the market will be expanded through customer sensory evaluation according to the storage period of specialty grade coffee by the SCAA classified method with consideration to defective beans and scent. The specialty grade coffee sample of this study was extracted on day 1, day 14, and day 28. The water content showed a significant reduction on the 28th storage day and there was no pH change according to the storage period. Color degree was brightened according to the preservation period before and after grinding but there was no significant difference. The panels for sensory evaluation considered of 24 university. The sensory evaluation consist of aroma, bitterness, and astringency, acidity, aftertaste, overall satisfaction, and items for strength estimation consist of aroma, acidity and bitterness. The sensory evaluation was expressed by applying a 5 point Likert scale. The results showed that as the storage period increased so too did the aroma and the strength of bitterness. Preference was the highest on day 1 in every items except aroma and astrigency. However on day 14 and day 28, most of the sensory evaluation became low and then became high, which was inconsistent. Male students were not consistent in their evaluation according to the preservation period, but female students rated aroma and bitterness the lowest on preservation period day 1 and they prefer after a storage period of 1 day in regards to the entire degree of satisfaction including sour test. astrigency and aftertaste. The analysis of visiting frequency for coffee shops used demonstrated that the longer the preservation period, the lower the preference but was not significant in the case of involving a little frequency group. The group that did not like Americano coffee evaluated that the longer the preservation period, the lower the preference based on Americano coffee preference analysis. There was no consistency between the storage period day 14 and day 28 in strength and preference, but preference for storage period day 1 was high in every group, which means that the quality of coffee is affected by the preservation period.

• 한국세라믹학회지
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• 제39권6호
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• pp.523-527
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• 2002

LiMn$_2$O$_4$ compounds were synthesized by calcining a mixture of LiOH and MnO$_2$(CMD) at 47$0^{\circ}C$ for 10 h and then calcining again at $650^{\circ}C$ to 90$0^{\circ}C$ fur 48 h in air with intermediate grinding. All the synthesized samples exhibited XRD patterns for the cubic spinel phase with a space group Fd3m. The lattice parameter increased gradually as the sintering temperature rose. The electrochemical cells were charged and discharged fur 20 cycles at a current density 300$\mu$A/$\textrm{cm}^2$ between 3.5 V and 4.3 V. The voltage vs. discharge capacity curves for all the samples showed two plateaus. The LiMn$_2$O$_4$ sample calcined at 90$0^{\circ}C$ had the largest first discharge capacity. This sample exhibited the best crystallinity, had relatively large lattice parameter and had relatively large particles with rectatively homogeneous size. All the samples showed good cycling performances. Among all the samples, the LiMn$_2$O$_4$ calcined at 85$0^{\circ}C$ had relatively large first discharge capacity and very good cycling performance. The addition of excess LiOH and the mixing in ethanol considered to help the formation of the more LiMn$_2$O$_4$ phase per unit weight sample and the more stable LiMn$_2$O$_4$phase. These led to the larger discharge capacities and the better cycling performances. The cyclic voltammograms fur the second cycle of the LiMn$_2$O$_4$ samples showed the oxidation and reduction peaks around 4.05 V and 4.18 V and around 4.08 V and 3.94 V, respectively. The larger first discharge capacity of the sample calcined at the higher temperature is related to the larger lattice parameter.

• 대한소아치과학회지
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• 제36권2호
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• pp.305-309
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• 2009

치외치(Dens Evaginatus)란 교합면에 법랑질이 원추형으로 돌출되어 결절을 형성한 치아로 치아발육중 법랑기의 내측법랑상피가 외부로 과증식되거나 치수 간엽조직이 국소적으로 과증식되어 나타난다. 결절은 교합력이나 저작에 의해 파절 또는 마모되기 쉬우며 따라서 이로 인하여 치수노출에 의한 감염이 야기될 수 있다. 치외치는 예방목적으로 결절을 주기적으로 조금씩 갈아주어 2차 상아질을 유도하거나 전색제등으로 결절주위를 보강하여 자연마모를 유도할 수 있다. 반면 이미 증상을 보인 치아에 대해서는 근관치료를 시행하거나, 미완성치근인 경우 치근단유도술(Apexogenesis)이나 치근단형성술(Apexification)을 시행한다. 치근단유도술이란 생활력을 가진 미성숙 영구치의 손상, 또는 치아우식에 의한 치수노출 시 치수절단술을 시행하여 치수의 생활력을 유지시켜 정상적인 치근으로 발육하도록 유도하는 술식을 말한다. 주로 수산화칼슘을 이용한 통상의 치수절단술이 이용되고 이후 계속적인 치근형성 확인을 위해 주기적 방사선검사가 요구된다. 본 증례는 하악 좌측 제2소구치 부위의 동통을 주소로 내원한 한자에 대한 것으로, 임상검사결과 양측 소구치 부위에 치외치를 확인하게 되었다. 이에 수산화칼슘을 통한 치근단유도술을 시도하였고, 3년간 주기적 내원을 통해 치료한 결과 치근의 근심면의 비정형적 발달을 보였다. 현재 이 치아는 임상증상과 방사선 사진을 통해 확인한 결과 특이한 염증소견 없는 예후를 보이고 있기에 보고하는 바이다.

• 한국지하수토양환경학회지:지하수토양환경
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• 제18권3호
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• pp.93-108
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• 2013

This study is aimed to prepare the effective detail survey methods(Phase II) of abandoned metal mines through the contamination assessment for mine types and facilities in the abandoned metal mine areas. The study sites of 12 abandoned mines are located in Gyeonggi-do and Gangwon-do and those were chosen among 310 sites that the Phase II survey was conducted from 2007 to 2009 after considering the results of Phase I for abandoned mines scattered all over the country. 12 study sites were classified into four types; Type I sites only have pit mouth. Type II sites have pit mouth and mine-waste field. Type III sites have pit mouth and tailing sorting field. Type IV sites have pit mouth, tailing sorting field and concentrator(s). In forest land, paddy soil and farm land of Type I, As and Cd were showed average concentration, and Cu and Pb were high on the pit mouth area in one mines where the pit mouth was developed within 500 m. In the mines of Type II, Cu and Pb were showed average concentration too, but As and Cd were slightly high in pit mouth and mine-waste field. The mines of Type III which had grinding particle process through physical separation milling or hitting showed similar tendency with Type II. However, mines of Type IV pit mouth, mine-waste field and showed various results depending on defining the contamination sources. For example, if contamination source was pit mouth, the mixed results of Type I, II, II were showed. In tailing sorting field which was regarded as the most important source and having high mobility, however, if there were no facilities or it was difficult to access directly, field sampling was missed occasionally during phase I and phase II survey. For that reason, the assessment for tailing sorting field is missed and it leads to completely different results. In the areas of Type I mines, the concentration of heavy metals exceeded precautionary standards of soil contamination or not within 1,000 meters of pit mouth. Nickel(Ni) was the largest factor of the heavy metal contamination in this type. The heavy metals except Arsenic(As) were shown high levels of concentration in Type II areas, where pit mouth and mine-waste field were operated for making powder in upriver region; therefore, to the areas in the vicinity of midstream and downstream, the high content of heavy metals were shown. The tendency of high level of heavy metals and toxic materials contained in flotation agent used during sorting process were found in soil around sorting and tailing field. In the abandoned-pit-mouth area, drygrinding area and tailing sorting field area, the content of Cupper(Cu) and Zinc(Zn) were higher than other areas. Also, the contaminated area were larger than mine reclamation area(2,000 m) and the location of tailing sorting field was one of the important factors to estimate contaminated area.