• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.47 no.6
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• pp.558-562
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• 2014

Cover cropping and liquid manure application are considered as effective ways to replace the use of chemical fertilizer in orchard. This study was conducted to investigate the effect of cover crop species and liquid manure application rate on green manure production, leaf mineral content, fruit quality and soil chemical properties in pear orchard. The treatments include rye and hairy vetch as cover crops, two liquid manure application levels based on N and $K_2O$ requirement on each cover crop species, and chemical fertilizer as control. Green manure production was higher in hairy vetch than in rye. K content of pear leaves and soil exchangeable K content increased in N based liquid manure application treatments. The yield was higher in rye + liquid manure and fertilizer treatments, and fruit quality was not different between the treatments. Taking all of these into account, rye + $K_2O$ requirement-based liquid manure application is recommended in pear orchard for not only sufficient nutrient supply but also prevention of any problem related with soil $K_2O$ accumulation in pear orchard in long-term perspective.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.44 no.4
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• pp.581-590
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• 2011

Organic farming is rapidly expanding worldwide. Crop growth in organic systems greatly depends on the functions performed by soil microbes, and nutrient supply weed suppression by green manure crops input. Four red-pepper production systems were compared: 1) bare ground (conventional system); 2) hairy vetch monoculture; 3) rye monoculture; and 4) hairy vetch-rye mixture. Soil inorganic N reached the peak at 30 DAI and hairy vetch monoculture was the highest ($192mg\;kg^{-1}$) and soil total carbon was fluctuated sporadically during the experiment. Carbohydrate and phenolic compounds in soil kept significantly higher in green manure crops systems from 10 DBI to 30 DAI, however the level was the maximum at 10 DBI (carbohydrate) and 30 DAI (phenolic comounds). Incorporation of green manure crops residue enhanced soil microbial biomass C and N throughout the growing season except that MBN in rye was reduced after incorporation. Green manure crops systems suppressed weed occurrence and, in particular, it was prominent in rye monoculture. Mineral elements composition and production in red-pepper fruits were markedly decreased in green manure crops systems although hairy vetch monoculture has come close to bare ground (NPK-applied). Therefore, it was suggested that higher biomass production should be performed not only to improve soil quality and suppress weeds but to yield suitable red-pepper fruits in green manure crops-based organic farming.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.53 no.1
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• pp.50-57
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• 2008

Winter season cultivation of rye as green manure for soybean have been a favorite with farmer because it could remove a risk of injury by continuous cropping and increase N uptake and yield of soybean. Effects of rye green manure on soybean N uptake, $N_2$ fixation and yield were investigated with $^{15}N$ as pot experiment in greenhouse in 2004 and field in 2005, respectively. The N derived from N fertilizer ($^{15}N$) in rye green manure increased with increasing of N fertilizer rate compared to N derived from soil. N uptake and DM yield of soybean at the pot with paddy soil was higher than those at the pot with upland soil mainly due to the increase of N uptake from paddy soil. Total $^{15}N$ recovery in soil was higher at rye green manure than no green manure because $^{15}N$ applied to rye plant was remained highly as soil organic N compared to chemical N fertilizer. $^{15}N$ recovery in soybean plant increased in proportion to amounts of N fertilizer applied to rye. The N fractions from $N_2$ fixation of soybean plant at the pot experiment in 2004 ranged from 92% to 95%, on the other hand those in field experiment in 2005 ranged from 82% to 84%. Estimation of amount of $N_2$ fixation was not different between Difference method and $^{15}N$ method in 2004 and 2005.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.45 no.6
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• pp.400-404
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• 2000

Hairy vetch (vicia villosa Roth), leguminous green manure crop, can increase soil fertility and reduce chemical nitrogen application for cash crop such as spring corn. More yield of hairy vetch is needed at planting cash crop to obtain higher effect of green manure. Hairy vetch waa seeded on Sep.10, Oct.1, and Oct. 20 and at 10, 20, 30 and 40 kg/ha of seeding rate respectively, in 1996 and 1997, Dry matter and nitrogen yield of hairy vetch were measured on May 1 in 1997 and 1998. Proper seeding rate of hairy vetch was 30 kg/ha irrespective of years and seeding dates. Above-ground dry matters of hairy vetch on May 1 in 1997 and 1998 decreased according to delayed seeding, and those were 5.5-7, 4-4.5, 1.3-2.2 ton/ha on Sep. 10, Oct. 1 and Oct 20 of seeding date, respectively in seeding rate 30-40 kg/ha. Also nitrogen yield of hairy vetch on May 1 decreased according to delayed seeding, and those were 220-280, 160-180, 60-100kg/ha on Sep. 10, Oct. 1 and Oct 20 of seeding date, respectively in seeding rate 30-40kg/ha. Therefore, we suggest that hairy vetch has to be seeded earlier in autumn to obtain high green manure yield in spring. To determine the detailed optimum seeding time in autumn, hairy vetch was seeded on Aug. 20, Aug. 31, Sep. 10, Sep. 20, and Sep. 30 in 1999 and was harvested on April 22, April 27, and May 2 in 2000, respectively. Dry matter and nitrogen yield of hairy vetch by seeding in late August were higher than those by seeding in September indicating that dry matter of hairy vetch were 7-8, 6-7, 4-5, 2-3 ton/ha and nitrogen yield were 240-290, 200-260, 150-220, 70-120 kg/ha, respectively when seeded on Aug. 20, Aug. 31, Sep. 10, Sep. 20 and Sep. 30 and harvested on April 22-May 2. Increase of dry matter and N yield of hairy vetch by 10days delayed harvest was higher in late August seeding than in September seeding. So hairy vetch should be seeded in late August if possible to obtain much more green manure yield and be seeded until September because green manure yield decrease rapidly when seeded after October.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.47 no.2
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• pp.137-141
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• 2002

Decomposition of green manure is necessary for the nutrient supply in farm soil. Hairy vetch as a green manure is superior to other winter legumes in terms of wintering ability and N accumulation. This experiment was carried out to investigate the decomposition and N release of hairy vetch and its effect on rice production as the following crop in paddy field. Decomposition of hairy vetch placed by soil depth of 0, 10 and 20cm at transplanting time was investigated by mesh bag method, which was enclosed chopped residue in mesh bags. The fate of $^{15}$ N derived from $^{15}$ N-labeled hairy vetch was investigated at harvest in three levels of N fertilization. Grain yield of the transplanted paddy rice cultured with hairy vetch as starter N were compared with that of applying urea as starter N in the field. Hairy vetch residue decomposed very rapidly both in transplanted and dry-seeded paddy field. In transplanted paddy field, hairy vetch residue lost 72-81 % and 86-90% of its weight after one and five month, respectively, as affected by incorporation depth. The C/N ratio of the decomposing vetch residue increased sharply during the early stages and after then, decreased slowly. The amounts of N and P released from the vetch were about 90% and 97% of initial content after one month, respectively. Recoveries of hairy vetch-$^{15}$ N by rice plant were 30.6, 34.6 and 35.7% in 0, 6 and 12 kg urea-N 10 $a^{-l}$ application, respectively, indicating that N fertilization increased the recovery of hairy vetch. $^{15}$ N. Hairy vetch residue incorporated as starter maintained significant N $H_4$$^{+}$-N concentration in soil water of plow layer until effective tillering stage. Grain yield in the plot applied with hairy vetch was not significantly different from that in the plot with urea. We concluded that hairy vetch incorporation could substitute starter N fertilization and showed possibility to reduce N amount of top-dressing.g.g.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.48 no.6
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• pp.677-682
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• 2015

Although it is not a landscape crop according to MIFAFF(ministry of agriculture, food and rural affairs), yellow mustard is considered a superb landscape crop because of its growth and flower characteristics. We sowed yellow mustard as a landscape and green manure crop in upland soil (four types of soil texture) in spring. And we studied its flowering characteristics, dry weight, and nitrogen yield. The growths of yellow mustard were possible in every soil ranging from sandy soil to clay loam. Its height was 54.1 ~ 76.1cm and the number of node per hill was 11.3 ~ 17.0. Its flowers had a light yellow. It took about 44 ~ 50 days to flower, and flowered for 22~25 days. The dry weight of yellow mustard was $2.27{\sim}3.60tonha^{-1}$ with highest in sandy loam and loam. Among the nutrients of yellow mustard, nitrogen(T-N) was $12.6{\sim}20.8gkg^{-1}$, and C/N ratio was 21.6~37.7. The nitrogen yield of yellow mustard was $35{\sim}62kgha^{-1}$. In conclusion, because of its flowering characteristics and dry weight, yellow mustard was considered appropriate for both green manure and landscape crop uses.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.719-729
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• 2018

Green manure crops can be efficient replacements of high nutrient materials such as livestock compost, organic fertilizers, etc. in organic farming. Grass-legume mixtures or mixed cropping of legumes with non-legumes can aid in abating the shortcomings of each plant type under monoculture (i.e. legumes have low biomass yields while grasses are poor at fixing nitrogen). This study was conducted to investigate the effects of barley (B) and hairy vetch (H) mixtures on green manure yield in nutrient accumulated organic upland soils of Korea. In one cropping season, single crops of barley and hairy vetch (Barley: 160 kg/ha, Hairy vetch: 90 kg/ha) as well as mixtures of both crops at different seeding rates (B66:H33, B33: H66) were grown and the obtained results are as shown below. The biomass yield and nutrient productivities were higher in barley-hairy vetch mixture. The biomass yield and total phosphorus content were higher for the mixed crops by 78~132% and 200% respectively than those of the hairy vetch monoculture. Total nitrogen content of the mixed crops was also higher than those of the barley monoculture by 43~44%. The biomass yield (5.60 Mg/ha) and nutrient contents (87.7 kg N/ha, 23 kg $P_2O_5/ha$) were highest in the case of B66:H33 seeding rate. Accordingly, this study concludes that the barley-hairy vetch mixtures cropped at B66:H33 seeding rate is efficient in increasing green manure productivity due to complementary effects observed and the highest biomass yield and nutrient contents.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.61 no.4
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• pp.290-296
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• 2016

Green manure has been used as alternative to chemical fertilizer. To evaluate the effect of green manure on the chemical properties of top-soil and sorghum yield, hairy vetch (Vicia villosa Roth, HV), manure barley (MB), and a mixture of hairy vetch and manure barley (HV+MB) were incorporated into the soil at a rate of $100kg-N\;N\;ha-1$ before the sorghum was transplanted. Total biomass of sorghum grown in the HV, MB, and HV+MB treatments was 13.1, 31.6, and $25.2t\;ha^{-1}$, respectively, and the nitrogen production of the treatments was 81, 74, and $145kg\;ha^{-1}$, respectively. The SPAD value of the uppermost leaf of sorghum plants grown in the soils with HV, MB, or HV+MB were very similar until heading stage; however, at maturity, the SPAD value of sorghum cultivated in the soils with HV was lower than that of sorghum in the soils with MB or HV+MB. This could be because the nitrogen release from HV was too rapid to supply nitrogen to sorghum during the later stage of grain filling. Compared with chemical fertilizers, the incorporation of green manure increased the pH, exchangeable cations ($K^+$, $Mg{^{+}^{+}}$, and $Ca{^{+}^{+}}$), and total nitrogen in soil postharvest, indicating an improvement in soil chemical properties. Total carbon content increased in soil with green manure incorporated, but decreased in the chemical fertilized soil, suggesting that sorghum cultivation using green manure may sequester carbon in soils. The yield of sorghum cultivated with green manure was not different from the yield of sorghum cultivated with chemical fertilizers. These results suggest that the mixture of hairy vetch and manure barley can be a useful chemical fertilizer alternative in sorghum cultivation.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.55 no.4
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• pp.333-338
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• 2010

The use of green manure crop for sustainable agriculture can reduce the use of chemical fertilizer and herbicides, and the cultivation area of the green manure crop has gradually increased. However, there has been little information about appropriate use of spring-sown green manure crop in the central regions of Korea. This study was conducted to investigate the effect of different legume crops on application of sown green manure in spring. Each of the green manure crops including alfalfa, chinese milk vetch, crimson clover, crotalaria, hairy vetch, lupin, red clover and white clover was grown in upland soil of silt loam. The dry weight and C/N ratio of all crops increased throughout the growing period, while C/N ratio of all crops during growing period was lower than 25. The highest value of dry weight among the green manure crops was observed in crimson clover, followed by red clover, lupin, chinese milk vetch and alfalfa. Also, the highest value of contents of nitrogen, phosphous and potassium of green manure crops were observed in hairy vetch, alfalfa and crimson clover, respectively. And the values were 41.3, 4.3 and 35.9 g $kg^{-1}$, respectively. In terms of nitrogen yield, crimson clover that showed 71 kg N $ha^{-1}$ was the highest yield among the green manure crops, followed by chinese milk vetch of 51 kg $ha^{-1}$, red clover of 46 kg $ha^{-1}$, and hairy vetch of 41 kg $ha^{-1}$. These results suggest that crimson clover, chinese milk vetch, red clover, and hairy vetch could be a suitable green manure crop for spring sowing.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.45 no.5
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• pp.805-809
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• 2012

To evaluate the effects of liquid pig manure (LPM) on green manure crop yields, plant height and biomass of green manure crops were investigated in single and companion cropping. Green manure crops used for this experiment were Hordeum vulgare L. (green barley) and Vicia villosa roth (hairy vetch). Field experiment was designed with LPM 1.65 (LPM of $1.65ton\;10a^{-1}$ + single and companion green crops), LPM 3.3 (LPM of $3.3ton\;10a^{-1}$ + single and companion green crops) and LPM 6.6 (LPM of 6.6$6.6ton\;10a^{-1}$ + single and companion green crops). In single cropping, plant height were high in LPM 3.3. In companion cropping, plant height were high in LPM 6.6. Thus, we found that application of LPM is general enough to reduce use of chemical fertilizer. Also, optimum application level in single cropping would be LPM 3.3 and in companion cropping would be higher than LPM 3.3.