• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.48 no.6
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• pp.689-696
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• 2015

The green manure crops are returned to soil when the plants are still green. The green manure crops play a role in reducing chemical fertilizers, improvement of soil fertility, reduction of soil erosion, weed control, and landscapes effect. Typical green manure crops are barley green manure, hairy vetch, chines milk vetch and clovers. We sowed 49 species of green manure crops in upland soil to increase the usage of green manure crops. We searched the effectiveness of green manure yield, C/N ratio, soil mulching, and landscape effect. The green manure crops that have $5tonha^{-1}$ or more of green manure yield (fresh weight) were 6 gramineous crops, 4 leguminous crops, and 3 others. Green manures yield in a short growth period was higher in gramineous crops than leguminous crops. Among the green manure crops, 3 gramineous crops, 12 leguminous crops, and 3 others were under 25 in C/N ratio. Seven gramineous crops, 8 leguminous crops, and 5 others were over 50% of soil covering rate. Green manure crops that have beautiful flowers were in total 16 kinds, such as 4 gramineous crops, 6 leguminous crops, and 6 others. In result, based on green manure yield and C/N ratio, excellent species in the green manure crops were 4 species (triticale, 2 kinds of hairy vetch, and lupin). Green manure crops that were effective at soil mulching were 20 species, like hairy vetch, oats, sorghum, phacelia, buckwheat, etc. Buckwheat, crotalaria, mustard plant, phacelia, and etc. could be available for landscape crops.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.44 no.3
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• pp.442-447
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• 2011

Co-incorporation of Leguminosae with Gramineae could reduce the risk of nitrogen starvation phenomena caused by appling green manure of Gramineae alone. The objective of the study was to examine the effect of mixed sowing of hairy vetch and rye seeds on soil quality in mountainous highland. Mixed sowing of hairy vetch and rye increased the yield of green manure and nutrients compared with those for sowing of hairy vetch or rye alone. The yield of green manure from row seeding was $5.3Mg\;ha^{-1}$ compared with $4.8Mg\;ha^{-1}$ for broadcast seeding. Incorporation of the two green manure crops increased yield of red-bean by 58~92% as compared with yield for incorporation of rye alone. The results obtained in the study imply that mixed sowing of hairy vetch and rye can solve the problem of low emergence of hairy vetch in spring and high C/N ratio and rough incorporation of rye, in addition to increase in yield of green manure.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.193-198
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• 2000

Plant characteristics of four winter crop hairy vetch, red clover, crimson clover and rye as green manure were evaluated at three harvesting time(Apri1 23, May 9, May 28) in spring to select superior winter green manure crop. Rye and hairy vetch had superior wintering ability and produced high dry matter compared with crimson clover and red clover. But N amount of rye was small because of its low plant N% despite of early dry matter accumulation. Wintering ability of crimson clover was very poor, so its dry matter decreased rapidly with low seeding rate. Hairy vetch had high N % (4%, C:N ratio 11) and produced high N yield among four plant. It is estimated that hairy vetch have high N-fixing ability because its N% was not changed largely despite of dry matter accumulation at late harvesting time contrast to the other legume. It was thought that hairy vetch was superior green manure crop in considering yield of dry matter and N. (Key words : Winter legumes, Hairy vetch, Green manure yield, Nitrogen concentration)

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.281-289
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• 2015

In sustainable viticulture, green manure represents a safe and non-polluting way to bring large quantities of organic matter into the soil. The cultivation of green manure crops plays an important role in soil quality and sustainability of agricultural system. This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of green manure fertilization on yield and quality of the Campbell Early grape variety in the organic vineyard. Hairy vetch was the more productive green manure crop, yielding higher dry materials. Average yields of grape were significantly greater in hairy vetch+rye ($13.02ton\;ha^{-1}$) than nature weed ($11.65ton\;ha^{-1}$), respectively. The concentrations of total as well as individual anthocyanins were consistently higher with hairy vetch treatment compared with rye and nature weed, thus making the green manure cultivation is an environmentally friendly cultivation to increase the yield and anthocyanin contents in organic grape.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.731-743
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• 2018

This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of green manures and complemental fertilization with oil cake or liquid fertilizer on growth and nitrogen use efficiency of Chinese cabbage cultivated in organi systems. Field experiments were carried out at the National Institute of Agricultural Science in Suwon, South Korea from 2012 to 2014. Two green manure crops, Crotalaria and Hairy vetch, was cultivated in summer and in winter, respectively. The application methods of the green manure consisted of three tillage systems (overall tillage, partial tillage and no tillage). Oil cake and liquid fertilizer were used as complemental fertilizer. The results showed that when used as covering material in the upland soil without tillage, green manure fertilization was more effective in increasing growth and yield of Chinese cabbage than when incorporated into soil. It was possible to grow and harvest Chinese cabbage in the spring season by the application of hairy vetch as winter green manure. The higher yield of Chinese cabbage with green manure application was caused by the lower incidence rate of soft rot and tip-burn. The yield of the Chines cabbage that received green manure applications over two consecutive seasons followed by the supplemental fertilization with oil cake was similar to that of the conventional chemical fertilization. Following a single season green manure application in summer, however, the yield of cabbage was only about 70% of the conventional treatment. Green manure cultivation with additional liquid fertilization produced a yield similar to the conventional fertilization treatment, soil inorganic nitrogen concentration remained stable and the nitrogen use efficiency increased in the green manure applied soil. In conclusion, the organic cultivation of Chinese cabbage in the autumn season could be outperformed in the upland soil receiving two seasons (winter and summer) of green manure fertilization followed by the supplemental fertilization with liquid fertilizer.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.48 no.6
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• pp.731-735
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• 2015

The effects of liquid pig manure (LPM) on the yield and nutrient supply of green manure crops, such as hairy vetch alone and hairy vetch + rye mixture, were investigated. We used three treatments: no-fertilizer (NF); LPM, $4.0t10a^{-1}$ ($N-P_2O_5-K_2O=4.0-0.024-4.0kg10a^{-1}$); and chemical fertilizer (CF; $N-P_2O_5-K_2O=4.0-0-4.0kg10a^{-1}$). The green manure crops, namely, Vicia villosa Roth. (hairy vetch) and Secale cereale L. (rye). were sown on March 11 and harvested on June 24, 2014. Yield of green manure crops significantly increased in hairy vetch + rye mixture plot compared with the hairy vetch alone plot. In hairy vetch alone plot, yield of green manure crops was increased by application of LPM and CF, but there were no significant differences. Yield of green manure crops in hairy vetch + rye fresh mixture plot significantly increased by the LPM and CF treatments, but no difference was noted between the LPM and CF treatments. Nitrogen supply by the green manure crops was higher in hairy vetch + rye mixture plot than hairy vetch alone plot. However, there was no significant difference. Phosphorus and potassium supply significantly increased in hairy vetch + rye mixture plot compared with hairy vetch alone plot. By treating LPM and CF, the nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium supply were higher than those in no fertilizer. In conclusion, LPM could replace CF. When planting green manure crops, the hairy vetch + rye mixture was more effective than hairy vetch alone to effectively use green manure crops.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.45 no.5
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• pp.294-299
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• 2000

Hairy vetch (Vicia villosa Roth) winter annual is very effective on reducing chemical nitrogen fertilizer for subsequent com by fixed organic green manure nitrogen fixed during hairy vetch growth. In this experiment, hairy vetch produced above-ground dry matter of 5 ton/ha, nitrogen yield 200 kgN/ha, at com planting on the average during 1997 and 1998. Changes in com yield and nitrogen uptake for two years were investigated after application of nitrogen fertilizer 0, 60, 120, 180, 240 kgN/ha on plot of winter fallow and hairy vetch green manure, respectively. Nitrogen status such as ear-leaf N%, SPAD value at silk and dough stage, and com yield decreased in proportion to reduction of nitrogen fertilizer at winter fallow, but nitrogen status and yield of com were not different among nitrogen fertilizer rate at hairy vetch green manure. Com yield (total dry matter) at 0 kgN/ha plot of hairy vetch was 22, 20 ton/ha in 1997, 1998, respectively and com could produce more dry matter 9, 13 ton/ha by hairy vetch green manure compared with winter fallow under the condition of no nitrogen fertilizer in 1997, 1998, respectively. Com yield (total dry matter) at 60kgN/ha of hairy vetch green manure was higher than that of high N fertilizer rate such as 180, 240 kgN/ha of winter fallow. Nitrogen uptake of com at plot of hairy vetch-no nitrogen fertilizer slightly decreased than at plot of hairy vetch - nitrogen fertilizer, but com absorbed more nitrogen of 141, 159 kgN/ha by hairy vetch green manure compared with winter fallow under no nitrogen fertilizer condition in 1997, 1998, respectively. Nitrogen fertilizer reduction for com by hairy vetch green manure was 149, 161kgN/ha in 1997, 1998, respectively. Still more, com could absorb more soil nitrogen by nitrogen fertilizer 60kgN/ha of hairy vetch green manure than by high nitrogen fertilizer such as 180, 240 kgN/ha at winter fallow. It is concluded that nitrogen fertilizer for corn could be reduced by winter cultivation and soil incorporation of hairy vetch at com planting.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Crop Science Conference
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• 2017.06a
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• pp.209-209
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• 2017

The application of liquid swine manure to soil has been commonly reported to increase crop productivity by improving plant nutrient availability. This study was conducted to investigate the effect of liquid swine manure (LSM) application on yield of green manure crops in paddy. Three different application rates of LSM equivalent to 25%, 50%, and 75% of standard fertilization rate of P were applied to the paddy field after rice harvest, and two cover crops, hairy vetch (Vicia villosa Roth) and barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), were subsequently mix-seeded and cultivated. Plant height of barley was 7% higher in LSM P25% and LSM P50% compared to control treatment (no LSM application), while no significant difference was observed between LSM P75% and control. However, there were no significant differences in plant height of hairy vetch among treatments. Dry matter (DM) yield of green manure increased with LSM application rate, reaching a maximum at LSM P50% (38 and 17% yield increase over control for hairy vetch and barley, respectively), but it decreased at LSM P75% rate. Nitrogen production by green manure crops was the highest in LSM P50% treatment, where the amount of produced N was 57% higher than the optimum N fertilization level for rice ($90kg\;N\;ha^{-1}$). Excess green manure biomass above an optimum level can be removed and utilized either for incorporation into nearby cropland or for sale as fresh forage. Therefore, it is concluded that the application rate of LSM P50% is recommendable for the maximum biomass and nitrogen production from green manure crops in paddy.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.38 no.4
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• pp.703-709
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• 2011

This study was conducted at Korea's typical soil, loamy soil, to figure out the effect of how barley green manure (B), hairy vetch (HV) and the mixed-planting hairy vetch with barley green manure (HV/B) affecting on the yield of rice, usage of nutrient and soil characteristics. Supplying amount of nitrogen from HV, HV/B and B were 172.8 kg $ha^{-1}$, 64.3 kg $ha^{-1}$ and 38.6 kg $ha^{-1}$, respectively. Hairy vetch had the highest plant height and SPAD of rice and next was hairy vetch/barley, chemical fertilizer (CF), none fertilizer (NF), and green manure barley. The amount of rice yield was 5.51 ton $ha^{-1}$ with HV, and 4.24 ton $ha^{-1}$ with HV/B. The chemical characteristics of soil showed lower pH and exchangeable cations (Ca and Mg) at B, HV and HV/B plot rather than that of chemical fertilizer (CF) plot. However, the physical characteristics of soil and the porosity rate showed better tendency at the green manure crops than CF. Nitrogen nutrient balance was showed the most balanced at CF, otherwise field of application of green manure crops were required the appropriate nutrition management if future crops would be cultivated because nitrogen nutrient could be devastated or accumulated.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.47 no.3
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• pp.165-171
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• 2014

Assessment of sustainable production on a cropland can help to determine the most proper management practices. In this study, we evaluated the sustainable production on paddy field treated with green manure crops using sustainability index which based on nutrient index, microbiological index, and crop index related to nutrient-supplying capacity. Especially choosing appropriate indicators from a minimum data set (MDS) were used the principal components analysis (SI-2) as well as expert opinion (SI-1) usually used in sustainability index. Six treatments including the two tillage treatments and two green manure crops were investigated as follows; (i) moldrotary + rotary tillage without green manure crop (Con), with (ii) hairy vetch (Con-HV), and (iii) hairy vetch + green barely (Con-HV+GB), (iv) rotary tillage without green manure crop (Rot), with (ii) hairy vetch (Rot-HV), and (iii) hairy vetch + green barly (Rot-HV+GB). Con-HV and Rot-HV in SI-1 were maintained sustainability while Rot-HV and Rot-HV+GB in SI-2. Especially, treatments (Con and Rot) without green manure crops were more unsustainable than with green manure crops because of the low value of microbiological and crop index than with green manure crops. Meanwhile, sustainability indices and grain yield had the high correlation values ($R^2=0.756$ and 0.928 in SI-1 and SI-2, respectively). These results meant that application of green manure crops such as hairy vetch could improve both yield and soil quality in paddy.