• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제30권7호
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• pp.950-956
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• 2017

Objective: Effects of newly isolated Lactobacillus plantarum on the fermentation and chemical composition of fresh rice straw silage was evaluated in this study. Methods: Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) from good crop silage were screened by growing them in MRS broth and a minimal medium with low carbohydrate content. Selected LAB (LAB 1821) were Gram-positive, rods, catalase negative, and were identified to be Lactobacillus plantarum based on their biochemical characteristics and a 16S rRNA analysis. Fresh rice straw was ensiled with two isolated LAB (1821 and 1841), two commercial inoculants (HM/F and P1132) and no additive as a control. Results: After 2 months of storage at ambient temperature, rice straw silages treated with additives were well-preserved, the pH values and butyric and acetic acid contents were lower, and the lactic acid content and lactic/acetic acid ratio were higher than those in the control (p<0.05). Acidity (pH) was lowest, and lactic acid highest, in 1821-treated silage (p<0.05). The $NH_3-N$ content decreased significantly in inoculant-treated silage (p<0.05) and the $NH_3-N$ content in 1821-treated silage was lowest among the treatments. The dry matter (DM) content of the control silage was lower than that of fresh rice straw (p<0.05), while that of the 1841- and p1174-inoculant-treated silages was significantly higher than that of HM/F-treated silage. Microbial additives did not have any significant (p>0.05) effect on acid detergent fiber or neutral detergent fiber contents. Crude protein (CP) content and in vitro DM digestibility (IVDMD) increased after inoculation of LAB 1821 (p<0.05). Conclusion: LAB 1821 increased the CP, IVDMD, lactic acid content and ratio of lactic acid to acetic acid in rice straw silage and decreased the pH, acetic acid, $NH_3-N$, and butyric acid contents. Therefore, adding LAB 1821 improved the fermentation quality and feed value of rice straw silage.

• 한국버섯학회지
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• 제2권2호
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• pp.69-75
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• 2004

느타리버섯재배에서 심각한 피해를 주고 있는 푸른곰팡이병을 억제하고 버섯균사의 생장을 촉진하여 버섯의 안정생산을 도모하기 위한 탄산칼슘의 처리효과를 실내 및 실외시험을 실시한 결과. PDA배지에서의 $CaCO_3$의 처리는 버섯균의 균사생장을 촉진하고, 병원균은 억제되었으며, 볏짚배지상의 $CaCO_3$의 처리에서는 버섯균은 무처리에 비하여 균사생장이 증가되었으며, 병원균 대체적으로 0.6%의 처리까지는 증가되나 0.8%처리부터는 감소되는 경향을 나타냈다. 컬럼 내의 볏짚배지에서의 Trichoderma longibrachiatum의 접종구에서는 $CaCO_3$의 처리효과가 있었으나 T. virens의 접종구에서는 $CaCO_3$의 효과가 없었다. $CaCO_3$의 처리에 따른 느타리버섯 품종간의 균사생장의 차이는 없었다. $CaCO_3$는 처리에 따라 느타리버섯의 균사생장은 촉진하고 푸른곰팡이병원균과 붉은빵곰팡이균에 대해 약간의 억제 능력은 인정되었다. 포장시험 결과 수량성은 무처리구에 비하여 높으며, 발병율은 낮은 경향이나 절대적인 방제효과는 없었다.

• 방사선산업학회지
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• 제4권4호
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• pp.319-323
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• 2010

Recently, Korean traditional raw rice wines (RRW) have received attention because they are a nutritious food with health properties. But the rapid deterioration of fermented RRW is one of the serious problems for brewing and marketing in the world beyond Korea. The goal of this study was to develop a way to enhance the quality and to lengthen the period of circulation of the RRW. A lactic acid bacterium was isolated from RRW. It was identified as Lactobacillus fermentum (98%) based on its biochemical properties, and 16S rRNA sequence. Treatments of RRW with gamma radiation and green tea extracts reduced the bacterial population except for yeasts and Lactobacillus in the RRW. This result suggested that the natural plant extracts and catechin products can be used as an effective natural storage agent.

• 한국식물병리학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국식물병리학회 2003년도 정기총회 및 추계학술발표회
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• pp.80.1-80
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• 2003

Several plant and microbial genes that could confer disease resistance in transgenic rice plants are being cloned and characterized. We are currently constructing transgenic rice lines that overexpress the gene products, such as a galactinol synthase, a defensin, and a bacterial ACC deaminase. Subtractive hybridization of a rice cDNA library constructed from the Xanthomonas oryzae-infected ice leaves resulted in isolation of many inducible cDNA clones including a elongation factor EF2, a oryzain alpha, a catalase, a aldehyde dehydrogenase, a S-adenosylmethionine synthetase, a caffeic acid O-methyltransferase, a glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, a light-regulated protein, nKY transcription factors, and a nucleotide diphosphate kinase. Some genes among those may be useful genetic sources for construction of disease resistant transgenic rice. Full lengths of the rice OsFIERG and a rice oryzain genomic clones were cloned, and serial deletion fragments of the promoter regions of these genes were fused with GUS reporter gene in pCAMBIA1201, respectively. Promoter activities of these constructs will be examined upon various stresses and Pathogen infections to obtain the pathogen specific inducible-promoter. This work was supported by a grant from BioGreen 21 Program, Rural Development Administration, Republic of Korea.

• 한국작물학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국작물학회 2017년도 9th Asian Crop Science Association conference
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• pp.159-159
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• 2017

Drought, a common environmental constraint, induces a range of physiological, biochemical and molecular changes in plants, and can cause severe reductions in crop yield. Consequently, understanding the molecular mechanisms of drought tolerance is an important step towards crop biotechnology. Here, we report that the rice (Oryza sativa) homeodomain-leucine zipper class IV transcription factor gene, ${\underline{R}ice}$ ${\underline{o}utermost}$ ${\underline{c}ell-specific}$ gene 10 (Roc10), enhances drought tolerance and grain yield by increasing lignin accumulation in ground tissues. Overexpression of Roc10 in rice significantly increased drought tolerance at the vegetative stages of growth and promoted both more effective photosynthesis and a reduction in water loss rate, compared with non-transgenic controls or RNAi transgenic plants. Importantly, Roc10 overexpressing plants had a higher drought tolerance at the reproductive stage of growth and a higher grain yield compared with the controls under field-drought conditions. Roc10 is mainly expressed in outer cell layers including the epidermis and the vasculature of the shoots, which coincides with areas of cell wall lignification. Roc10 overexpression elevated the expression levels of lignin biosynthetic genes in shoots, with a concomitant increase in the accumulation of lignin, while the overexpression and RNAi lines showed opposite patterns of lignin accumulation. We identified downstream target genes of Roc10 by performing RNA-seq and chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP)-seq analyses of shoot tissues. Roc10 was found to directly bind to the promoter of PEROXIDASEN/PEROXIDASE38, a key gene in lignin biosynthesis. Together, our findings suggest that Roc10 confers drought stress tolerance by promoting lignin biosynthesis in ground tissues.

• 한국응용곤충학회지
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• 제14권1호
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• pp.13-21
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• 1975

1974년도 IRRI(국제미작연구소)에서 새로 입수된 48개 종품 및 게통을 공시하여 한국산 끝동매미충에 대한 저항성품종 및 게통을 선발하고 나아가 몇가지 저항성기작을 검토하기 위해 본 시험을 실하여 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. 1. 끝동매미충에 대한 유묘검정에서 48개 품종 또는 계통중 저항성반응(R)을 보인 것은 Balamawee, IR-26, IR-1529-525-2-2, IR-1539-1042-6, IR2061-214-2-3-5, IR2061-214-2-3-6, Jhingasail, Murungakayan 및 Vunam등 9개 품종 또는 계통이었고 중도저항성반응(MR)을 보인 것들로서는 Chianung-Shen-Yu-11, C62-1-230, C62-1-373, Dikwee, D204-1, Murungakayan-3, Palasithari-601, Peta-2802, RP6-516-34-1-8(TKM $6\times IR8$), RP6-590-10-1-11(TKM6$\times$IR8), RP9-4(IR8$\times$W1251)등 11개 품종 또는 계통이었다. 2. 저항성 및 중도저항성반응을 보인 것들을 공시하여 약충접종에 의한 저충성검정시험결과 저항성반응을 보인 것은 모두 $100\%$의 사충율을 보였으나 몇몇 품종 또는 계통에서 사충율이 좀 저하하였고 저조한 우화율을 나타내었다. 저항성반응을 보인 벼에서 2영기 약충이 살아 남을 수 있는 일수는 3-10일에 불과하였다. 즉, 유묘의 반응에서 저항성으로 나타난 벼들은 고도의 저충성이 있음을 보였다. 3. 저항성반응을 품종 또는 계통간에 차이가 없었을뿐더러 유묘의 저항성반응과도 아무런 상관이 없었다. 5. 이상의 결과를 종합해 볼 때 끝동매미충에 대한 벼의 저항성기작은 저항성 뼈는 고도의 항충성(Antibiosis)을 지니고 낮은 식이선호성(Non-feeding preference)을 나타내지만 감수성 벼는 반대로 항충성을 지니고 있지 않은데다가 높은 식이선호성을 나타내는데 있다고 보아진다.

• 한국작물학회지
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• 제50권spc1호
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• pp.29-32
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• 2005

불완전미가 식미에 미치는 영향을 알아보기 위하여 현미외 관별로 백미 품위를 구분하고 각각의 불완전미를 완전미와 혼입하여 근적외분광광도계를 이용하여 식미치를 검토한 결과는 다음과 같다. 가. 수확한 현미의 정상립은 $75.7\%$였으며, 불완전렵은 변색립이 $11.0\%$, 청미가 $8.0\%$, 그리고 사미가 $5.3\%$였다. 나. 정상립 현미에서 도정된 백미는 완전미가 $64.7\%$였으며, 동할미가 $25.3\%$, 심복백미가 $10\%$였으며, 변색립 현미는 정상립에서 도정된 백미외관과 큰 차이가 없는 것으로 나타났다. 청미는 완전미가 $36\%$, 심복백이 $64\%$였으며, 사미는 심복백미가 $25.3\%$, 유백미가 $74.7\%$였다. 다. 백미 품위에 따른 식미관련 특성 검정 결과, 동할미의 점도는 정상미와 차이가 없었으나 심복백미의 점도는 정상립 보다 약간 낮았고 유백미의 경우는 정상립의 $60\%$ 수준으로 감소하였다. 단백질 함량은 심복백미와 유백미가 정상립보다 다소 높게 나타났다. 라. 기계적 식미치는 불완전립 모두 정상립 보다 현저히 낮게 나타났다. 불완전미 중 유백미와 심복백미는 완전미에 $1\%$만 함유되어도 완전미 대비 약 $5\%$의 식미가 감소되었으며, $5\%$ 함유되었을 경우에는 완전미 식미에 비하여 유백미는 $20\%$, 심복백미는 $12\%$의 식미치가 감소되었다. 그러나 동할미의 경우는 $5\%$까지는 식미치에 크게 영향이 없었다. 오히려 잔디의 밀도가 감소되는 경향을 보였다. 초장의 경우 복비의 무처리시 거의 잔디의 초장이 신장하지 않았으며, 오히려 감소하는 경향을 보였다. 반면, 잔디의 피해지역에 복비를 처리할 경우 잔디의 빠른 생장이 이루어졌다. 신초 건물중은 복비 처리전 8월 6일에 비하여 11월 6일에 이스트밸리 LD지역의 무처리구가 $1.2\%$감소하였지만 처리구는 $50\%$정도가 증가하였다. 지산의 시험 결과도 이스트밸리와 유사하였다. 신초와 뿌리의 비율(S/R)은 처리구의 경우 뿌리보다 신초의 건물중이 더 증가하였지만, 무처리구의 경우 뿌리와 신초의 생장율이 거의 비슷하였다. 포복경과 지하경의 건물중을 합한 R&S의 건물중을 조사한 결과, 이스트밸리의 경우 복비를 처리하기 전 8월6일에 무처리구인 LD지역이 처리구인 LD지역에 비하여 $5.5\%$정도가 적었지만 복비를 처리한 후엔 오히려 처리구의 LD지역이 $48\%$로 증가하였다. 지산의 결과 역시 이스트밸리와 유사하였다. 4. 이상의 결과들로 알 수 있는 것은 수목 근부에 생장하고 있는 잔디의 피해 요인들은 여러 가지가 있지만, 골프장내 수목의 밀생 지역이 아닌 경우에는 광에 의한 피해보다는 오히려 양분과 수분의 경쟁에 의한 피해 발생 비율이 크다. 따라서 이들 잔디의 피해 지역에 복비를 처리함으로서 무처리 지역에 비하여 상당히 많은 효과를 보았기 때문에 수목 근부에서 생장하는 잔디의 집중관리 체계로 보다 효율적인 코스관리에 도움이 될 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.ting이 관찰되는데, 진성기업의 Stainless Steel은 가늘고 긴 압흔이 있으며 비교적 매끄러운 표면을 보이고, Unitek사의 경우 압흔과 함께 pitting 이 관찰되며, Ormco Stainless Steel의 경우 불규칙한 pitting이 다

• 한국응용곤충학회지
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• 제25권2호
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• pp.93-98
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• 1986

경남(慶南) 진주지방(晋州地方)에서 1977년(年), 78년(年)에 통일계(統一系) 품종(品種)인 밀양(密陽) 23호(號)와 일반계(一般系) 품종(品種)인 추청(秋晴)벼를 재배(栽培)하여 4종(種)의 멸구 매미충의 밀도(密度)를 조사하였다. 애멸구는 전체적(全體的)인 발생량(發生量)이 적었으나 추청(秋晴)벼에서 밀도(密度)가 높았으며 끝동매미충은 추청(秋晴)벼, 흰등멸구 벼멸구는 밀양(密陽) 23호(號)에서 각각 밀도가 높았다. 시기별(時期別) 분포(分布)에서 추청(秋晴)벼에서는 6, 7, 8월(月)에 끝동매미충의 분포비율(分布比率)이 높았으며 9월(月)에는 벼멸구가 많았다. 밀양(密陽) 23호(號)에서는 7, 8월(月)에는 흰등멸구가 8월(月)하순(下旬) 부터 9월(月)에는 벼멸구의 분포비율(分布比率)이 높았다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제15권5호
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• pp.643-649
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• 2002

Availability of feeds and fodder and amount of their intake by large ruminants in eight different agro-ecological zones (AEZ) of Bangladesh were recorded over a year. Roughages such as straw, naturally grown green grass, water hyacinth, tree leaves, legumes and sugarcane tops were the major feedstuffs fed to the large ruminants. Amount of intake of these ingredients differed (p<0.01) across AEZ studied, but did not differ across seasons or farmers' categories (p>0.05) except for green grasses (p<0.01). Byproduct concentrates offered to animals in the studied areas were rice bran, wheat bran and different oil cakes. The amount of intake of concentrates by the animals also differed (p<0.01) across AEZs, but did not differ across seasons or farmers' categories (p>0.05), except for rice bran and wheat bran which differed between season and farm category, and season respectively (p<0.01). The large standard errors of mean indicate that there are wide variations in intake of roughages and concentrates across AEZ's, seasons and farmers' categories and even across days. This further indicates that the feeding practices of large ruminants are largely heterogeneous. In addition to feeding roughage and concentrates, the animals were allowed to graze for six hours a day. Grazing hours also differed (p<0.01) across AEZ, but not by farmers' categories or seasons.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• 제43권2호
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• pp.148-159
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• 2018

Purpose: Unmanned air vehicle (UAV) remote sensing was applied to test various vegetation indices and make prediction models of protein content of rice for monitoring grain quality and proper management practice. Methods: Image acquisition was carried out by using NIR (Green, Red, NIR), RGB and RE (Blue, Green, Red-edge) camera mounted on UAV. Sampling was done synchronously at the geo-referenced points and GPS locations were recorded. Paddy samples were air-dried to 15% moisture content, and then dehulled and milled to 92% milling yield and measured the protein content by near-infrared spectroscopy. Results: Artificial neural network showed the better performance with $R^2$ (coefficient of determination) of 0.740, NSE (Nash-Sutcliffe model efficiency coefficient) of 0.733 and RMSE (root mean square error) of 0.187% considering all 54 samples than the models developed by PR (polynomial regression), SLR (simple linear regression), and PLSR (partial least square regression). PLSR calibration models showed almost similar result with PR as 0.663 ($R^2$) and 0.169% (RMSE) for cloud-free samples and 0.491 ($R^2$) and 0.217% (RMSE) for cloud-shadowed samples. However, the validation models performed poorly. This study revealed that there is a highly significant correlation between NDVI (normalized difference vegetation index) and protein content in rice. For the cloud-free samples, the SLR models showed $R^2=0.553$ and RMSE = 0.210%, and for cloud-shadowed samples showed 0.479 as $R^2$ and 0.225% as RMSE respectively. Conclusion: There is a significant correlation between spectral bands and grain protein content. Artificial neural networks have the strong advantages to fit the nonlinear problem when a sigmoid activation function is used in the hidden layer. Quantitatively, the neural network model obtained a higher precision result with a mean absolute relative error (MARE) of 2.18% and root mean square error (RMSE) of 0.187%.