• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.48 no.6
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• pp.689-696
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• 2015

The green manure crops are returned to soil when the plants are still green. The green manure crops play a role in reducing chemical fertilizers, improvement of soil fertility, reduction of soil erosion, weed control, and landscapes effect. Typical green manure crops are barley green manure, hairy vetch, chines milk vetch and clovers. We sowed 49 species of green manure crops in upland soil to increase the usage of green manure crops. We searched the effectiveness of green manure yield, C/N ratio, soil mulching, and landscape effect. The green manure crops that have $5tonha^{-1}$ or more of green manure yield (fresh weight) were 6 gramineous crops, 4 leguminous crops, and 3 others. Green manures yield in a short growth period was higher in gramineous crops than leguminous crops. Among the green manure crops, 3 gramineous crops, 12 leguminous crops, and 3 others were under 25 in C/N ratio. Seven gramineous crops, 8 leguminous crops, and 5 others were over 50% of soil covering rate. Green manure crops that have beautiful flowers were in total 16 kinds, such as 4 gramineous crops, 6 leguminous crops, and 6 others. In result, based on green manure yield and C/N ratio, excellent species in the green manure crops were 4 species (triticale, 2 kinds of hairy vetch, and lupin). Green manure crops that were effective at soil mulching were 20 species, like hairy vetch, oats, sorghum, phacelia, buckwheat, etc. Buckwheat, crotalaria, mustard plant, phacelia, and etc. could be available for landscape crops.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.47 no.3
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• pp.165-171
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• 2014

Assessment of sustainable production on a cropland can help to determine the most proper management practices. In this study, we evaluated the sustainable production on paddy field treated with green manure crops using sustainability index which based on nutrient index, microbiological index, and crop index related to nutrient-supplying capacity. Especially choosing appropriate indicators from a minimum data set (MDS) were used the principal components analysis (SI-2) as well as expert opinion (SI-1) usually used in sustainability index. Six treatments including the two tillage treatments and two green manure crops were investigated as follows; (i) moldrotary + rotary tillage without green manure crop (Con), with (ii) hairy vetch (Con-HV), and (iii) hairy vetch + green barely (Con-HV+GB), (iv) rotary tillage without green manure crop (Rot), with (ii) hairy vetch (Rot-HV), and (iii) hairy vetch + green barly (Rot-HV+GB). Con-HV and Rot-HV in SI-1 were maintained sustainability while Rot-HV and Rot-HV+GB in SI-2. Especially, treatments (Con and Rot) without green manure crops were more unsustainable than with green manure crops because of the low value of microbiological and crop index than with green manure crops. Meanwhile, sustainability indices and grain yield had the high correlation values ($R^2=0.756$ and 0.928 in SI-1 and SI-2, respectively). These results meant that application of green manure crops such as hairy vetch could improve both yield and soil quality in paddy.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.46 no.2
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• pp.81-86
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• 2013

For organic farming, green manure crops such as leguminous forages and barley have been broadly used to improve soil fertility and soil physical and chemical properties by repeatedly cutting and mulching them directly as winter crop in the field in the rotation. In this investigation we selected 78 agricultural farm corporations as well as individual organic farmhouses related to crop rotation from greenmanure crops to main crops in order to analyze the relationship of cropping system between main crops and green manure crops. The results showed that the green manure crops were divided into two groups as leguminous and nonleguminous crops, representing that those are limited to specific climate and farming systems of regions. Also the 10 or less green manure crops including sudangrass, hairyvetch, italian ryegrass, sorghun, buckwheat, oat, pea, rye, clover, and canola which belong to leguminous crops which are presently cultivated from the organic farmhouses within the rotational crop system. We also confirmed that the major main crops are sweet potato, soybean, corn, tobacco, spinach from usage frequency analyzed by NetMiner H 2.6 which was used to estimate the rotational cropping system among the green manure crops and main crops.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.48 no.6
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• pp.731-735
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• 2015

The effects of liquid pig manure (LPM) on the yield and nutrient supply of green manure crops, such as hairy vetch alone and hairy vetch + rye mixture, were investigated. We used three treatments: no-fertilizer (NF); LPM, $4.0t10a^{-1}$ ($N-P_2O_5-K_2O=4.0-0.024-4.0kg10a^{-1}$); and chemical fertilizer (CF; $N-P_2O_5-K_2O=4.0-0-4.0kg10a^{-1}$). The green manure crops, namely, Vicia villosa Roth. (hairy vetch) and Secale cereale L. (rye). were sown on March 11 and harvested on June 24, 2014. Yield of green manure crops significantly increased in hairy vetch + rye mixture plot compared with the hairy vetch alone plot. In hairy vetch alone plot, yield of green manure crops was increased by application of LPM and CF, but there were no significant differences. Yield of green manure crops in hairy vetch + rye fresh mixture plot significantly increased by the LPM and CF treatments, but no difference was noted between the LPM and CF treatments. Nitrogen supply by the green manure crops was higher in hairy vetch + rye mixture plot than hairy vetch alone plot. However, there was no significant difference. Phosphorus and potassium supply significantly increased in hairy vetch + rye mixture plot compared with hairy vetch alone plot. By treating LPM and CF, the nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium supply were higher than those in no fertilizer. In conclusion, LPM could replace CF. When planting green manure crops, the hairy vetch + rye mixture was more effective than hairy vetch alone to effectively use green manure crops.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.215-228
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• 2011

To establish the organic cultivation of pepper using green manure crops, this work studied the growth characteristics and yield of green manure crops, mineral composition of green manure crops, mineral uptake in shoots of green manure crops, chemical composition in soil of green manure crops, and the growth characteristics and yield of pepper in vinyl house. Shoot dry weight of green manure crops was higher level in Sorghum bicolor and Sorghum than in Crotalaria juncea and Glycine max. Also, the roots were spread deeply into soil in Sorghum bicolor and Sorghum. Density of root-knot nematodes in rhizosphere of green manure crops was significantly more decrease in Crotalaria juncea and Sorghum than in Glycine max and Sorghum bicolor. Total nitrogen and CaO content of green manure crops was significantly higher in Crotalaria juncea and Glycine max than in Sorghum bicolor and Sorghum. $K_2O$ content was significantly higher in Sorghum bicolor and Sorghum than in Crotalaria juncea and Glycine max. MgO content was not significant difference at all green manure crops. Cations content ratio of $K_2O$ : CaO : MgO was 3.4 : 1.4 : 1. Total nitrogen uptake in shoots of green manure crops was high level in Glycine max, Sorghum bicolor and Sorghum compared with in Crotalaria juncea. $K_2O$ and MgO uptake was significantly higher in Sorghum bicolor and Sorghum than in Crotalaria juncea and Glycine max. Value of pH in soil of green manure crops was more increase in Crotalaria juncea and Glycine max than in Sorghum bicolor, Sorghum and control, but after cultivation of pepper pH in soil was recovered with initial soil pH before seeding of green manure crops. EC value in control, green manure crops, and pepper cultivation decreased by 44%, 15~18%, and 38~61% level, respectively, compared with initial soil of green manure crops treatment. K content in soil of control, Crotalaria juncea and Glycine max cultivation was increased by 14%, but the K content in soil of Sorghum bicolor and Sorghum decreased by 24~38%. Cation exchange capacity (CEC) in soil of Crotalaria juncea and Sorghum bicolor decreased by 11%, but CEC in soil of Glycine max, Sorghum and control increased by 11%. Harvest fruit yield was higher in Crotalaria juncea, Glycine max, and Sorghum bicolor cultivation than in control and Sorghum.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Crop Science Conference
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• 2017.06a
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• pp.209-209
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• 2017

The application of liquid swine manure to soil has been commonly reported to increase crop productivity by improving plant nutrient availability. This study was conducted to investigate the effect of liquid swine manure (LSM) application on yield of green manure crops in paddy. Three different application rates of LSM equivalent to 25%, 50%, and 75% of standard fertilization rate of P were applied to the paddy field after rice harvest, and two cover crops, hairy vetch (Vicia villosa Roth) and barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), were subsequently mix-seeded and cultivated. Plant height of barley was 7% higher in LSM P25% and LSM P50% compared to control treatment (no LSM application), while no significant difference was observed between LSM P75% and control. However, there were no significant differences in plant height of hairy vetch among treatments. Dry matter (DM) yield of green manure increased with LSM application rate, reaching a maximum at LSM P50% (38 and 17% yield increase over control for hairy vetch and barley, respectively), but it decreased at LSM P75% rate. Nitrogen production by green manure crops was the highest in LSM P50% treatment, where the amount of produced N was 57% higher than the optimum N fertilization level for rice ($90kg\;N\;ha^{-1}$). Excess green manure biomass above an optimum level can be removed and utilized either for incorporation into nearby cropland or for sale as fresh forage. Therefore, it is concluded that the application rate of LSM P50% is recommendable for the maximum biomass and nitrogen production from green manure crops in paddy.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.44 no.4
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• pp.581-590
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• 2011

Organic farming is rapidly expanding worldwide. Crop growth in organic systems greatly depends on the functions performed by soil microbes, and nutrient supply weed suppression by green manure crops input. Four red-pepper production systems were compared: 1) bare ground (conventional system); 2) hairy vetch monoculture; 3) rye monoculture; and 4) hairy vetch-rye mixture. Soil inorganic N reached the peak at 30 DAI and hairy vetch monoculture was the highest ($192mg\;kg^{-1}$) and soil total carbon was fluctuated sporadically during the experiment. Carbohydrate and phenolic compounds in soil kept significantly higher in green manure crops systems from 10 DBI to 30 DAI, however the level was the maximum at 10 DBI (carbohydrate) and 30 DAI (phenolic comounds). Incorporation of green manure crops residue enhanced soil microbial biomass C and N throughout the growing season except that MBN in rye was reduced after incorporation. Green manure crops systems suppressed weed occurrence and, in particular, it was prominent in rye monoculture. Mineral elements composition and production in red-pepper fruits were markedly decreased in green manure crops systems although hairy vetch monoculture has come close to bare ground (NPK-applied). Therefore, it was suggested that higher biomass production should be performed not only to improve soil quality and suppress weeds but to yield suitable red-pepper fruits in green manure crops-based organic farming.

• Weed & Turfgrass Science
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• v.1 no.4
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• pp.18-23
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• 2012

To determine the effect of winter green manure crops for tillage and no-tillage organic pepper cultivation in plastic film house, five different green manure crops were cultivated during winter season. In nutrition composition of green manure crops, total nitrogen contents were higher in Vicia hirsuta and Vicia angustifolia than any other crops. The average dry weights of green manure crops were 8.3 ton per ha in tillage and 7.0 ton per ha in no-tillage, among green manure crops that of Secale cereale was the highest. Fertilizer supply was depended on the biomass of the cultivated green manure crops and nutrition contents, total nitrogen supply of V. angustifolia was 226 kg and that of S. cereale was 251 kg per ha in tillage field. In no-tillage field, N-supply of V. angustifolia was 197 kg and that of S. cereale was 222 kg per ha. In yield components of red pepper, fruit numbers per plant were 55.5 in green manure crop tillage and 37.0 in no-tillage cultivation. Among green manure crops, the yield of dried red pepper was the highest for V. angustifolia in both green manure crop tillage and no-tillage cultivation.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.43 no.5
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• pp.650-658
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• 2010

We used green manure crops such as hairy vetch, crimson clover, rye, sorghum, and sudan grass by mixing with soils to assess the effects of green manure crops on nutrient supply and soil quality improvement. Temporal changes in soil inorganic nitrogen, carbohydrate, microbial biomass, and humus content were determined as soil quality indicators. Inorganic nitrogen content of the control maintained similar level during the whole period, but it had continually increased until 4 weeks after incorporation (WAI) of green manure crops. Especially, inorganic nitrogen content sharply increased in sudan grass. After incorporation of green manure crops, temporal change of soluble sugar in soils was as follows: it had gradually increased in legume green manure crops-incorporated soils until 7 WAI, which was the highest, and then showed the tendency to be reduced. Meanwhile, it in non-legume green manure crops-incorporated soils rapidly increased after the incorporation, and reached the maximum around 4 WAI. Humic acid by the decomposition of crop residues in green manure crops-incorporated soils was greatly enhanced with the elapsed time of 4 WAI, although it was low at the same level as the control until 2 weeks. In addition, there was a difference in fulvic acid by incorporated crops, fulvic acid in hairy vetch, sorghum and sudan grass showed a similar tendency with the change in humic acid. Our results suggest that soluble sugar, microbial activity and humic acid could be available indicators to evaluate the fertility of green manure crops-incorporated soils.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.47 no.5
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• pp.324-331
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• 2014

Landscape crops have decorated its surrounding landscape by being cultivated from spring to late fall. Recently, landscape crops are starting to get the limelight as crops that can be cultivated in large area farmlands. Therefore, we examined the growth characteristics of landscape crops, green manure yield and nitrogen production of crops that are cultivated during summer, which are sunflower, cosmos, sunnhemp and sesbania, in order to select crops that can be utilized as landscape crops and green manure crops. The height of landscape crops increased when the harvest time was later. Especially, sunnhemp, cosmos, sunflower and sorghum grew over 100cm. The days to flowering of sunnhemp and cosmos were 50 and 53 days each, and their flowering period of more than 50 days were long. The days to flowering of sunflower, which was 52 days, was short, and its flowering period, which was 21 days, was also short. When the harvest time was later, the green manure yield and nitrogen production of all crops increased. Individually, the green manure yield was higher in sunnhemp, sorghum, sunflower, with $7.2{\sim}7.5Mg\;ha^{-1}$, and was lowest in sesbania. The nitrogen production was higher in sunnhemp, with $168.1kg\;ha^{-1}$ Therefore, as seen in its flowering characteristics, green manure yield and nitrogen production, sunnhemp had the best green manure and landscape effects among the landscape crops for summer.