• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.4 no.3
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• pp.245-250
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• 1991

Analysis of the characteristics and the grouping of the species of sown and weeds in artificial pastures was studied applying the principal component analysis method. Presency and coverage of six sown species and fifteen weed species which occurred in pastures of under-grazing and optimumgrazing were subject to analysis. From field survey, species were divided into three groups: the group A included five species such as Festuca arundinacea, Lolium perenne and Dactylis glomerata, etc., the group B included eleven species such as Polygonum longisetum, Agrostis alba and Rumex obtusifolius, etc., and the group C included five species such as Miscanthus sinensis, Rubus palmatus and Artemisia princeps, etc. The group A species corresponded to good pasture conditions and management. On the contrary, the group C species occurred in poor pasture conditions with inadequate management. The group B species corresponded to intermediate pasture conditions and management. Interrelated pair species co-existing and species non-co-existing were discovered. Factor loading as negative for the group A species. positive for the group C species and positive but lower than the group C species for the group B species. From these results it is concluded that the principal component analysis seems to one of the useful tools for the analysis of characteristics of species and the diagnosis of sown pasture vegetation, although further studies are required to get more general information about species characteristics.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.96-102
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• 1989

This field experiment was conducted to determine the effect of grazing and cutting management on the forage production and botanical composition at different legumes sown swards of the experimental field of Livestock Experiment Station. in Suweon, from Aug. 1985 to Oct. 1988. The results obtained are as follows: 1. Dry matter yield of cutting management (1213.0 kg/lOa) was higher by 19% than that of grazing management (1016.8 kg/lOa). Yield of pasture mixtures including alfalfa both cutting and grazing were higher than those including ladino clover and red clover. Yield under grazing was inferior to cutting in the first year but superior in the second year. 2. Seasonal dry matter production under grazing showed 5 1% in spring, 33% in summer and 16% in autumn, but under cutting showed 46% in spring, 42% in summer and 12% in autumn. 3. Daily dry matter production per 10a under grazing is decreased 5.9 kg in spring, 5.5 kg in summer and 3.7 kg in autumn. But under cutting is decreased 8.7 kg in summer, 6.6 kg in spring and 3.4 kg in autumn. 4. Botanical compositions of mixtures swards involving ladino clover and red clover were not influenced by method of defoliation. But mixtures swards including alfalfa were highly influenced by method of defoliation. Alfalfa ratio at the time of final utilization under grazing was about 30%, but under cutting was about 70-80%.

• Animal Bioscience
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• v.36 no.11
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• pp.1655-1665
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• 2023

Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of three feeding systems, i.e., indoor feeding (CON), indoor feeding with 4-h daily access to grazing artificial pasture (ITGP), and indoor feeding with 8-h daily access to grazing artificial pasture (IEGP), on the plasma antioxidant and immunological capacity, slaughter characteristics, meat quality and economic efficiency of Huang-huai lambs. Methods: Thirty-three healthy Huang-huai rams with similar body weight (approximately 5 mo of age, 28.96±1.01 kg) were assigned equally to three experimental groups. When finished fattening, six lambs from each group were collect blood samples for plasma analyses and then slaughtered to determine slaughter characteristics and obtain biceps brachii muscle for further analysis of meat quality and fatty acid profile. Results: Compared to CON group, animals submitted to ITGP and IEGP groups resulted in greater contents of serum glutathione peroxidase, immunoglobulins (IgA, IgG, and IgM), polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), n-6 PUFA, and PUFA/saturated fatty acid (FA) ratio and lower palmitic /oleic acid ratio (p<0.05). Moreover, animals in ITGP group exhibited a higher (p<0.05) loin eye area, content of meat crude protein (CP), and eicosetrienoic acid compared to CON group, while slaughter performance was superior (p<0.05) to that of the IEGP group. The economic efficiency of ITGP group was 70.12% higher than that of CON group, while the IEGP group exhibited a decrease of 92.54% in economic efficiency compared to the CON group. Conclusion: Restricted grazing time combined with indoor feeding was more effective in conferring superior body health, carcass traits and economic efficiency in Huang-huai lambs, as well as higher CP content and healthier FA composition in the resulting meat.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Grassland Science Conference
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• 2003.06a
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• pp.67-101
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• 2003

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.112-117
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• 1995

A field experiment was canied out to determine the effects of harvest time (grazing, soiling and hay stage) on the grass growth, dry matter (DM) yield, nutritive value, and weed development in reed canarygrass (Phalaris arundinacea L.) pasture. The cultivars of reed canarygrass used in this study were Palaton, Venture, Castor, and Frontier (control). The grass was harvested 3 times at hay stage, 4 times at soiling stage, and 6 times at grazing stage in 1992. The average plant height was 31-41cm at grazing, 47-59cm at soiling, and 76-86cm at hay stage. Similar DM yield was observed in Palaton(12,567 kglha), Venture(l2,435kg), and Frontier(12,762kg), and the yields of 3 cultivars were significantly higher than that of Castor(ll,025kg) (P<0.05). Total yields affected by harvest time were lO,O6 1, 1 1,832, and 14,699 kg/ha at grazing, soiling, and hay stage, respectively(P<0.05). The content of crude protein (CP) was not significantly different among cultivars. CP contents by harvest time were 21.6% at grazing, 19.3% at soiling, and 18.8% at hay stage, regardless of cultivm(P<0.05). The contents of neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and acid detergent fiber (ADF) were similar among cultivars and harvest time. However, slightly higher NDF and ADF contents were found in Frontier. The contents of Ca, P, K, and Mg were not affected by cultivars and harvest time. The appearance of weeds was high in Castor, and low in Frontier. The weeds at grazing stage(33.3-60.0%) were remarkably higher than those at soiling and hay astage (ca 10%). In conclusion, it is suggested that 3-4 times (soiling and hay stage) of harvest was recommended for grass production, nutritive value, and weed control in reed canarygrass pasture, regradless of cultivars of Palation, Venture and Frontier, except Castor.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.157-166
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• 1997

This study was carried out with aim to find out a tall fescue cultivar which is palatable and resistant to hot climate, and a white clover cultivar which is less competitive with other grasses. Pastures with 3 treatments (TI: Fawn, tall fescue + Regal, white clover + orchardgrass + perennial ryegrass, T2: Roa, tall fescue + Regal, white clover + orchardgrass + perennial ryegrass, T3 : Roa, tall fescue + Tahora, white clover + orchardgrass + perennial ryegrass) were established by oversowing. Under continuous grazing, dry matter yield, soil characteristics, botanical composition and nutrient contents of forages were investigated during the grazing seasons 60m 1994 to 1996. No significant difference were found in establishment percents, physical and chemical characteristics of soil, and nutrient contents of forages between 3 treatments(P>0.05). Dry matter yield of TI, T2 and T3 were 24,188, 23,827 and 23,578kg/ha, respectively. Fawn and Roa, tall fescue cultivars occupied 6.1 and 4.8% of the total plants in 1994, 14.4 and 11.5 % in 1995, and 28.4% and 17.7% in 1996, respectively. These results indicate that Fawn, tall fescue dominantly occupied with time more than Roa, tall fescue. There were no differences in percentage of Regal and Tahora, white clover cultivars(P > 0.05), showing 4.2 and 2.4% in 1994, 16.1 and 17.3% in 1995, and 2.4 and 1.0% in 1996, respectively. The percentage of orchardgrass on mixed pasture decreased after summer season of high temperature, but percentage of Roa, tall fescue slowly increased with time firom 1994 to 1996.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.24 no.9
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• pp.1227-1232
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• 2011

The objective of this study was to examine the effects of concentrates containing different levels of a vitamin-trace elements premix on milk yield and composition of dairy cows. The trial, which lasted 14 weeks, was conducted from January to March and used 45 multiparous Brown cows in the early phase of lactation. Cows (n = 15 per treatment) were randomly allocated to three dietary treatments: the first group (control, C-0) was fed pelleted concentrate containing background vitamins and trace elements that supplied 1.0 times cows' daily requirements; the second group were fed the same concentrate, but containing 2.5 g/kg of vitamin and trace mineral premix per kg of concentrate (C-2.5); the third group were fed the same concentrate, but containing 5 g/kg of vitamin and trace mineral premix per kg of concentrate (C-5). The daily ration included ad libitum chopped oat hay, and the cows also had 8 h/d grazing on a ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum) pasture. During the performance trial, cow milk yield was daily recorded and individual milk samples were analysed for milk composition and to determine milk renneting properties. Cows fed the intermediate premix level (C-2.5) in diet showed the highest fat-corrected milk production (p<0.05) compared to other groups. None of the milk quality parameters studied were influenced by dietary treatment, except for milk rheological parameters (rennet clotting time and curd firmness) that were positively improved in cows fed the C-2.5 diet (p<0.05). The findings from this study show that intermediate level of vitamin-trace elements premix in concentrate can be advantageously used in grazing dairy cows without negative effects on yield and quality of milk produced.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.13 no.9
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• pp.1228-1234
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• 2000

The reported study was conducted on range managed Malpura ewes that were non-breeding empty, were at an advanced stage of pregnancy, and were in early lactation, under a protocol of free grazing with concentrate supplementation at 1.00, 1.25 and 1.50% of their body weight to assess their plane of nutrition and nutrient intake. The biomass yield of pasture plots was 1689, 1820 and 2912 kg/ha in pregnancy, lactation and empty phases, respectively. In addition to natural shrubs and forbs, Cenchrus ciliaris (36.4%) and dead litter (31.6%) were the major component of pasture vegetation during pregnancy. The dead litter disappeared during the lactation and empty phase with a concomitant increase in distribution of Cenchrus ciliaris to 73.0 and 87.2% respectively. The daily dry matter consumption from supplemental concentrate and free grazing was 70.1, 57.3 and 63.5 g/kg $W^{0.75}/d$ with concentrate to roughage ratio of 40:60, 47:53 and 33:67 in pregnancy, lactation and empty phases respectively. Digestibility of DM and OM were similar in the three phases while CP digestibility was higher (p<0.0l) during lactation than other two phases. Digestibility of NDF, ADF and cellulose were higher (p<0.0l) in empty than pregnancy and lactation, while hemicellulose digestibility was similar in lactation and empty and lower in pregnancy phase. The ewes in ~hases of pregnancy, lactation and empty consumed 7.1, 7.7 and 6.1 g DCP and 197.2, 214.6 and 232.5 kcal DE/kg $W^{0.75}/d$ respectively. It is concluded that ewes maintained on semi-arid Cenchrus dominated pasture with concentrate supplementation during pregnancy, lactation and empty phases consumed 45.2, 45.1 and 35.2 g DCP/Mcal ME respectively.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.293-300
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• 2004

This study was carried out to investigate the ecological behaviour forage value and similarity among the plant communities of the grazing pasture near Witzenhausen in middle part of Germany. Sixteen plant communities of the different grazing pasture were mostly the Molinio-Arrhenatheretea and Festuco-Brometea, and those were named the class of plant sociological nomenclature. The ecological behaviour and forage value of the communities except mesobromion(half dry grassland community) were relatively good for forage production. The correlation coefficient between class No. 14 and 12 of plant communities was highest, and the similarity among the communities were greatly affected by botanical composition. The resemblance measure of the cluster-analysis by complete-linkage-method for the similarity among plant communities was better the euclidean distance than those of others. The clustering analysis showed that the communities of relatively similar botanical composition were closely grouped.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.21 no.9
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• pp.1252-1261
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• 2008

Twenty-four yearling Boer$\times$Spanish goats were used in a crossover design experiment to determine effects of tethering on forage selection, intake and digestibility, grazing behavior and energy expenditure (EE) with forage high in nutritive value and low to moderate in mass. Objectives were to determine if tethered goats could be used as a model for study of unrestrained animals and to characterize tethering as a production practice. Four 0.72-ha pastures of wheat (Triticum aestivum) and berseem clover (Trifolium alexandrium) were grazed in December and January. Each pasture hosted six animals, three with free movement and three attached to a 4.11-m tether for access to a circular area of $53.1m^2$. Tethering areas were moved each day. One animal of each treatment and pasture was used to determine forage selection, fecal output or grazing behavior and EE; therefore, there were eight observations per treatment. Mass of forage DM before grazing in Tethered areas averaged 1,280 and 1,130 kg/ha in periods 1 and 2, respectively. The CP concentration in ingesta was greater ((p<0.05) 239 and 209 g/kg; SE = 8.0) and the NDF level was lower (p<0.05) for Free vs. Tethered animals (503 and 538 g/kg; SE = 12.0); in vitro true DM digestion was similar between treatments (0.808 and 0.807 for Free and Tethered, respectively; SE = 0.0096). Intakes of DM (1,013 and 968 g/d; SE = 78.6), NDF (511 and 521 g/d; SE = 39.9) and ME (10.9 and 10.7 MJ/d; SE = 0.90) were similar between treatments, but CP intake was greater (p<0.05) for Free vs. Tethered animals (241 and 203 g/d; SE = 17.2). There were small treatment differences in in vivo apparent digestibility of OM ((p<0.05) 0.780 and 0.814; SE = 0.0049), CP ((p<0.05) 0.800 and 0.817; SE = 0.0067) and NDF ((p<0.09) 0.777 and 0.760 for Free and Tethered, respectively; SE = 0.0078). There were no treatment effects on time spent ruminating or grazing (346 and 347 min/d for Free and Tethered, respectively; SE = 42.5), but EE was considerably greater (p<0.05) for Free vs. Tethered animals (571 and 489 kJ/kg $BW^{0.75}$; SE = 8.9). In conclusion, with forage of high nutritive value and low to moderate in mass, tethering can offer a production advantage over free grazing of less energy used for activity despite similar grazing time. With forage removal considerably less than that available for grazing, effects of tethering on chemical composition of selected forage were small and less than needed to markedly affect digestion. Tethering may offer a means of studying some aspects of grazing by ruminants, but would not seem suitable for energy metabolism.