• Animal Bioscience
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• 제37권2호
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• pp.295-302
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• 2024

Objective: The aim of this study was to assess the effect of Thai native cattle grazing in the lowland or mountain forest on carcass characteristics, meat quality, sensory palatability, and chemical composition. Methods: Twelve male Thai native cattle with an average weight of 110±10 kg are allowed to be grazing in the lowland or Phu Phan mountain forest during the rainy season in northeastern Thailand. Results: The carcass characteristics, meat pH, and meat color were unaffected by treatment (p>0.05). The boiling loss was lower in the cattle grazing on the mountain forest (p = 0.027). The cattle grazing in the mountain forest had increased shear force (p = 0.039), tenderness (p = 0.011), and flavor intensity (p = 0.003). The protein and fat were higher (p<0.001 and p = 0.035, respectively) in cattle grazing in the mountain forest. The different grazing systems of the cattle had no effect (p>0.05) fatty acids in meat, except for capric acid (C10:0) and lauric acid (C12:0), which were higher (p = 0.046 and p = 0.049, respectively) when the cattle were grazing in the mountain forest. The different grazing systems did not influence (p>0.05) the unsaturated fatty acids in meat. Conclusion: Thai native cattle grazing in the Phu Phan mountain forest in the rainy season improves meat quality, sensory evaluation, and chemical composition.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제15권1호
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• pp.61-65
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• 2002

The experiment was conducted to find out the effect of four feeding systems namely; stall feeding, tethering, restricted grazing and grazing on carcass characteristics of Black Bengal goat. Twenty four does of approximately 1 year of age were randomly selected for four treatments of feeding systems having 6 replications in each. Stall fed goats were kept into house all time and adequate amount of natural grass were supplied for ad libitum feeding. Goats of tethering group were tethered for eating natural grass from 8 a.m. to 4 p.m. and were transferred after one hour interval for changing the grazing place. Goats of restricted grazing group were allowed for grazing from 8 a.m. to 1 p.m. Goats of grazing group were grazed for 8 a.m. to 4 p.m. Concentrate supplement was given at the rate of 150 g per day per goat for all of the treatment groups. Goats were slaughtered after the experiment of 219 days. Body length and height at wither were significantly higher in stall feeding group than others. Average dressing percentage were 42.18, 39.0, 36.79 and 34.0 for stall feeding, tethering, restricted grazing and grazing groups, respectively. Dressing percentage varied significantly (p<0.05) among feeding groups. Caul fat and empty gut weight differed significantly (p<0.05) in all of the feeding systems but others non-carcass parameters did not differ significantly. Percentage of dry matter and ether extract were also significantly (p<0.05) higher in stall fed groups. In conclusion, among four treatment groups, performance of stall fed goats were most satisfactory and then tethering showed better performance than any other groups.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제13권12호
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• pp.1779-1787
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• 2000

Southern and south-western Australia is a typical mediterranean environment, characterised by wet, cold winters and dry, hot summers. The evaporation rate varies significantly in summer, resulting in a high salinity of drinking water for grazing animals. In addition, a large amount of land in the cropping areas is affected by salt. Puccinellia, tall wheat grass and saltbushes have been planted to improve the soil condition and to supply feed for grazing animals. Animals grazing these areas often ingest an excessive amount of salt from soil, forage and drinking water which can reduce feed intake, increase the water requirement, depress growth and affect body composition as demonstrated in sheep. While the deer industry has been successfully developed in these regions, the potential impact of excessive salt intake on deer production is unknown. The salt tolerance has been well defined for sheep, cattle and other livestock species, but the variation between animal species, breeds within species, maturity status and grazing environments makes it impossible to apply these values directly to deer. To optimise deer production and effectively use natural resources, it is essential to understand the salt status of grazing deer and the impact of excessive salt intake on growth and reproduction of deer.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제15권10호
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• pp.1453-1457
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• 2002

The experiment was conducted to find out the effect of 4 feeding systems on growth, feed intake, eating behavior, lactation performance, gestation period, post-partum heat period, conception rate and parasitic infestation of Black Bengal goat. Twenty four does of approximately 1 year of age were randomly selected for 4 treatment (feeding systems) groups having 6 replications in each. Treatments were stall feeding ($T_1$), tethering ($T_2$), restricted grazing ($T_3$) and grazing ($T_4$). $T_1$ group was housed continuously and adequate amounts of natural grass were supplied for ad libitum feeding. $T_2$ group was tethered for grazing natural grass from 8 a.m. to 4 p.m. being moved at one hour intervals. Goats of $T_3$ group were allowed grazing from 8 a.m. to 1 p.m. $T_4$ group was grazed from 8 a. m. to 4 p.m. Concentrate supplement was given at the rate of 150 g per day per goat for all of the treatment groups. Duration of experiment was 219 days. Daily live weight gain was significantly (p<0.05) higher in case of stall fed goats than that of others. DM intake also significantly (p<0.05) differed among the treatment groups and was 3.40 3.95, 3.76 and 4.05 per cent of their live weight for stall feeding, tethering, restricted grazing and grazing groups, respectively. Rate of rumination was significantly (p<0.05) higher in case of tethering group of goats than that of others. Birth weight of kids, milk yield, lactation period and post-partum heat period were significantly higher in case of stall fed goats than others. Tethering group showed significantly (p<0.05) higher litter size than others. Infestation rate of Fasciola was significantly (p<0.05) higher in the grazing group. In conclusion, it may be stated that among these feeding groups overall performance of stall fed goats was more satisfactory, and that the tethering group showed better performance than the others.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제8권1호
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• pp.59-66
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• 1995

Energy obtained by grazing cattle in oil palm plantations is usually used for maintenance of body functions, the construction of body tissues and pregnancy, the synthesis of milk and the conversion to mechanical energy used for activities such as walking, eating and others. In this study, attempt was made to estimate metabolizable energy (ME) requirement of grazing cattle. Models of ME requirement (MER) for maintenance, gain, pregnancy, lactation and activities were developed. ME system and units were used because of wide recognition. Estimation of ME intake in grazing cattle was expressed as MEVI = $14.58{\times}VI{\times}DMD$, and under grazing condition MEVI = $MER_i$. MER was expressed as a function of net energy(NER, MJ) required for the i'th body function. Coefficient of efficiency for conversion of ME into net energy(ki) was adopted from literatures. Quantifying of ME requirement for Kedah-Kelantan cattle under grazing condition was made by using equation MERM = NEM / kn. The estimated values of MER for Kedah-Kelantan cattle is quite reasonable if compared with other estimates as reported in literatures from stall-fed animals. Dynamic MER models for grazing herd was developed in order to estimate ME requirement for maintenance and productions. These ME requirement models can be used for prediction of energy utilization pattern of the herd in the grazing systems.

• 한국음향학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국음향학회 2004년도 춘계학술발표대회 논문집 제23권 1호
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• pp.297-300
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• 2004

Perforated elements are extensively used in mufflers for the intake and exhaust systems of various fluid machines. Perforated elements are usually exposed to grazing flow or cross flow. For analyzing performances of mufflers, the impedance of perforated elements with mean flow is very important. The impedance of perforates under both conditions are measured with different experimental setups. Even if there is no flow, the preceding experimental method for grazing flow shows different values with both theoretical ones and measured under cross flow setup. Using high-order analysis considering phase differences, the experimental method for grazing flow can be modified. The acoustical impedance of perforated impedance contains interaction effects between orifices. After correcting these effects, the measured impedance with grazing flow setup show similar results with both theoretical impedance and measured ones under cross flow setup.

• 한국초지조사료학회지
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• 제4권3호
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• pp.180-186
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• 1984

Timothy-Orchardgrass우점(優点) 초지(草地)에서 한우(韓牛) 및 교잡우(交雜牛)를 방목축(放牧畜)으로 공시(供試)하여 1980년(年) 6월(月)부터 1982년(年) 10월(月)까지 3년간(年間) 방목(放牧) 방법간(方法間)에 증체량 건물생산량(乾物生産量), 방목습성등(放牧習性等)의 차이(差異)를 검토(檢討)코자 시험(試驗)을 실시(實施)하여 얻어진 결과(結果)는 아래와 같다. 1. ha당(當) 목초건물수량(牧草乾物收量)은 'Wye 대학(大學)' 방목(放牧)이 6936.7kg, 고정방목(固定放牧)이 6794.3kg 수정고정방목(修正固定放牧)이 6686.9kg 윤환방목(輪換放牧)이 6675.7kg 그리고 예취급여구(刈取給與區)가 5083.4kg으로 방목방법간(放牧方法間)에는 유의성(有意性)이 없었다. 2 목초이용율(牧草利用率)은 예취급여구(刈取給與區)가 89.3%로 가장 높았고 윤환방목(輪換放牧), Wye 대학방목(大學放牧), 수정고정방목(修正固定放牧) 그리고 고정방목순(固定放牧順)으로 각각 73.1%, 70.8%, 64.4% 및 46.1%로 처리간(處理間)에 높은 유의성(有意性)(P<0.01)이 나타났으며 3. 1일(日) 두당건물(頭當乾物) 채식량(採食量)은 Wye 대학방목(大學放牧)이 7.32kg 윤환방목(輪換放牧)이 6.45kg 고정방목(固定放牧)이 5.82kg 그리고 예취급여구(刈取給與區)가 5.61kg순(順)으로 Wye대학(大學) 방목(放牧)이 가장 많았고 예취급여구(刈取給與區)가 가장 적었다. 4. 일(日) 당증체량을 보면 Wye 대학(大學) 방목(放牧)이 0.60kg으로 가장 높았고 윤환방목(輪換放牧)이 0.55kg 수정고정방목(修正固定放牧)이 0.5kg 고정방목(固定放牧)이 0.43kg 그리고 예취급여구(刈取給與區) 0.42kg으로 처리간(處理間)에는 유의성(有意性)이 없었다. 5. ha당(當) 총증체량에 있어서 Wye 대학방목(大學放牧)이 33339.5kg으로 가장 많았고 윤환방목(輪換放牧), 수정고정방목(修正固定放牧), 예취급여구(刈取給與區) 그리고 고정방목순(固定放牧順)으로 각각 299.1kg, 253.3kg, 226.6kg 및 222.2kg으로 고정방목구(固定放牧區)가 가장 적었다. 6. 채식시기(採食時期)은 각(各) 방목방법간(放牧方法間)에 유의차(有意差)는 나타나지 않았지만 Wye 대학(大學) 방목구(放牧區)가 367.3 분(分)으로 가장 짧았고 고정방목구(固定放牧區)가 422.1분(分)으로 가장 길었다. 7. 계절별(季節別) 1일(日) 채식시간(採食時間)은 6월(月)이 304.9분(分) 7월(月)이 359.4분(分) 8월(月)에 437.9분(分)이 483.3분(分) 그리고 10월(月)이 395.8분(分)으로 계절간(季節間)에 유의차(有意差)(P<0.05)가 나타났으며 계절(季節)이 진행(進行)할수록 채식시간(採食時間)이 길어진 것으로 나타났다. 8. 품종별(品種別) 채식시간(採食時間)에는 차이(差異)가 없었으며 샤로레${\times}$한우(韓牛)가 457.0분(分)으로 가장 길었고 한우(韓牛)가 422.4분(分)으로 가장 짧았다.

• 한국초지조사료학회지
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• 제38권3호
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• pp.150-155
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• 2018

This study was conducted to determine grazing intensity of growing Korean native goats(Capra hircus coreanae) on mountainous pasture. It was carried out to obtain basic information for improvement of mountainous pasture management and establishing feeding system of Korean native goat. A total of 20 goats were grouped by feeding systems [A mountainous pasture grazing group (Concentrated feed of 1.5% body weight, treatment 1, T1, n=10) and a barn feeding group (TMR, treatment 2, T2), n=10] to conduct study from April to September. The average forage productivity of the mountain pasture was $500.9{\pm}61.41kg/ha$. The average dry matter intake in T1 was 0.64 and the calculated grazing intensity was 21 head/ha. In productivity, when the two treatments(T1, T2) were compared, the dry matter intake was about two to three times the difference. The average daily gain per day during the experiment was 63.3 in the mountain pasture and 120 g in barn feeding. When grazing, considering mountainous pasture productivity it is necessary to increase the productivity through proper feeding. The feed costs of black goats raised by grazing on the grassland in the same period showed an average 75% reduction compared to barn feeding. As a result of this study, it can be expected that a considerable reduction of feed costs can be expected in the breeding of Korean native black goat using the mountain pasture.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제5권3호
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• pp.495-503
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• 1992

The internal and external outputs of the agricultural sub-systems of mixed livestock-crop farms in Pabna Bangladesh were analysed, to clarify the multiple functions of cattle in farm systems. Production systems with grazing areas were relatively more productive than those with no grazing. There was a tremendous variation in farm income, largely because of land area. An increase of one ha in land area was estimated to boost farm income by about 50%. Number of cattle, cattle off-take percentage and milk off-take per average cow related positively to farm income. As land area decreased the relative importance of cattle production increased. Crops were dominant in producing food for home consumption. Cattle contributed only 5-6 per cent to home consumption. Cattle supplied a significant cash income: 45 per cent in the villages with grazing areas and 57 per cent in the other villages. In future, the cash output from cattle will decline and emphasis will shift to the role of cattle in supporting crop production. Any research or development strategy for livestock needs to focus first on the importance of the complex relation between livestock and crops.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제17권7호
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• pp.954-959
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• 2004

In a herd of 24 spring-born steers, plasma leptin and performance of selected purebred (n=5) and backcrossed Hereford (n=5) were compared in a year-round summer grazing and winter feedlot fattening. Bimonthly blood collection and body weight measurement were accomplished. The plasma samples were analyzed for leptin, insulin, total cholesterol, triglyceride, NEFA and glucose. The experimental design utilized one-way ANOVA with breed as the treatment. The purebred obtained higher plasma NEFA (p<0.001) compared to backcross, regardless of seasonal feeding systems (SFS). The backcross showed gradual increase and nonresponsiveness of plasma leptin to SFS. During summer grazing, attenuation of plasma leptin and sudden elevation when shifted to winter feedlot fattening were observed in purebred. Plasma leptin obtained linear relationship with body weight of purebred (r=0.53;p<0.001) and backcrossed Hereford (r=0.49; p<0.01). The purebred and backcrossed Hereford, when shifted to summer grazing, resulted to sustained and restricted daily gain, respectively. Therefore, cattle breeds of higher growth potential exhibit significant elevation of plasma leptin after 400 kg BW, when animal starts to deposit significant body fat.