• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.133-139
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• 1983

To compare animal production and grazing behavior, Wye college rotational, set stocking, modified set stocking and zero grazing system were set in Alpine area. Each system has one hectar and 4 head of Korean native cow. In order to investigate grazing behavior, eye observation was made every 2.5 minute for 15 hours of daylight from 5 a.m. to 20p.m. Results obtained were as follows. 1. The system of Wye college and rotational grazing have greater output of live weight per hectar than that of other gazing system applied. But practically rotational and modified set stocking were thought to be convenient grazing system for hill pasture and also modified set stocking was simple to operate, so that it seemed to be recommended as an alternative to rotational grazing system. 2. The daily live weight gain was the highest in May, the lowest in July and after then steadily increased. 3. Grazing hour during daylight varied from 331.1 min to 576.0 min by grazing system, but by season, herbage availability, weather condition. 4. Korea native cow tended to have three primary grazing time begining at one hour after sunrise, noon, and around 15p.m.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.4 no.3
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• pp.180-186
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• 1984

From June, 1980 to October, 1982, this study was carried out to find an optimal grazing system on the timothy and orchardgrass-dominated pasture. Five different systems consisted of set stocking, modified set stocking, rotational grazing, 'wye college' system and zero grazing have been applied. The results obtained were as follow: 1. Herbage DM yield per ha with 'wye college' system, set stocking, modified set stocking, rotational grazing and zero grazing were 6936.7 kg,6794.3 kg, 6686.9 kg 6675.7 kg and 5083.4 kg respectively. Among treatments were not different in DM yield. 2. In herbage utilization, zero grazing was the highest than other. Zero Grazing, Rotational grazing, 'Wye college' system, Modified set stocking and set stocking was 89.3%, 70.8%, 64.4% and 46.1% respectively. 3. Daily intake per head with 'wye college' system was the highest than others and zero grazing was the lowest than others. 4. Daily gain with 'wye college' system, rotational grazing, modified set stocking, set stocking and zero grazing were 0.60kg, 0.55kg, 0.50kg, 0.43kg and 0.42 respectively. Among treatment, there was no significance. 5. Total weight gain per ha with 'wye college' system, rotational grazing, modified set stocking, zero grazing and set stocking were 339.5kg, 299.1kg, 253.3kg, 226.6kg and 222.2kg respectively. 6. Grazing time among treatments was not significant. 'Wye college' system spent the shortest time, 367.3 minutes and set stocking consumed the longest time, 422.1 minutes. 7. Daily grazing time by seasonal change with June, July, August, September and October was 304.9 min., 359.4 min., 437.9 min., 483.3 min. and 395.8 min., respectively. According to passing the season, grazing time was lengthened. 8. Grazing time for Korean native cow, native cow charolais and native cow holstein were not significant. Native sow charolais consumed the longest time, 457.0 min., whereas Korean native cow consumed the shortest time, 422.4 min..

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• v.38 no.3
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• pp.187-190
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• 2000

To determine association of grassland with parasitic diseases of livestock in Bangladesh, the 'Tracer' animals (two cow calves and two goats) were released for a month in a grassland used for communal grazing of livestock near school premise in Kanthal, Trishal, Mymensingh, Bangladesh. After slaughtering of the tracer animals, their gastrointestinal tract examination revealed six species of nematode and one cestode. The nematode species were Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, Mecistocirrus digitatus, Oesophagostomum spp., Trichuris spp. and Bunostomum sp. The cestode was one of the genus Moniezia. With this preliminary study, grasslands are thought to be one of the main sources of gastrointestinal parasitic diseases of livestock in Bangladesh.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.26 no.7
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• pp.930-934
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• 2013

The growth performance of embryo-transferred Japanese Black calves that were born from, and suckled by, Japanese Shorthorn cows in a cow-calf grazing system (BS-group, n = 5) was compared to that of Japanese Black calves from Japanese Black cows in a cowshed (BB-group, n = 5). The daily weight gain from birth to 1 month was higher in the BS-group than in the BB-group (p<0.01), and the same trend (p<0.05) was observed at 2 and 3 months of age. This resulted in body weight that was significantly higher for the BS-group between 1 and 3 months of age than what was observed for the BB-group (p<0.05). Heart girth was significantly greater in the BS-group than in the BB-group throughout the experimental period (p<0.01), and chest depth and withers height in the BS-group were significantly greater from 2 to 4 months of age (p<0.05) and at 4 months of age only (p<0.05). No difference in body length (p>0.05) was observed between the groups. These results suggest that the maternal effect of Japanese Shorthorn cows was positive for embryo-transferred Japanese Black calf growth during the early suckling stage. As Japanese Black calves are traded at a high price on the Japanese market, we conclude that this proposed production system is likely to improve the profitability of herd management in upland Japan.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.67-73
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• 1995

This study showed that models of energy utilization(EU) developed for grazing cattle in oil palm plantations is valid as the simulated results shows an agreement with actual data of calves and cows body weight changes collected from Brahman x Kedah-Kelantan herd on Pengeli Timor Plantation. Simulation runs on EU models demonstrated that the growth pattern of male and female calves and the weight changes of cows are similar and showed slight variation from the actual data but with no significant difference (p > 0.05). Parameter values such as metabolizability (q), dry matter digestibility(DMD) of herbage and voluntary intake of grazing cattle (VIG) and faecal output/body weight ratio (F) of the animals which were collected from the field are essential in bearing the pattern of body weight changes of the calves and cows in relation to increase in time, physiological status and quality of herbage grazed by these animals in the production system. The EU models is suitable for determining the metabolizable energy requirements and to predict the production of grazing cattle according to quality of the feed on offer.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.19 no.9
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• pp.1271-1282
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• 2006

The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of either maize or sulla silage supplementation to grazing dairy cows in summer. Forage mixtures used in the four week trial were based on previous experimental results but inclusion of rumen fistulated cows in five treatments enabled rumen sampling and use of in sacco incubations to determine the diet effects on digestion kinetics. Sulla and maize silages were used to supplement pasture and to meet minimum requirements for dietary protein concentration. Five groups of ten cows were grazed on a restricted daily allowance of 18 kg dry matter (DM) pasture/cow to simulate a summer pasture deficit, and four of these five groups received an additional 6 kg DM $cow^{-1}d^{-1}$ of silage (sulla, maize, or sulla and maize silages). A sixth group was given a relatively unrestricted (38 kg DM $cow^{-1}d^{-1}$) pasture allowance. The silage mixtures and pasture were incubated in sacco during the final week of the trial. The pasture was of high nutritive value and not typical of usual summer conditions, which favoured a response to quantity rather than quality of silage supplements. There was no difference in cow performance with the four silage supplements and the low milk solids (MS) production (about 1.0 kg $MS\;d^{-1}$) relative to full pasture (1.3 kg $MS\;d^{-1}$) showed the principal limitation to performance was dry matter intake. Milk composition was not affected by silage type and the low level of pasture substitution (0.29) suggested metabolizable energy (ME) was the principal limitation to performance. Samples of rumen liquor and in sacco data demonstrated significant effects of supplement; DM degradation rates (k) was highest ($0.084h^{-1}$) when cows were fed 6 kg sulla silage whereas diets with a high proportion of maize silage were slowly degraded (p<0.01).

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.110-119
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• 1994

Measurements of hehage intake and milk yield were made on high yielding dairy cows, which were strip-grazed on Loliurn perenne sward at three levels of herbage allowance in three experimental periods. The contents of nitrogen, chrome and ash in the faeces slightly decreased with the progress of growth period of experimental sward, and the decrease of herbage allowance. There were small difference in herbage digestibility among periods or the levels of herbage allowance with falling from 82.7% to 79.1% from period 1 to period 3 and from 81.6% to79.9% from high to low level of herbage allowance. Daily herbage intake was 15.8 and 15.9 kg OMIcow at the high and medium levels of hecbage aljowance, but reduced significantly to 14.6 kg OM/cow at the low level. Herbage intakes in three periods were shown a slight decrease. Daily milk yield in terms of 4% FCM significantly decreased from 23.6 to 20.6 kg/cow from period 1 to period 3. Milk yield at the high and medium levels of herbage allowance were 23.5 and 22.2 kg/cow at the low level of herbage allowance. The highly significant (P<0.01) correlations between the level of herbage allowance and herbage intake (r=0.88), or milk yield (r=0.81) were obtained.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.20 no.5
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• pp.789-794
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• 2007

A PCR-aided monitoring of verotoxin-producing Escherichia coli (VTEC) was performed over the period of 12 months by using fresh feces collected monthly from 5 dairy cows that had been identified as VTEC carriers. The PCR products were confirmed to be verotoxin genes by Southern hybridization using a gene fragment of verotoxin 2 as a probe. Although seasonal variation of VTEC shedding seemed to depend on each cow, several factors may have influenced the frequency of detection. Shedding of VTEC tended to be reduced during grazing from the middle of May up to the beginning of October. Only one cow was positive for VTEC in August. Dry-off was also suggested to have a depressive effect on VTEC shedding, i.e. 3 of 4 dry cows showed no shedding of VTEC. Contrary to these factors, winter or indoor rearing tended to increase VTEC with only 5/24 samples being negative during the period from November to April. Total VFA concentration was higher (p<0.05) in VTEC-positive feces than in VTEC-negative feces, while fecal pH and VFA proportions were not different. Partial sequences of verotoxin genes from feces of 4 VTEC-positive cows were nearly identical (99-100%), suggesting that gut bacteria sharing the same gene were distributed among the cows. The present results indicate that grazing and dry-off could be factors which reduce VTEC shedding, while winter/indoor rearing may be a factor which increases the shedding, possibly through on-farm interactions.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.24 no.9
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• pp.1227-1232
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• 2011

The objective of this study was to examine the effects of concentrates containing different levels of a vitamin-trace elements premix on milk yield and composition of dairy cows. The trial, which lasted 14 weeks, was conducted from January to March and used 45 multiparous Brown cows in the early phase of lactation. Cows (n = 15 per treatment) were randomly allocated to three dietary treatments: the first group (control, C-0) was fed pelleted concentrate containing background vitamins and trace elements that supplied 1.0 times cows' daily requirements; the second group were fed the same concentrate, but containing 2.5 g/kg of vitamin and trace mineral premix per kg of concentrate (C-2.5); the third group were fed the same concentrate, but containing 5 g/kg of vitamin and trace mineral premix per kg of concentrate (C-5). The daily ration included ad libitum chopped oat hay, and the cows also had 8 h/d grazing on a ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum) pasture. During the performance trial, cow milk yield was daily recorded and individual milk samples were analysed for milk composition and to determine milk renneting properties. Cows fed the intermediate premix level (C-2.5) in diet showed the highest fat-corrected milk production (p<0.05) compared to other groups. None of the milk quality parameters studied were influenced by dietary treatment, except for milk rheological parameters (rennet clotting time and curd firmness) that were positively improved in cows fed the C-2.5 diet (p<0.05). The findings from this study show that intermediate level of vitamin-trace elements premix in concentrate can be advantageously used in grazing dairy cows without negative effects on yield and quality of milk produced.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.422-430
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• 2014

Pasture-based automatic milking systems (AMS) require cow traffic to enable cows to be milked. The interval between milkings can be manipulated by strategically allocating pasture. The current experiment investigated the effect of replacing an allocation of grazed pasture with grazed soybean (Glycine max) with the hypothesis that incorporating soybean would increase voluntary cow traffic and milk production. One hundred and eighty mixed age, primiparous and multiparous Holstein-Friesian/Illawarra cows were randomly assigned to two treatment groups (n = 90/group) with a $2{\times}2$ Latin square design. Each group was either offered treatments of kikuyu grass (Pennisetum clandestinum Hoach ex Chiov.) pasture (pasture) or soybean from 0900 h to 1500 h during the experimental period which consisted of 2 periods of 3 days following 5 days of training and adaptation in each period with groups crossing over treatments after the first period. The number of cows trafficking to each treatment was similar together with milk yield (mean ${\approx}18$ L/cow/d) in this experiment. For the cows that arrived at soybean or pasture there were significant differences in their behaviour and consequently the number of cows exiting each treatment paddock. There was greater cow traffic (more cows and sooner) exiting pasture allocations. Cows that arrived at soybean stayed on the allocation for 25% more time and ate more forage (8.5 kg/cow/d/allocation) relative to pasture (4.7 kg/cow/d/allocation). Pasture cows predominantly replaced eating time with rumination. These findings suggest that replacing pasture with alternative grazeable forages provides no additional incentive to increase voluntary cow traffic to an allocation of feed in AMS. This work highlights the opportunity to increase forage intakes in AMS through the incorporation of alternative forages.