• 한국의학물리학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국의학물리학회 2003년도 제27회 추계학술대회
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• pp.46-46
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• 2003

Several MRI studies have reported reductions in temporal lobe volumes in Alzheimer´s disease (AD). Measures have been usually obtained with regions of interest (ROI) drawn manually on selected medial and lateral portions of the temporal lobes, with variable choices of anatomical borders across different studies. We used the automated voxel based morphometry (VBM) approach to investigate gray matter abnormalities over the entire extension of the temporal lobe in 11 AD patients (MMSE 14 - 25) and 11 healthy controls. Foci of significantly reduced gray matter volume in AD patients were detected in both medial and lateral temporal regions, most significantly in the right and left posterior parahippocampal gyri. At a more flexible statistical threshold (P<0.001, uncorrected for multiple comparisons), circumscribed foci of significant gray matter reduction were also detected in the right amygdala/enthorinal cortex, the anterior and posterior borders of the superior temporal gyrus bilaterally, and the anterior portion of the left middle temporal gyrus. These VBM results confirm previous findings of temporal lobe atrophic changes in AD, and suggest that these abnormalities may be confined to specific sites within that lobe, rather than showing a widespread distribution.

• 한국콘텐츠학회논문지
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• 제5권3호
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• pp.45-51
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• 2005

본 논문은 뇌의 축상면에 대하여 촬영된 양성자 밀도영상과 T2 강조 영상을 대상으로 이루어진다. 이러한 영상 중 뇌 위축을 보이지 않는 정상인과 뇌 위축을 보이는 비정상인의 대뇌 영상으로부터 백질, 회백질, 뇌척수액을 분리하고, 분리된 조직의 체적을 자동으로 계산할 수 있는 알고리즘을 개발하였다. 이렇게 개발된 알고리즘을 바탕으로 계산된 각 조직의 체적 값과 디지털화된 영상의 헤더 분석을 통해 얻어진 각종 정보를 바탕으로 환자의 성별, 연령별로 결과 값을 세분화하여 데이터베이스로 구성하게 되며 수집된 각종 데이터를 분석 및 통계 처리하여 정상인과 비정상인을 판단 할 수 있는 조기진단 알고리즘을 최종적으로 완성하게 된다. 이 결과는 알츠하이머 환자를 쉽게 구별 할 수 가 있으며, 알츠하이머등 뇌질환의 조기 진단에 대한 정확한 보조진단 기반을 마련하는데 목적이 있다.

• 생물정신의학
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• 제18권4호
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• pp.232-238
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• 2011

Objectives Optimized voxel based morphometry (VBM) has been increasingly applied to investigate differences in the brain morphology between a group of patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and control subjects. Optimized VBM permits comparison of gray matter (GM) volume at voxel-level from the entire brain. The purpose of this study was to assess the regional GM volume change measured by optimized VBM in MCI subjects compared to controls. Methods Twenty patients with MCI and 20 control subjects with normal cognition were recruited for this study. We applied the optimized VBM protocol to the image data including study-specific template and the modulation of the data with the Jacobian determinants. GM volume differences between the MCI subjects and the control subjects and their correlations with the neuropsychological performances were investigated. Results Optimized VBM analysis revealed GM volume reduction in hippocampus, precentral gyrus, insula and parietal operculum in the MCI group compared to the control group (family wise error corrected p < 0.05). Korean version of the Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimer's disease (CERAD-K) word list recall scores were significantly correlated with the GM volumes of hippocampus, precuneus and posterior cingulate in the MCI group (FWE corrected p < 0.05). Conclusions The results confirm previous findings of atrophic changes in medial temporal lobe and parietal lobe in the MCI group and suggest that these abnormalities may be related with cognitive decline and prognosis in patients with MCI.

• Investigative Magnetic Resonance Imaging
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• 제19권1호
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• pp.1-9
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• 2015

Purpose: Several morphometric studies have been performed to investigate brain abnormalities in congenitally deaf people. But no report exists concerning structural brain abnormalities in congenitally deaf adolescents. We evaluated the regional volume changes in gray matter (GM) using voxel-based morphometry (VBM) in congenitally deaf adolescents. Materials and Methods: A VBM8 methodology was applied to the T1-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans of eight congenitally deaf adolescents (mean age, 15.6 years) and nine adolescents with normal hearing. All MRI scans were normalized to a template and then segmented, modulated, and smoothed. Smoothed GM data were tested statistically using analysis of covariance (controlled for age, gender, and intracranial cavity volume). Results: The mean values of age, gender, total volumes of GM, and total intracranial volume did not differ between the two groups. In the auditory centers, the left anterior Heschl's gyrus and both inferior colliculi showed decreased regional GM volume in the congenitally deaf adolescents. The GM volumes of the lingual gyri, nuclei accumbens, and left posterior thalamic reticular nucleus in the midbrain were also decreased. Conclusions: The results of the present study suggest that early deprivation of auditory stimulation in congenitally deaf adolescents might have caused significant underdevelopment of the auditory cortex (left Heschl's gyrus), subcortical auditory structures (inferior colliculi), auditory gain controllers (nucleus accumbens and thalamic reticular nucleus), and multisensory integration areas (inferior colliculi and lingual gyri). These defects might be related to the absence of general auditory perception, the auditory gating system of thalamocortical transmission, and failure in the maturation of the auditory-to-limbic connection and the auditorysomatosensory-visual interconnection.

• 한국의학물리학회지:의학물리
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• 제14권3호
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• pp.203-210
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• 2003

양전자방출단층촬영장치는 인체나 실험 동물 생체 내에서 일어나는 생화학적, 생리학적 과정을 정량 분석할 수 있는 장점으로 인해 핵의학에서 중요한 역할을 하고 있다. 그러나 지속적인 핵의학기기의 발전에도 불구하고 PET은 여전히 분해능이 낮다는 단점이 있으며, 이로인해 부분용적효과가 발생한다. 본 연구에서는 호프만 팬텀 PET영상을 대상으로 MR 영상을 이용해 부분용적효과를 보정한 뒤 복원된 픽셀값이 백질과 회백질간의 글루코즈 흡수비율인 1:3에 근접하는 정도를 알아보고 실제 정상인 환자의 PET 영상을 같은 방법으로 보정하여 임상적용의 가능성을 알아보았다. 먼저 호프만 팬텀의 MR 영상과 PET영상을 registration한 뒤, MR영상을 이용해 백질과 회백질 부위를 추출하여 binary image를 만들었다. 각각의 binary image를 4, 8, 12, 16 mm의 다양한 FWHM 해상도 값으로 convolution과정을 거친 뒤 회백질 부위와 백질 부위를 다시 결합하여 MR 영상과 registration된 PET영상에서 나누고, 이를 다시 뇌 전체 영역을 나타내는 binary image와 곱하여 해부학적으로 정확한 뇌 영역을 갖도록 하였다. 분석방법으로는 MR 영상에서 회백질과 백질 부위에 관심영역을 얻은 뒤, 이를 보정 이전의 영상과 4, 8, 12, 16 mm의 FWHM으로 각각 보정된 영상들에 적용하여 관심 영역내 평균 픽셀 값을 얻고 이를 이용하여 회백질과 백질 간의 평균 픽셀 값 비율을 구하였다. 또한 같은 방법으로 정상인의 PET영상을 보정하였다. 호프만 팬텀의 실험결과, 회백질과 백질 간의 보정 후 비율이 보정 이전의 비율에 비해 증가하였으며, 각각의 FWHM 조건에서도 비율 차이를 나타내었다. 정상인의 경우 역시 보정 이전에 비해 보정 이후 백질과 회백질간의 비율이 증가하는 경향을 나타내었으나, 각각의 FWHM 경우 나타난 회백질과 백질 간의 비율의 증가는 호프만 팬텀실험에 비해 약간 더 낮게 나타났다. 실험을 통해 보정 이후 호프만 팬텀의 경우 실제 백질과 회백질간의 비율인 1:3의 비율에 근접하였으며, 임상적용의 경우 보정 이 후 그 비율이 호프만 팬텀의 실험결과에 미치지는 못하지만 적절한 보정효과를 나타냈다. 또한 각각의 FWHM 값으로 보정된 결과에서 나타난 비율의 증가폭 결과를 통해 4 mm에서 16 m의 FWHM 적용에 따른 부분용적효과의 보정 정도를 알 수 있었으며, 실제 임상적용의 가능성을 제시하였다.

• 대한의용생체공학회:의공학회지
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• 제26권2호
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• pp.73-86
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• 2005

We need to flatten the brain cortex to smooth surface, sphere, or 2D plane in order to view the buried sulci. The rendered 3D surface of the segmented white matter and gray matter does not have the topology of a sphere due to the partial volume effect and segmentation error. A surface without correct topology may lead to incorrect interpretation of local structural relationships and prevent cortical unfolding. Although some algorithms try to correct topology, they require heavy computation and fail to follow the deep and narrow sulci. This paper proposes a method that corrects topology of the rendered surface fast, accurately, and automatically. The proposed method removes fractions beside the main surface, fills cavities in the inside of the main surface, and removes handles in the surface. The proposed method to remove handles has three-step approach. Step 1 performs smoothing operation on the rendered surface. In Step 2, vertices of sphere are gradually deformed to the smoothed surfaces and finally to the boundary of the segmented white matter and gray matter. The Step 2 uses multi-resolutional approach to prevent the deep sulci from geometrical intersection. In Step 3, 3D binary image is constructed from the deformed sphere of Step 2 and 3D surface is regenerated from the 3D binary image to remove intersection that may happen. The experimental results show that the topology is corrected while principle sulci and gyri are preserved and the computation amount is acceptable.

• Investigative Magnetic Resonance Imaging
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• 제14권2호
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• pp.103-114
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• 2010

목적 : 자기공명영상을 이용한 치매연구에서 삼차원 T1강조 뇌 구조 영상으로 뇌기능을 분석할 경우 복셀 기반 형태분석 방법이 이용 된다. 그러나 일반적으로 The Montreal Neurological Institute (MNI) 152 라는 젊은 서양성인 뇌로 만들어진 표준판에 정규화되고 이는 분석오차가 생길 수 있어 한국 노인 및 치매환자의 뇌를 분석할 경우 부정확한 결과를 초래한다. 따라서, 본 연구의 목적은 뇌 분석을 최적화 하기 위해 한국 노인 및 치매 환자의 뇌 구조 영상의 표준판을 개발하는데 있다. 대상 및 방법 : 검사장비는 3테슬러를 이용하였으며 8채널 SENSE (sensitivity encoding) 머리코일을 이용하였다. 펄스열은 삼차원 T1 강조 터보 경사자장 타입으로 뇌의 해부학 영상을 획득하였다. 신경심리 검사 점수결과에 따라 정상 노인 43명, 경도인지장애 환자 44명, 알츠하이머성 치매 환자 36명 의 세 그룹으로 나누었다. 일반 선형 모델 방정식을 사용하여 나이와 성별 및 질환간의 차이에 의한 인자를 고려 하였으며, 평가된 인자는 쌍일치 접근 방법으로 한국 노인과 치매 환자의 뇌 표준판을 만들었다. 두 표준판의 Talairach 기준 점에 따른 평균거리와 뇌실의 거리를 계산하였다. 또한 뇌 전체 영역에서 회백질과 백질을 확률이 50% 이상인 복셀 개수를 세어 회백질과 백질의 영역을 계산하였다. 결과 : 최종 뇌 표준판은 MNI152뇌 표준판과 비교했을 경우 공간 분해능이 높았고, 평균거리와 뇌실의 크기에서 차이가 있었다. 회백질 및 백질의 영역은 본 연구에서 개발한 뇌 표준판의 회백질과 백질 모두에서 더 적었고, 백질보다 회백질에서 더 많은 차이가 있었다. 결론 : 본 연구에서 개발한 한국 뇌 표준판은 앞으로 한국 노인과 치매환자의 질환을 분석하는 연구에 유용할 것으로 생각된다.

• 생물정신의학
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• 제16권3호
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• pp.190-197
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• 2009

Objectives : The purpose of this study was to examine structural abnormalities of brain in patients with pathological gambling(PG) using voxel-based morphometry. Methods : We compared gray matter(GM) volumes between 10 patients with PG and 14 age- and IQ-matched healthy controls and examined the relationship of GM volumes with clinical variables in patients with PG. Results : We found significant increase of GM volume in the superior, middle, and inferior frontal gyri, the midbrain, the middle temporal gyrus, the precuneus, and the fusiform gyrus of patients with PG. A significant decrease of GM volume was observed in the parahippocampal gyrus and the lingual gyrus of the patient group. In addition, GM volumes in some of these regions were positively associated with South Oaks Gambling Screen score and negatively with age of onset in patients with PG. Conclusion : Current findings indicate that structural abnormalities in the fronto-temporal cortex, the midbrain, and the precuneus might be involved in the pathophysiology of PG, and contribute to some of the behavioral changes observed in patients with PG.

• Investigative Magnetic Resonance Imaging
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• 제24권2호
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• pp.76-84
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• 2020

Background: Determination of inter-method differences between clinically available volumetry methods are essential for the clinical application of brain volumetry in a wider context. Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine the inter-method reliability and differences between the Siemens morphometry (SM) software and the NeuroQuant (NQ) software. Materials and Methods: MR images of 86 subjects with subjective or objective cognitive impairment were included in this retrospective study. For this study, 3D T1 volume images were obtained in all subjects using a 3T MR scanner (Skyra 3T, Siemens). Volumetric analysis of the 3D T1 volume images was performed using SM and NQ. To analyze the inter-method difference, correlation, and reliability, we used the paired t-test, Bland-Altman plot, Pearson's correlation coefficient, intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), and effect size (ES) using the MedCalc and SPSS software. Results: SM and NQ showed excellent reliability for cortical gray matter, cerebral white matter, and cerebrospinal fluid; and good reliability for intracranial volume, whole brain volume, both thalami, and both hippocampi. In contrast, poor reliability was observed for both basal ganglia including the caudate nucleus, putamen, and pallidum. Paired comparison revealed that while the mean volume of the right hippocampus was not different between the two software, the mean difference in the left hippocampus volume between the two methods was 0.17 ml (P < 0.001). The other brain regions showed significant differences in terms of measured volumes between the two software. Conclusion: SM and NQ provided good-to-excellent reliability in evaluating most brain structures, except for the basal ganglia in patients with cognitive impairment. Researchers and clinicians should be aware of the potential differences in the measured volumes when using these two different software interchangeably.

• 대한방사선기술학회지:방사선기술과학
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• 제43권6호
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• pp.453-460
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• 2020

The price of the Brain phantom (Hoffman 3D brain phantom) used in nuclear medicine is quite expensive, it is difficult to be purchased by a medical institution or an educational institution. Therefore, the purpose of present research is to produce a low-price 3D brain phantom and evaluate its usefulness by using a 3D printer capable of producing 3D structures. The New 3D brain phantom consisted of 36 slices 0.7 mm thick and 58 slices 1.5 mm thick. A 0.7 mm thick slice was placed between 1. 5 mm thick slices to produce a composite slice. ROI was set at the gray matter and white matter scanned with CT to measure and compare the HU, in order to verify the similarity between PLA which was used as the material for the New 3D brain phantom and acrylic which was used as the material for Hoffman 3D brain phantom. As a result of measuring the volume of each Phantom, the error rate was 3.2% and there was no difference in the signal intensity in five areas. However, there was a significant difference in the average values of HU which was measured at the gray and white matter to verify the similarity between PLA and acrylic. By reproducing the previous Hoffman 3D brain phantom with a 100 times less cost, I hope this research could contribute to be used as the fundamental data in the areas of 3D printer, nuclear medicine and molecular imaging and to increasing the distribution rate of 3D brain phantom.