• 한국지구물리탐사학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2003.11a
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• pp.590-597
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• 2003

Processing and smelting of copper containing sulphide concentrates result in the accumulation of impurities into various process streams. All primary copper smelters and refineries around the world produce significant amounts of slag, dust, sludge, residues and others, which contain copper and precious metals. The recovery of these valuable metals is essential to the overall economics of the smelting process. Physical, chemical and mineralogical characterization of particular slag and Cottrell dusts from primary smelters and $Dor\'{e}$ furnace (TBRC) slag and Pressure Leached Anode slimes from a copper refinery have been carried out to understand the basic behind the recovery processes. Various process options have been evaluated and adapted for the treatment of slag from different smelting furnaces and Cottrell dusts as well as the intermediate products from copper refineries. Besides the hydro- or pyro-metallurgical treatments, the above mentioned physical separation options such as magnetic, gravity separation, flotation and precipitation flotation processes have been successfully identified and adapted as the possible process options to produce a Cu-rich or precious metal-rich concentrates for in-house recycling and other valued by-product for further treatment. The results of laboratory, pilot plant and production operations are presented, and incorporation of several alternative flowsheet is discussed in this paper.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Resources Recycling Conference
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• 2003.10a
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• pp.22-34
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• 2003

Processing and smelting of copper containing sulphide concentrates result in the accumulation of impurities into various process streams. All primary copper smelters and refineries around the world produce significant amounts of slag, dust, sludge, residues and others, which contain copper and precious metals. The recovery of these valuable metals is essential to the overall economics of the smelting process. Physical, chemical and mineralogical characterization of particular slag and Cottrell dusts from primary smelters and Dore furnace (TBRC) slag and Pressure Leached Anode slimes from a copper refinery have been carried out to understand the basic behind the recovery processes. Various process options have been evaluated and adapted for the treatment of slag from different smelting furnaces and Cottrell dusts as well as the intermediate products from copper refineries. Besides the hydro- or pyre-metallurgical treatments, the above mentioned physical separation options such as magnetic, gravity separation, flotation and precipitation flotation processes have been successfully identified and adapted as the possible process options to produce a Cu-rich or precious metal-rich concentrates for in-house recycling and other valued by-product for further treatment. The results of laboratory, pilot plant and production operations are presented, and incorporation of several alternative flowsheet is discussed in this paper.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.91-102
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• 1989

The gravity measurement has been conducted at 61 stations with an interval of about 500 to 1,000 m along two survey lines of about 47 Km between $Chungju-Jech{\check{o}}n$ and $Salmi-D{\check{o}}cksanmy{\check{o}}n$ in order to study on the subsurface geologic structure and structural relation between $Okch{\check{o}}n$ Group and Great Limestone Group of $Chos{\check{o}}n$ Supergroup. The Bouger gravity anomalies were obtained from the reduction of the field observations, and the distribution patterns of the basement and subsurface geologic structure were interpreted by means of the Fourier-Series and Talwani method for two-dimensional body. The depth of Conrad discontinuity varies from 12.7 Km to 15.7 Km, and vertical displacements along the Osanri and Bonghwajae faults are 1.0 Km and 1.5 Km, respectively between Chungju and $Jech{\check{o}}n$. The depth of Conrad discontinuity varies from 13.8 Km to 15.4 Km, and vertical displacement along the Bonghwajae fault is 0.5 Km between Salmi and $D{\check{o}}cksanmyon$. The basement is widely exposed at several places between Chungju and $Jech{\check{o}}n$. In the unexposed area between Osanri and $W{\check{o}}lgulri$, its depth is from 1.5 Km to 2.1 Km. It is displaced downward along the Osanri and Bonghwajae faults by 0.8 Km and 0.6 Km, respectively, and is displaced upward along the Dangdusan fault by 1.6 Km. On the other hand, the depth of the basement varies abruptly by the Sindangri, Jungwon, Kounri, and Bonghwajae faults between Salmi and $D{\check{o}}cksanmy{\check{o}}n$, and it is from 2.8 Km to 3.2 Km around $Salmimy{\check{o}}n$, from 1.6 Km to 2.5 Km between the Sindangri and Bonghwajae faults, 3.0 Km near Koburangjae, and 2.5 Km at $Doj{\check{o}}nri$. The high Bouguer gravity anomalies are due to the accumulation of $Okch{\check{o}}n$ Group and $Jangs{\check{o}}nri$ Metamorphic Complex whose density is higher than the basement exposed between Sondong and Osanri, and imply the existance of Bonghwajae Metabasite or hornblende gabbro of high density distributed along the Bonghwajae fault in the vicinity of Koburangjae. The low Bouguer gravity anomalies resulted form the fracture zone associated with fault or rock of low density imply the existance of the Osanri, Bonghwajae, Dangdusan faults and $Daed{\check{o}}cksan$ thrust between Chungju and $Jech{\check{o}}n$, the uplift of the basement by the Sindangri, Jungwon, Kounri, and Bonghwajae faults, and extensive distribution of Cretaceous biotite granites between Salmi and $Docksanmy{\check{o}}n$. The thickness of $Okch{\check{o}}n$ metasediments varies from 1.5 Km to 3.2 Km, and that of Great Limestone Group of $Chos{\check{o}}n$ Supergroup from 200 m to 700 m. It is interpreted that $Okch{\check{o}}n$ Group is in contact with Great Limestone Group of $Chos{\check{o}}n$ Supergroup by the fault zones of the Bonghwajae and $Daed{\check{o}}cksan$ faults, and the Bongwhajae fault is a thrust of high angle, by which the east of the basement is displaced downward 0.5 Km between Chungju and lechon, and 1.0 Km between Salmi and $D{\check{o}}cksanmy{\check{o}}n$.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.28 no.5
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• pp.77-85
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• 2002

The objective of this study was to evaluate the performances of the ASBR under critical conditions of solid-liquid separation, caused by extremely high solids concentration, for wider application of the ASBR to various wastes. The ASBRs and completely-mixed daily-fed control runs were operated using a municipal mixed sludge at 35$^{\circ}C$ and 55$^{\circ}C$. Conversion of completely-mixed daily-fed reactor to sequencing batch mode and changes in HRT of all ASBRs were easily achieved without adverse effect, regardless of digestion temperature. Solids accumulation was remarkable in the ASBRs, and directly affected by settleable solids concentration of the feed sludge. Noticeable difference in solids-liquid separation was that flotation thickening occurred in the mesophilic ASBRs, while gravity thickening was a predominant solid-liquid separation process in the thermophilic ASBRS. Solids profiles at the end of thickening step dramatically changed at solid-liquid interface, and slight difference in solids concentrations was observed within thickened sludge bed. Organics removals based on subnatant or supernatant after thickening always exceeded 80% in all reactors. Thickened sludge volume and gas production of the ASBRs affected mutually. Gas production increased as thickened sludge accumulated, and continuous gas evolution during thickening could cause thickened sludge to expand or resuspend. Thickened sludge volume exceeding a predetermined withdrawal level resulted in loss of organic solids as well as biomass during withdrawal step, leading to decrease in gas production ind SRT. Such an adverse mutual effect was significant in gravity thickening, while it was not sensitive in flotation thickening. Changes in organic loading had no significant effect on organic removals and gas production after build-up of solids in the ASBRs.

• Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.260-268
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• 1995

Ischemia results when the decrease in tissue perfusion exceeds the tissues ability to increase an oxygen extraction from the blood. Brain edema has been defined as an abnormal accumulation of fluid within brain parenchyma associated with a volumetric enlargement of the brain tissue. In most instances, the labelling of edema as vasogenic or cytotoxic is only relative. For cerebral protection, there were many possible techniques which could increase or maintain cerebral perfusion and reduce cerebral metabolic demand for oxygen. This study was carried out the effect of mild brain hypothermia which was induced by infusion with cold saline into the carotid artery, during brief episodes of transient global ischemia on postischemic brain edema in rabbit. Eight rabbits were anesthetized with halothane and mechanically ventilated with oxygen. For isolated cerebral perfusion, polyethylene catheter was inserted left carotid artery for infusion of cold saline, external carotid artery was ligated, vertebral arteries were cautherized, right carotid artery was snared for ischemia and femoral artery and vein were also canulated for monitoring and drug treatment. At 3 hours After transient global ischemia, specific gravity of cerebral cortex and hippocampus was compared with no-perfusion group , perfusion with cold saline group and normal group. There was no significant differences in physiologic variables among the groups before transient global ischemia. But during transient global ischemia, brain temperature of perfusion group was decreased when compared to no perfusion group. Specific gravity of cerebral cortex and hippocampus of no-perfusion group and perfusion group was statistically significant when compared to normal group (p<0.01). The results of this study suggested that mild brain hypothermia with intracarotid cold saline infusion during brief episodes of transient global ischemia had decreased postischemic brain edema in rabbit.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.37 no.6
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• pp.775-783
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• 2008

This study was performed to research quality characteristics of yellow layer cakes added with diacylglycerol oil and their effectiveness in reducing trans fatty acids and inhibiting accumulation of fats in the body. The diacylglycerol oil used in this study contained 80% diacylglycerol. In treatments 0, 10, 20, 30 and 40% of the weight of margarine were substituted with diacylglycerol oil. pH and specific gravity of cake batter of treatments increased with more diacylglycerol oil compared to that of the control group. Viscosity of cake batters of treatments also became higher with increasing diacylglycerol oil than that of the control. pH of cakes rose up with increasing amounts of diacylglycerol oil. Volume of cakes became bigger by reducing loss due to water evaporation in a baking process, resulting in a moister texture because of increased moisturizing capacity in oil. In the case of color, the Hunter's colorimetric lightness (L) got higher as the added amount was increased, and redness (a), yellowness (b) and color different ($\Delta$E) got lower against control accordingly. In particular, 30% treatment showed higher levels in the areas of volumes and moisture contents while 20 and 30% treatments were superior in sensory characteristics. Therefore, a yellow layer cake made by substituting 30% of the weight of margarine with diacylglycerol oil was expected to be a low-calorie cake because the oil improves taste and quality of cakes, reduces trans-fatty acids and inhibits accumulation of fats.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.1 no.2
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• pp.125-136
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• 1992

Digestion of a municipal wastewater sludge by the anaerobic sequencing batch reactor (ASBR) was investigated to evaluate the performance of the ASBR process at a critical condition of high-solids-content fined. The reactors were operated at an HRT of 10 days with an equivalent loading rate of 0.8-1.5 gVS/L/d at 35$^{\circ}C$ The main conclusions drawn from this study were as follows: 1. Digestion of a municipal wastewater sludge was possible using the ASBR in spite of high concentration of settleable solids in the sludge. The ASBRS with 3- and 4-day cycle period showed almost identical high digestion performances. 2. No adverse effect on digestion stability was observed In the ASBRS in spite of withdrawal and replenishment of 30% or 40% of liquid contents. A conventional anaerobic digester could be easily converted to the ASBR without any stability problem. 3. Flotation thickening occurred in thicken step of the ASBRS throughout steady state, and floating bed volume at the end of thicken period occupied about 70% of the working volume of the reactor Efficiency of flotation thickening in the ASBRS could be comparable to that of additional gravity thickening of a completely mixed digester. 4. Solids were accumulated rapidly in the ASBR during start-up period. Solids concentrations in the ASBRS were 2.6 times higher than that in the completely mixed control reactor at steady state. Dehydrogenase activity had a strong correlation with the solids concentration. Dehydrogenase activity of the digested flu형e in the ASBR was 2.9 times higher than that of the flu형e in the control reactor, and about 25 times higher than that of the subnatant in the ASBR. 5. Remarkable increase in equivalent gas production of 52% was observed at the ASBRS compared with the control reactor in spite of similar quality of clarified effluent from the ASBRS and control reactor. The increase in gas production from the ASBRS was believed to be combined results of accumulation of microorganisms, higher driving force applied, and additional long-term degradation of organics continuously accumulated.

• Korean Institute of Interior Design Journal
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• no.11
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• pp.57-63
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• 1997

In the early 20'c, scientific thoughts make a change the absolute and separate concept of space-time into relative concept of continual entity; a kind of ideal world. It suggests that the meaning of geometry as absolute truth with which has endowed human beings would changed to a relative meaning of accumulation in intellectual work on 'nature'. This cognitive changes appeared into absolute arts in 20'c like Cubism, Superematism or Constructivism. De Stijl movement which had recepted the relative concepts like Einstein's 'theory of relativity' as a developed thought from Newton-Cartesian cognition on the world. Abstration would be adequate method for expressing the dynamics and interrelationship between forms and for giving values to indivisual elements in a compositiov. This method had appeared Modern architectural form, as a common framework. The expression characteristics of geometrical design in Deconstructive and Experimental architecture were summerized in four features through the results of the analysis. First, the relation of architectural element and intertextuality is expressed in discontinuation of context and refusal of functional building. Second, the concept of trace expresses as connection of place, decomposing of excavation of trace, trace of axis, trace of fragments. Third, anti-gravity expression is there to express of open cubic, to outgrow of rectangular system, to outgrow of volume, to separate of ground connectiov. Fourth, the complex composition of abstracted geometric form is these to abstracted geometry about indefinite shape, to layer through the overlap and collage, to de-meaning and amusement of form through the pursuit of uncertainty, to indeterminate of formal meaning through operation and composition of similar form cause to the diverse of meaning.

• Proceedings of the Korean Geotechical Society Conference
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• 2004.03b
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• pp.592-599
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• 2004

Talus topography is that weathered rock clasts were accumulated dropping in steep slope to action of gravity. Rock fall talus is formed by the accumulation of rock debris falling as individual particles from a cliff. If the collapse is produced in talus slope. it will be possible the loss of manpower and country. Despite correct access about talus is required, domestic research was scientific access about talus short because of short resolution of aerophoto and difficulties of research about huge talus. In this Study, Our research team analgize the wetness index using the geomorphogical data. Lineament through wetness index is simillar with distribution of the talus. And, the aim of the present study is to review and compare fabric data derived from rock fall talus about orientation, distribution and morphology. These deposits tend to have approximately equal amounts of clasts oriented parallel and perpendicular to the dip direction of the slope. And, platy- shaped clasts dominate the proximal and intermediate parts of the talus, wheres blocky-shaped clasts is more common in the distal part. we carry out Rock Fall Simulation. And, We install criteria of the rockfall protective barrier using talus and geomorphological characteristics.

• Environmental Sciences Bulletin of The Korean Environmental Sciences Society
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• v.1 no.2
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• pp.125-136
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• 1997

Digestion of a municipal wastewater sludge by the anaerobic sequencing batch reactor(ASBR) was investigated to evaluate the performance of the ASBR process at a critical condition of high-solids-content feed. The reactors were operated at an HRT of 10 days with an equivalent loading rate of 0.8-1.5 gVS/L/d at $35^{\circ}C.$ The main conclusions drawn from this study were as follows: 1. Digestion of a municipal wastewater sludge was possible using the ASBR in spite of high concentration of settleable solids in the sludge. The ASBRS with 3- and 4-day cycle period showed almost identical high digestion performances. 2. No adverse effect on digestion stability was observed in the ASBRS in spite of withdrawal and replenishment of $30\%\;or\;40\%$ of liquid contents. A conventional anaerobic digester could be easily converted to the ASBR without any stability problem. 3. Flotation thickening occurred in thicken step of the ASBRS throughout steady state, and floating bed volume at the end of thicken period occupied about $70\%$ of the working volume of the reactor. Efficiency of flotation thickening in the ASBRS could be comparable to that of additional gravity thickening of a completely mixed digester. 4. Solids were accumulated rapidly in the ASBR during start-up period. Solids concentrations in the ASBRS were 2.6 times higher than that in the completely mixed control reactor at steady state. Dehydrogenase activity had a strong correlation with the solids concentration. Dehydrogenase activity of the digested sludge in the ASBR was 2.9 times higher than that of the sludge in the control reactor, and about 25 times higher than that of the subnatant in the ASBR. 5. Remarkable increase in equivalent gas production of $52\%$ was observed at the ASBRS compared with the control reactor in spite of similar Quality of clarified effluent from the ASBRS and control reactor. The increase in gas production from the ASBRS was believed to be combined results of accumulation of microorganisms, higher driving force applied, and additional long-term degradation of organics continuously accumulated.