• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제16권2호
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• pp.248-256
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• 2003

Two experiments were conducted to determine the effects of expander processing and enzyme supplementation of wheat-based diets on growth performance and nutrient digestibility in finishing pigs. For Exp. 1, 60 finishing pigs (average initial BW of 49.5 kg) were fed meal, standard pellets and expanded pellets in a 70 d growth assay. From 49.5 to 79.0 kg, 79.0 to 111.8 kg, and overall (49.5 to 111.8 kg), ADG and ADFI were not affected by pelleting or standard vs expander conditioning (p>0.22). However, from 49.5 to 79.0 kg, pigs fed pellets have greater gain/feed than pigs fed mash (p<0.04), and pigs fed expanded pellets tended to have greater (p<0.10) gain/feed than pigs fed standard pellets. Overall (i.e. from 49.5 to 111.8 kg), gain/feed (p<0.02) and apparent fecal digestibilities of DM (p<0.001) and N (p<0.02) were improved by pelleting the diets. Also, expander processing further improved gain/feed (p<0.06) and digestibility of DM (p<0.04) compared to standard steam conditioning. Scores for keratinization (p<0.002) and ulceration (p<0.003) of the stomach were increased by pelleting, but the mean scores for the various treatments ranged only from 0.05 to 1.08 (i.e., low to mild keratosis and ulceration). For Exp. 2, 80 pigs (average initial BW of 54.1 kg) were fed mash and pellets (standard or expander) without and with xylanase. The enzyme was added to supply 4,000 units of xylanase activity/kg of diet. Adding xylanase to the mash diet improved gain/feed from 90.7 to 115.9 kg (p<0.04) of the growth assay and digestibility of DM (p<0.05) on d 39. However, in pelleted diets, adding the enzyme did not improve growth performance or digestibility of nutrients. Pelleting tended to increase scores for ulceration (p<0.06), and enzyme supplementation decreased stomach keratinization scores for pigs fed the standard pellets (p<0.01). However, as in Exp. 1, the mean scores for all treatment groups were quiet low (i.e., ranging from normal to mild). In conclusion, pelleting improved efficiency of growth, but additional benefits from expander conditioning were observed only in Exp. 1. Finally, xylanase tended to improve growth performance and nutrient digestibility, only in pigs fed mash diets but not in pigs fed pellets.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제21권4호
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• pp.547-554
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• 2008

In performance, digestibility and slaughter trials, a total of forty five male weaned lambs were used to examine the effects of monensin and live yeast supplementations on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, carcass characteristics and ruminal fermentation parameters when the lambs were fed steam-flaked corn-based diets. Animals were allotted to one of three treatment diets in a completely randomized design. The three treatment diets were: (1) basal diet (CON) with steam-flaked corn as a sole grain source, (2) basal diet supplemented with monensin (MO), and (3) basal diet supplemented with live yeast (LY). Total average daily intake (ADI) was unaffected by MO and LY supplementations. LY supplementation increased (p<0.05) average daily gain (ADG) by 13.1% compared with the CON diet. Both MO and LY supplementations resulted in a significant improvement (p<0.05) of feed efficiency over the CON diet (4.47, 4.68 vs. 5.05). Hemicellulose digestibility was higher (p<0.05) for lambs in the LY supplementation group (62.4%) as compared with the CON group (55.7%), but no differences were observed in digestibilities of dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and acid detergent fiber (ADF). All carcass traits were not influenced by dietary supplementations. Ruminal pH in lambs fed the LY supplemental diet was more stable than that with the CON diet (6.57 vs. 6.17). Neither MO nor LY supplementation influenced the concentration of ruminal ammonia-N and total volatile fatty acid (VFA), and molar percentages of individual VFA. Plasma urea-N concentration was decreased (p<0.05) by MO and LY supplementations, while plasma ${\beta}$-hydroxybutyrate (BHBA), glucose and other blood parameters were unaffected. In conclusion, while both MO and LY supplementations had a positive impact on feed efficiency and LY supplementation stabilized ruminal pH and improved fiber utilization, none of the supplements had the capacity to significantly enhance the carcass characteristics.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제22권9호
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• pp.1248-1255
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• 2009

This study was carried out to evaluate the fatty acid composition in Nellore cows supplemented with either linseed (n-3) or canola grains (n-6 and n-9). Fifteen Nellore cows, aged five years and bodyweight 550 kg${\pm}$48 kg, were randomly distributed to the following treatments: CON (control), LIN (linseed) and CAN (canola grains). The cows were fed for 80 days. The concentrations of C18:0, C18:2 n-6 and C20:3 n-6 fatty acid were higher (p<0.10) in CON blood plasma in comparison to follicular liquid. Likewise, PUFA, n-6 contents, PUFA:SFA and n-6:n-3 ratios were higher (p<0.10) in blood plasma. On the other hand, C18:1 n-9, C22:5 n-3, MUFA and n-3 contents were lower (p<0.10) in blood plasma. C18:0, C18:2 n-6, C18:3 n-3, C22:5 n-3, PUFA, n-6, n-3 contents and PUFA:SFA ratio were higher (p<0.10) in LIN blood plasma than in the follicular liquid. Nevertheless, C14:0, C16:0, C16:1 n-7, PUFA, C16:0, C18:1 n-9 and MUFA contents were lower (p<0.10) in LIN blood plasma. On treatment CAN, the C18:0 and SFA contents, and n-6:n-3 ratios were higher (p<0.10) in blood plasma. However, C20:3 n-6, C22:5 n-3, PUFA and n-3 contents were lower (p<0.10) in blood plasma. C16:0, C18:0, PUFA, SFA contents and PUFA:SFA ratio did not differ (p>0.10) among the treatments. C14:0, C16:1 n-7, C18:2 n-6 and n-6 contents were higher (p<0.10) for CON and CAN than LIN. C17:1 n-7, C20:4 n-6 and C 22:0 contents were higher (p<0.10) for CAN than CON and LIN. C18:1 n-9, C18:3 n-3, MUFA and n-3 contents were higher (p<0.10) for LIN and CAN than CON. C20:3 n-6 content and n-6:n-3 ratio were higher (p<0.10) for CON than LIN and CAN. C22:5 n-3 content were higher (p<0.10) for CON and LIN than CAN. The concentrations of fatty acids in blood plasma and follicular liquid were not correlated for any fatty acid, independent of the treatment studied. Canola grain added to the diet of Nellore cows resulted in increased concentrations of fatty acids n-6 and n-3 in follicular liquid.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제25권9호
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• pp.1237-1247
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• 2012

The objective of this study was to evaluate the predictions of dry matter intake (DMI) and average daily gain (ADG) of Vietnamese Yellow (Vang) purebred and crossbred (Vang with Red Sindhi or Brahman) bulls fed under Vietnamese conditions using two levels of solution (1 and 2) of the large ruminant nutrition system (LRNS) model. Animal information and feed chemical characterization were obtained from five studies. The initial mean body weight (BW) of the animals was 186, with standard deviation ${\pm}33.2$ kg. Animals were fed ad libitum commonly available feedstuffs, including cassava powder, corn grain, Napier grass, rice straw and bran, and minerals and vitamins, for 50 to 80 d. Adequacy of the predictions was assessed with the Model Evaluation System using the root of mean square error of prediction (RMSEP), accuracy (Cb), coefficient of determination ($r^2$), and mean bias (MB). When all treatment means were used, both levels of solution predicted DMI similarly with low precision ($r^2$ of 0.389 and 0.45 for level 1 and 2, respectively) and medium accuracy (Cb of 0.827 and 0.859, respectively). The LRNS clearly over-predicted the intake of one study. When this study was removed from the comparison, the precision and accuracy considerably increased for the level 1 solution. Metabolisable protein was limiting ADG for more than 68% of the treatment averages. Both levels differed regarding precision and accuracy. While level 1 solution had the least MB compared with level 2 (0.058 and 0.159 kg/d, respectively), the precision was greater for level 2 than level 1 (0.89 and 0.70, respectively). The accuracy (Cb) was similar between level 1 and level 2 (p = 0.8997; 0.977 and 0.871, respectively). The RMSEP indicated that both levels were on average under-or over-predicted by about 190 g/d, suggesting that even though the accuracy (Cb) was greater for level 1 compared to level 2, both levels are likely to wrongly predict ADG by the same amount. Our analyses indicated that the level 1 solution can predict DMI reasonably well for this type of animal, but it was not entirely clear if animals consumed at their voluntary intake and/or if the roughness of the diet decreased DMI. A deficit of ruminally-undegradable protein and/or a lack of microbial protein may have limited the performance of these animals. Based on these evaluations, the LRNS level 1 solution may be an alternative to predict animal performance when, under specific circumstances, the fractional degradation rates of the carbohydrate and protein fractions are not known.

• 한국패류학회지
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• 제32권3호
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• pp.149-155
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• 2016

피조개 양식장의 해수 수온, 염분, pH, DO, 영양염, COD의 조사결과 해역별 편차가 적게 나타났다. 그리고 엽록소 a 농도는 7-8월에 부영양화 기준인 $7{\mu}g/L$ 보다 높게 나타났지만 8월 이후 부영양화 기준보다 낮은 농도를 보였다. 따라서 피조개 양식장에서 서식환경에 의한 생존율의 급감은 여름철 고수온, 낮은 용존산소량과 먹이원인 클로로필의 감소로 인하여 발생되는 것으로 사료된다. 퇴적물의 강열감량 (IL) 과 산휘발성화합물 (AVS) 및 함수율 (WC) 은 유사한 양상을 보이며 큰 차이가 나타나지 않았으며 화학적산소요구량 (COD) 은 거제만의 조사 정점에서 월별 변화가 심하게 나타났다. 퇴적물의 평균입도 (Mz) 는 8.07-8.33 범위를 보였고 분급도는 1.66-2.13 범위로 피조개 양식에 적합한 지역으로 나타났다. 퇴적물의 C/N 비는 양식장에서 5-10 사이의 값을 나타내어 해양기원의 유기물에 의한 것으로 추정되며, C/S 비는 지역에서 2.8 이상으로 유기물이 분해되기 전에 유기물의 급속한 퇴적이 이루어졌을 환경으로 조사 되었다. 중금속에 대한 농집지수 (Igeo) 의 결과는 연구지역이 Igeo class가 0에서 4 사이로 분포되어 있어 오염되지 않았거나 약간오염된 수준으로 (practically unpolluted / moderately polluted) 나타났다.

• 한국초지조사료학회지
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• 제27권3호
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• pp.161-166
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• 2007

본 연구는 답리작에서 사일리지용 보리 우량 품종 선발을 하고자 호남지역 익산(호남농업연구소)에서 $1999{\sim}2001$년까지 3년간 생육단계별로 생육특성과 수량 등을 조사하였다. 50% 출수기는 품종간에 비슷하였으나 긴쌀보리만 5월 3일로 가장 늦었다. 건물률은 쌀보리와 겉보리가 각각 37.9%와 37.1%였다. 건물수량에 있어 쌀보리인 새쌀보리와 내한쌀보리에서 11,260와 11,160 kg/ha으로 많았고 긴쌀보리에서 7,530 kg/ha으로 적었다. 그리고 겉보리에서는 밀양 92호, 큰알보리 그리고 탑골보리에서 각각 12,730 kg/ha, 12,320 kg/ha 그리고 12,300 kg/ha으로 많았고 올보리에서 6,660 kg/ha으로 적었다. 쌀보리의 ADF, NDF 그리고 TDN 함량은 30.3%, 60.8% 그리고 65.1%였고 겉보리 품종의 ADF, NDF 그리고 TDN 함량은 각각 33.6%, 61.1% 그리고 62.4%였다. 본 시험에 공시된 사일리지용 보리의 품종중 종실수량이 가장 많은 품종은 탑골보리로 6,370 kg/ha였다. 본 시험의 결과에 의하면 가을 파종에 의한 사일리지용 총체보리의 우량 품종은 밀양 92호, 큰알보리 그리고 탑골보리가 적절한 것으로 판단된다.

• 한국작물학회지
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• 제52권1호
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• pp.1-11
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• 2007

일사 저하에 따른 벼의 형태적 변화와 광합성 특성 변화를 평가하기 위하여, 필리핀 소재 국제미작연구소(IRRI)에서 3품종을 이용하여 분얼기, 생식생장기, 등숙기에 약 40% 차광 처리하고 자연광 처리를 두어 비교한 결과는 다음과 같다. 1. 차광 조건에서 벼는 단위 엽면적 및 엽록소계(SPAD) 측정값 증가, 엽신으로의 건물중 분배비율 증가 등 일조 부족에 대한 적응 형태를 나타내었으나, 분얼이 지연되고 건물 생산량이 감소하는 특징을 보였다. 2. 차광 조건에서 생육한 벼는 자연광 조건에서 생육한 벼에 비하여 탄소동화속도가 늦었으나 조직 내 이산화탄소의 농도는 높게 유지되어, 차광 내 벼의 광합성이 낮았던 것은 광합성 기질인 이산화탄소의 제한이 아니고 photosystem의 전자전달 활성의 약화에 기인된 것으로 판단되었다. 3. 차광 조건에서 생육한 벼를 자연광에 1일간 노출시켜 순화한 후 측정한 최대 광합성과 photosynthetic photon flux density에 대한 광합성 반응은 자연광에서 생육한 벼의 광합성 반응과 차이를 보이지 않아, 차광 조건에서 생육한 벼는 자연광에서 생육한 벼 수준의 잠재 광합성 능력을 유지하고 있었으며, 차광에서의 광합성 저하는 단순하게 일사량 저하에 의한 현상이었다. 4. 분얼기간 동안 차광 조건에서 생육하고 유수형성기 이후 자연광에 노출되어 생육한 벼는 자연광 조건에서 생육한 벼에 비하여 유수형성기부터 출수기까지의 SPAD 값의 증가 정도가 적으며, 엽신 질소 함량의 감소 정도가 크고, $2,000\;{\mu}mol\;m^{-2}s^{-1}$ 이상으로 강한 광 조건에서는 광합성이 감소하는 경향을 보여, 일조 부족에 적응한 벼는 photoinhibition 정도가 큰 것으로 생각된다. 5. 벼 수량은 자연광 처리에 비하여 유수형성기$\sim$출수기 차광에서는 수당영화수와 포트당 영화수의 감소에 의하여, 출수기$\sim$성숙기 차광에서는 등숙비율의 저하에 의하여 감소하였다.

• 한국초지조사료학회지
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• 제34권4호
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• pp.234-239
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• 2014

본 시험은 사료용 총체 벼 직파 재배시 파종량이 수량 및 사료가치에 미치는 영향을 구명하기 위해 2007년부터 2008년까지 국립축산과학원에서 수행되었다. 총체 벼는 국립식량과학원에서 육종한 녹양벼를 이용하여 4개의 파종량을 두고(30, 60, 90 및 120 kg/ha) 수행하였다. 출현일, 출수기, 녹색도 및 내병성은 파종량에 따른 차이는 나타나지 않았다. 초장은 파종량이 늘어남에 따라 커졌으며(p<0.05) 분얼수는 줄어들었다. 건물함량은 유의적인 차이를 나타내지 않았으나 생초 및 건물수량은 파종량이 증가함에 따라 유의적으로 증가되었다(p<0.05). 조단백질 함량은 파종량이 늘어남에 따라 감소되었으며 ADF 함량은 파종량이 늘어남에 따라 높아졌고 NDF 함량은 일정한 경향이 없었다. TDN 함량은 120 kg/ha 처리구에서 가장 낮았고, 잎-줄기-정조 비율은 파종량이 늘어남에 따라 정조비율은 줄어들었으며 잎의 비율은 약간 높아졌고 줄기는 큰 차이가 없었다. 경제성 분석결과 60 kg/ha 파종구에서 가장 높은 소득 증가가 있는 것으로 나타났다. 따라서 이상의 결과를 종합하여 볼 때 총체 벼 직파재배를 위한 적정 파종량은 60kg/ha 내외가 적당한 것으로 추천된다.

• 한국작물학회지
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• 제49권6호
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• pp.457-462
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• 2004

콩 재배에서 가장 큰 문제의 하나인 도복의 경감을 위한 재배법 개선 방안과 초관 높이 차이에 의한 광합성능력의 향상을 모색하고자 열간 교호 적심이 콩의 생육과 수량에 미치는 영향을 분석한 결과는 다음과 같다. 1. 초관 높이 차이는 무적심 1열+적심 1열에서 가장 컸으며, 도복은 무적심 1열+적심 1열에서 도복경감 효과가 가장 컸다. 2. 제 9본엽의 광합성능력은 무적심 1열+적심 1열의 무적심 열이 가장 높았다. 3. 엽면적지수는 8월 17일 이후에 무적심 열에 비하여 적심 열이 높았고, 9월 5일에는 무적심 1열+적심 1열의 엽면적지수가 가장 높았다. 4. 수량은 무적심 1열+적심 1열에서 주경 상반부의 입수증가와 입중 증대로 전체 무적심에 비하여 $14\%$, 전체 적심에 비하여 $2\%$ 증수되었다.

• 한국재료학회지
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• 제20권4호
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• pp.175-180
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• 2010

Transparent conducting oxide (TCO) films are widely used for optoelectronic applications. Among TCO materials, zinc oxide (ZnO) has been studied extensively for its high optical transmission and electrical conduction. In this study, the effects of $O_2$ plasma pretreatment on the properties of Ga-doped ZnO films (GZO) on polyethylene naphthalate (PEN) substrate were studied. The $O_2$ plasma pretreatment process was used instead of conventional oxide buffer layers. The $O_2$ plasma treatment process has several merits compared with the oxide buffer layer treatment, especially on a mass production scale. In this process, an additional sputtering system for oxide composition is not needed and the plasma treatment process is easily adopted as an in-line process. GZO films were fabricated by RF magnetron sputtering process. To improve surface energy and adhesion between the PEN substrate and the GZO film, the $O_2$ plasma pre-treatment process was used prior to GZO sputtering. As the RF power and the treatment time increased, the contact angle decreased and the RMS surface roughness increased significantly. It is believed that the surface energy and adhesive force of the polymer surfaces increased with the $O_2$ plasma treatment and that the crystallinity and grain size of the GZO films increased. When the RF power was 100W and the treatment time was 120 sec in the $O_2$ plasma pretreatment process, the resistivity of the GZO films on the PEN substrate was $1.05\;{\times}\;10^{-3}{\Omega}-cm$, which is an appropriate range for most optoelectronic applications.