• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.15 no.6
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• pp.851-858
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• 2002

This study was conducted to determine effects of whole (intact), coarsely-ground (4 mm), finely-ground (1 mm), steam-flaked and steam-flaked-ground (1 mm) corns on in vitro and in situ DM digestibilities and also in vitro fermentation characteristics. After 48 h incubation, in vitro dry matter digestibilities of whole, steam-flaked, coarsely-ground, steam-flaked-ground, and finely-ground corns were 6.79, 61.68, 76.48, 85.72 and 90.31%, respectively. Steam-flaked-ground corn showed the highest digestibility until 24 h incubation (p<0.01). After 48 h incubation, pH of whole corn decreased with a small range. However the values of pH of other media significantly decreased (p<0.01). The gas productions of finely-ground and steam-flaked-ground corns were higher than those of the other corns (p<0.01). After 24 h incubation, $NH_3$-N concentration of finely-ground and steam-flaked-ground corns increased rapidly. Total VFA was the highest in finely-ground corn, followed by steam-flaked-ground, steam-flaked, coarsely-ground and whole corns. Incorporating steam-flaked corn resulted in the highest propionate concentration (p<0.01) and the lowest acetate : propionate value (p<0.05). Finely-ground corn showed the highest in situ DM digestibility throughout the incubation period (p<0.01), followed by coarsely-ground, steam-flaked and whole corns, respectively. Overall, DM of whole corn was merely digested in vitro as well as in situ.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.18 no.7
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• pp.980-989
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• 2005

The influence of treated, extruded, partially expelled soybean meals as undegradable protein and bypass fat sources on lactation performance and ruminal fermentation of dairy cows was studied. Experiment 1: nine cows were used in a replicated 3${\times}$3 Latin square design with each period being 3 wk in duration. Cows were fed 440 g/kg forage and 560 g/kg grain diet with one of three extruded soybean meals fed at 110 g/kg of the diet. The 3 soybean meals were 1) twice-extruded soybean meal (ESM; as a control); 2) lignosulfonate-treated, twice-extruded soybean meal (LSM); and 3) calcium oxide plus lignosulfonate-treated, twice extruded soybean meal (CLSM). Experiment 2: 3 ruminally cannulated cows were used in a 3${\times}$3 Latin square to study the treatment influence on ruminal fermentation characteristics. Feeding treated soybean meal to cows in LSM and CLSM treatments did not improve feed intake, milk yield, or milk composition except that cows fed the LSM and CLSM treatments produced less milk protein compared with the ESM treatment. The proportion of $C_{18:2}$ was greater in milk fat of cows fed CLSM compared with that of cows fed the ESM or LSM treatments. Ruminal pH, ammonia, and total volatile fatty acids were not affected by treatment. An increased proportion of $C_{18:2}$ in milk fat suggests that there is a potential use of calcium salts of fatty acids in protecting the lipid portion of extruded soybean meal and further research is needed to explore this potential with full-fat extruded soybeans not with extruded and partially oil expelled soybeans.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.21 no.9
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• pp.352-357
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• 2020

This study was performed to solve the quality problems of forging propeller shaft components in the marine diesel engines during the final cooling process and provide reasonable guidelines to increase the production of forging products. Residual hydrogen existing on the inside of forging products begins to diffuse and accumulates at the pores, micro-fissures, and grain boundaries as the temperature of forging products begins to decrease and reaches a critical temperature range, and finally transforming into internal defects. These defects were easily found near the surface of products after milling the surface of forging products. In this work, four types of forging products (shaft flange, shaft journal, thrust shaft, and propeller shaft) were chosen to evaluate the temperature history of products during the cooling process, employing non-linear numerical analyses with the ANSYS program. The times elapsed to reach 250 ℃ after cooling were approximately 9 ~ 23 hours for each forging product. These times can be used as cooling process guidelines on the quality and productivity of products after heat treatment.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.19
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• pp.100-131
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• 1975

To obtain basic information on the improvement of naked barley production. and to clarify the relation-ships between yield or yield components and some meteorogical factors for yield prediction were the objectives of this study. The basic data used in this study were obtained from the experiments carried out for 16 years from 1958 to 1974 at the Chon-nam Provincial Office of Rural development. The simple correlation coefficients and multiple regression coefficients among the yield or yield components and meteorogical factors were calculated for the study. Days to emergence ranged from 8 to 26 days were reduced under conditions of mean minimum air temperature were high. The early emergence contributed to increasing plant height and number of tillers as well as to earlier maximum tillering and heading date. The plant height before wintering showed positive correlations with the hours of sunshine. On the other hand, plant height measured on march 1st and March 20th showed positive correlation with the amount of precipitation and negative correlation with the hours of sunshine during the wintering or regrowth stage. Kernel weights were affected by the hours of sunshine and rainfall after heading, and kernel weights were less variable when the hours of sunshine were relatively long and rainfalls in May were around 80 to 10mm. It seemed that grain yields were mostly affected by the climatic condition in March. showing the negative correlation between yield and mean air temperature, minimum air temperature during the period. In the other hand, the yield was shown to have positive correlation with hours of sunshine. Some yield prediction equations were obtained from the data of mean air temperature, mean minimum temperature and accumulated air temperature in March. Yield prediction was also possible by using multiple regression equations, which were derived from yield data and the number of spikes and plant height as observed at May 20th.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.17
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• pp.143-148
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• 1974

Field and pot experiments were conducted for the split application of potash in paddy (Oryza sativa L. cultivar Jinheung.) Production and the experimental results were analysed with regard to the yield of paddy and its yield components. The absence of potash at the reproductive stages such as primodial and heading period but supplied most of the potash at the early growth stages, resulted in an increase of panicles but in a decrease of grain numbers per panicle and yield of paddy. On the other hand, however, the reduced amount of potash application at the earlystage of growth showed a decreased number of panicles and yield of paddy, particulary where lime and fresh rice straw were applied.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.34 no.s02
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• pp.96-114
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• 1989

There are several meterorolgical stresses in the winter cereal crops. Among these stresses, cold injury is one of the most important stresses for wheat and barley production in Korea. The reduction in grain yield of the wheat and barley due to cold injury has occurred almost every year in Korea. The objective of the study was to get the basic information in relation to the cold injury and to detect the method minimizing the damage of cold injury. When the air temperature was the ranges of -13$^{\circ}C$ to -15$^{\circ}C$, the soil temperature at the crown part of the plant was very stable, whereas in the ranges of -2$^{\circ}C$ to -3$^{\circ}C$ the soil surface temperature was more unstable and cold than air and subterranean temperatures. The different parts of the plant in wheat and barley possess the different levels of cold hardiness. In comparison to the cold hardiness of plant parts, the leaf and crown are the less sensitive to cold injury than root and vascular transitional zone. The type and extent of stress is determined by the redistribution pattern of water during freezing. These types from freezing processes were three types: a) Equilibrium freezing pattern b) Non -equilibrium freezing pattern, c) Non-equilibrium freezing pattern typical of tender tissues. Cold hardiness in wheat plants were more harder than barley plants at vegitative stage, but inverted at the reproductive stage. Injuries by low temperature during the seasons of barley cultivation in Korea were occured mainly in four stage; in the first and third stage, frost injury occurs, the second stage, freezing injury, and the fourth stage, chilling injury.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.18 no.8
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• pp.1110-1115
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• 2005

To study the effect of feeding lactic acid producing bacteria on the performance of cattle calves, twenty four, day old male crossbred cattle calves (Bos indicus${\times}$Bos taurus), were distributed into two groups of 12 animals each. The animals were fed on calf starter containing wheat bran and green berseem ad libitum and milk as per requirement upto 8 weeks of age. The diet of calves of Group 2 was supplemented with 500 ml culture of Lactobacillus acidophilus-15. Total duration of the experiment was 31 weeks. There was no significant difference in intake and digestibility of dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), neutral detergent fibre (NDF), acid detergent fibre (ADF) and crude protein (CP) between the groups. The rumen pH, protozoa numbers, concentration of volatile fatty acids (VFA), ammonia nitrogen ($NH_3-N$), trichloroacetic acid precipitable nitrogen (TCA-ppt N) and activity of microbial enzymes (carboxymethylcellulase, xylanase, amylase and protease) were not affected due to probiotic supplementation. Average live weight gain of the calves was improved (about 10%) and feed:gain ratio was reduced (about 5%) in the animals given Lactobacillus culture. The data indicated that crossbred calves could be reared on a diet devoid of cereal grain and addition of Lactobacillus culture in the diet resulted in an added advantage in growth performance of the animals.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.15 no.8
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• pp.1191-1197
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• 2002

This experiment was conducted to study the effects of replacing corn with Chinese brown rice on performance and apparent fecal digestibility of nutrients in weanling pigs. Seventy-two cross-bred (Duroc${\times}$Landrace${\times}$Large White) weanling pigs, weighing an average of $7.38{\pm}0.06kg$, were randomly assigned to either a corn-soybean meal diet (treatment 1), a corn-brown ricesoybean meal diet (treatment 2) and a brown rice-soybean meal diet (treatment 3). The brown rice used in this experiment was husked from one kind of early, long grain, non-glutinous rice (ELGNR, indica rice). The growth performance of weanling pigs in the experiment was similar during weeks 1 and 2, but feed conversion ratio (FCR) was significantly better in treatment 2 during weeks 3 and 4. During week 2, only the digestibility of organic matter in treatments 2 and 3 was significantly higher than that in treatment 1. During week 4, the digestibility of gross energy, ether extract, organic matter and dry matter in brown rice treatment, especially in treatment 3, were significantly higher than in treatment 1. At the end of the experiment, the concentration of serum urea nitrogen of pigs in treatment 2 was lower than that in treatment 1 and 3 and no difference was found in serum glucose and phosphorus. It could be concluded from this experiment that replacing 50% of corn with brown rice in the corn-soybean meal diet caused no negative effects to weanling pig performance, and apparent fecal digestibility was unaffected. It is feasible to replace corn with brown rice in weanling pig diets in southern China.

• Tunnel and Underground Space
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• v.25 no.6
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• pp.487-495
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• 2015

The specification for selecting railway ballast in France is introduced in this study and the effectiveness of selection for railway ballast is studied for the case of a quarry located in northen France. The quality of railway ballast is, in general, estimated depending on the grain distribution and mainly of the resistance against abrasion. The resistance against abrasion is obtained by both Los Angeles abrasion test and Micro Deval test, which determine the ballast quality suitable whether for high speed railway or classical railway. This study analyzed the correlation between the abrasion index obtained from the abrasion tests for the aggregates sampled at three different stages among ballast production procedure at the quarry. A high correlation is determined between Los Angeles Abrasion index (LA) and Micro Deval index (MDA) and also between abrasion indices of different aggregates. Particularly, this correlation between the abrasion indices allows to estimate the quality of ballast at the final stage from the aggregates at the site in a quarry within the margin of error.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.757-763
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• 1999

Based on the previous studies, R. stolonifer was selected for the model system of Korean soy sauce preparation process, using the fermented soybean. The system of meju fermentation was refined; the optimal conditions of temperature and relative humidity were $25^{\circ}C$ and 90%, respectively. The optimal temperature for soy sauce fermentation was evaluated to the $25^{\circ}C$ and, in the latter half of the fermentation, some aeration was observed to positively affect the sensory evaluation of soy sauce. In the sensory evaluation, the soy sauce fermented with B. subtilis and A. sojae was showed to be better than one fermented with R. stolonifer. Conditions of the pasteurization and ultrafiltration process were also established for industrialization of the soy sauce. Finally, the standard systems using the soybean fermented was, by the industrial scales, proposed for Korean traditional soy sauces.