• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.57 no.2
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• pp.160-165
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• 2012

A field study was conducted at Miryang in 2011 to evaluate differential sensitivity of six rice cultivars, three Indica${\times}$Japonica rice (long grain, cv. Hanareumbyeo, Hanareum2, Dasanbyeo) and three Japonica rice (short grain, Nampyung, Ilpumbyeo and Junamjosaeng) cultivars, to benzobicyclon, mesotrione+pretilachlor (MP) and butachlor (control) in transplanting rice and their treatment influences on rice yield. All Indica${\times}$Japonica rice cultivars exhibited susceptible to both benzobicyclon and MP as reflected by higher visual injury and carotenoid biosynthesis inhibition when compared with Japonica rice cutlivars. The percentage of foliar chlorosis of Indica${\times}$Japonica rice was only 0.9~4.7% for benzobicyclon at 13 days after treatment (DAT) and 30.3~64.4% for MP at 5DAT but it increased rapidly to 88.4~91.2% at 12~20DAT. However, most of the Japonica cultivars are tolerant to bezobicyclon and MP. There was no visible leaf chlorosis but carotenoid biosynthesis was slightly inhibited. Based on relative carotenoid content reduction of benzobicyclon and MP to butachlor, the Indica${\times}$Japonica rice showed 4.6~15.6 fold higher compared with the Japonica rice. The heading date of the injured rice plant was delayed by 3 days and panicle number per square meter and ripened grain ratio were reduced as compared with the control treatment of butachlor. Rice yield of the Indica${\times}$Japonica rice cultivars treated with benzobicyclon and MP was reduced by 7~10%, 3~5%. respectively. The result indicates that rice cultivars vary in tolerance to HPPD-Inhibiting herbicides and Indica${\times}$Japonica rices were more susceptible than the Japonica rices to MP and benzobicyclon. Rice yield of the Indica${\times}$Japonica rices was also significantly reduced by the those herbicide treatments.

• Korean Journal of Breeding Science
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• v.40 no.4
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• pp.533-536
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• 2008

Hopum is a new japonica rice cultivar developed from the cross between Milyang165 and F1 crossing Milyang165 and Iksan438 at Department of Rice and Winter Cereal Crop, NICS, RDA, in 2006. This cultivar has a short grain shape and about 141 days growth duration from direct seeding to harvesting in the southern plain including Chungcheong province. This cultivar has short culm and spikelet number per panicle is similar to that of Nampyeongbyeo, while filled grain rate is lower than standard variety. This cultivar has medium size of brown rice and shows moderate resistance to leaf blast, to bacterial blight pathogens of $K_1$, $K_2$ and $K_3$ and stripe virus disease but susceptible to major virus diseases and insect pests. The milled kernel of Hopum is translucent with non-glutinous endosperm. Protein and amylose content of Hopum is about 6.5% and 18.7%, respectively. This cultivar has better palatability of cooked rice than Chucheongbyeo harvested in Gyeongki province. Its milling recovery (76.8%) and percentage of perfect-shaped milled rice (94.7%) were higher than Nampyeongbyeo. The milled rice yield of Hopum was 5.83 MT/ha (15% higher than Juan) under wet-direct seeding, 5.66 MT/ha (8% higher than Juan) under dry-direct seeding, and 6.00 MT/ha (8% higher than Nampyeong) under ordinary transplanting cultivation. "Hopum" would be adaptable for ordinary transplanting and direct seeding in the southern plain including Chungcheong province.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.151-157
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• 1998

Fly ash application with a rate of 0, 50, 100, $150Mg\;ha^{-1}$ in clay loam paddy, which had properties of pH 5.3 and low contents of silicate and boron, gave a strongly positive effects on the growth and yields of malting barley showing better responses in bituminous coal fly ash(BCFA) than anthracite fly ash(AFA). Especially, soil chemical characteristics improved greatly by fly ash were pH, available phosphate, exchangeable calcium, available silicate, and boron. Shoot length and the number of tiller till defrosting season appeared the most positive responses by application of BCFA $50Mg\;ha^{-1}$ and AFA $100Mg\;ha^{-1}$. However, the number of spikelet per panicle at heading stage was proportionally increased to the rates of each fly ash. As a result, the grain yields of malting barley were increased to $13.8(4.221Mg\;ha^{-1}){\sim}37.7%(5.106Mg\;ha^{-1})$ by application of BCFA and to $1.1(3.75Mg\;ha^{-1})-20.6%(4.473Mg\;ha^{-1})$ by application of AFA. Protein contents in the grain was the highest in $150Mg\;ha^{-1}$ plot, showing 10.5 and 10.8% by BCFA and AFA application, which were suitable for malting. At harvesting, plants showed 49 and 58% of lodging indices by application of BCFA 100 and $150Mg\;ha^{-1}$, respectively, which were equivalent to two fold values of those by AFA.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.251-258
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• 2005

This study was conducted to examine the effect of application of pig manure slurry(PMS) for rye cultivation in Paddy-land on rice productivity The field experiments were carried out from 1999 to 2002 on well-grown rice in Paddy-land at Kimje, Chunbuk province in Korea. PMS was manufactured by the fermentation for 6 months in natural condition. Amount of PMS was adjusted equal to total nitrogen value relative to its value of commercial chemical fertilizers. The amount of PMS were spread evenly over the soil surface two times; first in the autumn (before sowing, end of November) and second in the spring(regrowth of rye, middle of March). The field plots were consisted of four kinds (PMS $100\%$ treatment, PMS $200\%$ treatment PMS $100\%$ treatment with half of CF (CF $50\%$), Full of CF treatment (CF $100\%$). The experiment was designed as a randomized complete block. Each treatment was replicated three times. Rices are customarily gown under tropical korean condition as annuals. The results obtained from this study were summarized as fellows. Panicle length of rice was shorter in PMS $100\%$ than other treatments. Ripening grain ratio was the lower in CF treatment. In treatment of PMS $100\%$ and PMS $200\%$, 1000 grain weight was a downward trend as compared to that of full of CF treatments, whereas number of grains per $m^2$ was increased as compared to other treatments. Number of panicles reveals that there is an increase in order; CF $50\% + PMS\;100\%>\;PMS\;100\%\;>\;CF\;100\%\;>\;PMS\;200\%$. Yield of milled rice showed hi인 in CF $100\%$ and $CF 50\%+ PMS 100\%$, but were was no significant difference among treatments. There were did not a regular tendency in the ratio of leaf sheath bright, however the ratio of lodging area was higher in $CF50\%+PMS\;100\%$ treatment than other treatments. Based on the results of this experiment, $CF 50\%+PMS\;100\%$ may be the most effective in rice productivity under application of PMS for rye cultivation in Paddy-land.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.31 no.5
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• pp.413-422
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• 2022

To identify rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivars suitable for Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.)-rice double cropping systems, we investigated the yield and grain quality of four different midseason maturing rice cultivars ('Daebo', 'Haepum', 'Haiami', and 'Samdeog') and four midseason-to-late maturing rice cultivars ('Hyunpoom', 'Saeilmi', 'Saenuri', and 'Samkwang') in single rice cropping and Italian ryegrass-rice double cropping systems in paddy fields of Miryang, South Korea. We found that organic matter and available P₂O₅ content slightly decreased, whereas Na content increased, in the soil where Italian ryegrass was cultivated during winter compared to that in the soil that remained fallow during winter. The pH, electrical conductivity, organic matter, and contents of K⁺, Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, and Na⁺ decreased, whereas the available P₂O₅ content slightly increased, in the soil where rice was harvested in both single and double cropping systems. However, compared to the optimum soil conditions for rice cultivation, available P₂O₅ and K⁺ content were high and Mg²⁺ content was low in both single and double cropping systems. At the heading stage, the culm length and leaf color slightly increased in most of the rice cultivars, whereas the panicle length and number slightly decreased, in the double cropped system. After harvesting, spikelet number and milled rice yield did not show a significant difference between single and double cropping systems. However, the ripened grain rate and weight per thousand grains increased slightly in the 'Saeilmi' and 'Samkwang' cultivars but remained either stable or slightly low in other cultivars in the double cropping system. The milled rice yield was high (> 500 kg/10a) in 'Daebo' and 'Haepum' among midseason maturing rice cultivars, and in 'Saeilmi' and 'Saenuri' among midseason-to-late maturing rice cultivars, in both single and double cropping systems. The head rice rate was high in midseason maturing rice cultivars in the double cropping systems, reaching > 70% in 'Haepum' and 'Haiami' cultivars, whereas it decreased in most midseason-to-late maturing rice cultivars (excluding 'Samkwang' cultivar), in double cropping systems. Particularly, it exceeded > 70% in the 'Saenuri' cultivar in both single and double cropping systems. The protein content in milled rice increased, whereas the amylose content either remained stable or slightly increased, in double cropping systems. The Toyo taste value decreased in all midseason-to-late maturing rice cultivars and slightly increased in the 'Daebo' and 'Haiami' cultivars among midseason maturing rice cultivars in double cropping systems. However, Toyo taste values in the 'Haepum', 'Haiami', and 'Saenuri' cultivars exceeding > 80% in both single and double cropping systems. Therefore, we recommend 'Haepum', 'Haiami', and 'Saenuri' cultivars as candidates for Italian ryegrass-rice double cropping systems due to high yield, head rice rate, and Toyo taste value.

• Korean Journal of Breeding Science
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• v.42 no.3
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• pp.272-275
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• 2010

'Geumyoung' is a new early maturing rice cultivar developed from the cross between Sambaegbyeo and Iksan423/Sangju22 at Sangju Substation, NICS, RDA, Korea in 2009. It needs about 116 days from seedling to harvest in mid-mountainous areas. This cultivar has about 72 cm long culm and 19 cm long panicle, which are similar to Odaebyeo. It has higher panicle number per plant, medium to small grains and sometimes has a few awned spikelets. It shows tolerance to cold and resistance to blast but is susceptible to bacterial blight, virus diseases, and insects and pests. Milled rice of 'Geumyoeng' is translucent with non-glutinous endosperm and medium short grain. It has about 18.0% amylose and 6.6% protein content with good palatability of cooked rice. The milled rice yield of this cultivar was 5.53 MT/ha under standard fertilizer level of ordinary transplanting cultivation. 'Geumyong' would be adaptable for ordinary transplanting cultivation in the northern plains, and northern and southern mid-mountainous areas of South Korea.

• Korean Journal of Breeding Science
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• v.50 no.4
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• pp.534-539
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• 2018

'Hwawang' is an early maturing and short statured rice cultivar adaptable to the rice-cash crop rotation system that was developed by the rice breeding team of the Department of Southern Crop, National Institute of Crop Science (NICS), Rural Development Administration (RDA), Korea, in 2012. This cultivar was derived from the cross of YR25867 (Hitomebore//YR21247-B-B-B-49-1/Sasanishiki BL4) and YR25866 (Akidagomachi//YR21247-B-B-B-49-1/Sasanishiki BL4) during the 2005/2006 winter season and was fixed as a homozygous line by a doubled haploid breeding system. In the replicated yield trial in 2009, a promising line (YR26253Acp26-1) showed a good phenotype and high yield potential, and so it was selected and designated as 'Milyang256'. The local adaptability test of 'Milyang256' was carried out at three locations from 2010 to 2012. It was named 'Hwawang' and had a high head rice ratio and good eating quality. The culm length of 'Hwawang' averaged 62 cm during the yield trials and was 10 cm shorter than that of 'Keumo'. The number of spikelets per panicle of 'Hwawang' was significantly lower than that of 'Keumo', but the number of tillers per hill was higher. This variety showed resistance to bacterial blight disease but was moderately susceptible to both leaf and neck blast. The milled rice yield of 'Hwawang' was 452 kg/10 a at the late transplanting stage of the local adaptability test. Thus, 'Hwawang' is well adapted to the rice-cash crop rotation system in the southern plain area. (Registration No. 5106)

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.31-36
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• 1978

A field experiment was conducted on a recently reclaimed hillside land to investigate the effectiveness of newly formulated compound fertilizer (10-14-11) containing fused phosphate as phosphorus source. Winter barley was adopted as a crop and commercial compound fertilizer (22-22-11), triple superphosphate, and ordinary fused phosphate were compared with the new compound fertilizer. The result of present study is summarized as follows. 1. When viewed from the plant hight and dry matter yield observed at different growth stages, it was indicated that newly formulated compound fertilizer seemed to be more effective in late stage than early stage. 2. Grain yields were higher in the compound fertilizer plots compared to the triple superphosphate and fused phosphate plots. The yield was specially high in the newly formulated compound fertilizer plot. In this plot, the number of grain per panicle and the rate of maturity were higher than the other plots. 3. The amount of phosphorus uptake by plant in the newly formulated compound fertilizer was lower in early stage and higher in late stage. In this experiment, the magnesium and silica contained in fused phosphate did not influence the growth and yield of barley because the soil was relatively high in these components. 4. Because of the unprecedented severity of winter weather during the experiment, the result obtained in present study may not be generalized until some studies confirm present findings.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.81-86
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• 2013

'Mogwoo', a new high yield and whole crop silage rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivar, was developed by the rice breeding team of the National Institute of Crop Science, RDA, Suwon, Korea, from 1999 to 2009, and was released in 2010. It was derived in 1999 from a cross between Dasanbyeo, having a high yield, and Suweon431/IR71190-45-2-1. A promising line, SR25848-C99-1-2-1, selected by the pedigree breeding method, was designated the name of 'Suweon 519' in 2007. This cultivar has about 155 days of growth period from seeding to heading, and is tolerance to lodging, with erect pubescent leaves as well as a long and thick culm. This cultivar has the same number of tillers per hill and higher spikelet numbers per panicle compared to Nokyang. 'Mogwoo' has longer leaves compared with other Tongil-type varieties. This new variety is resistant to grain shattering, leaf blast, bacterial leaf blight, and small brown planthopper. The biomass yield of 'Mogwoo' was 1,956 kg/10a in a regional test over three years. The result shows that 'Mogwoo' is adaptable to central and south-east plain areas of Korea.

• Magazine of the Korean Society of Agricultural Engineers
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.3225-3262
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• 1974

The purposes of this thesis are to clarify experimentally the variation of ground water temperature in tube wells during the irrigation period of paddy rice, and the effect of ground water irrigation on the growth, grain yield and yield components of the rice plant, and, furthermore, when and why the plant is most liable to be damaged by ground water, and also to find out the effective ground water irrigation methods. The results obtained in this experiment are as follows; 1. The temperature of ground water in tube wells varies according to the location, year, and the depth of the well. The average temperatures of ground water in a tubewells, 6.3m, 8.0m deep are $14.5^{\circ}C$ and $13.1^{\circ}C$, respercively, during the irrigation period of paddy rice (From the middle of June to the end of September). In the former the temperature rises continuously from $12.3^{\circ}C$ to 16.4$^{\circ}C$ and in the latter from $12.4^{\circ}C$ to $13.8^{\circ}C$ during the same period. These temperatures are approximately the same value as the estimated temperatures. The temperature difference between the ground water and the surface water is approximately $11^{\circ}C$. 2. The results obtained from the analysis of the water quality of the "Seoho" reservoir and that of water from the tube well show that the pH values of the ground water and the surface water are 6.35 and 6.00, respectively, and inorganic components such as N, PO4, Na, Cl, SiO2 and Ca are contained more in the ground water than in the surface water while K, SO4, Fe and Mg are contained less in the ground water. 3. The response of growth, yield and yield components of paddy rice to ground water irrigation are as follows; (l) Using ground water irrigation during the watered rice nursery period(seeding date: 30 April, 1970), the chracteristics of a young rice plant, such as plant height, number of leaves, and number of tillers are inferior to those of young rice plants irrigated with surface water during the same period. (2) In cases where ground water and surface water are supplied separately by the gravity flow method, it is found that ground water irrigation to the rice plant delays the stage at which there is a maximum increase in the number of tillers by 6 days. (3) At the tillering stage of rice plant just after transplanting, the effect of ground water irrigation on the increase in the number of tillers is better, compared with the method of supplying surface water throughout the whole irrigation period. Conversely, the number of tillers is decreased by ground water irrigation at the reproductive stage. Plant height is extremely restrained by ground water irrigation. (4) Heading date is clearly delayed by the ground water irrigation when it is practised during the growth stages or at the reproductive stage only. (5) The heading date of rice plants is slightly delayed by irrigation with the gravity flow method as compared with the standing water method. (6) The response of yield and of yield components of rice to ground water irrigation are as follows: \circled1 When ground water irrigation is practised during the growth stages and the reproductive stage, the culm length of the rice plant is reduced by 11 percent and 8 percent, respectively, when compared with the surface water irrigation used throughout all the growth stages. \circled2 Panicle length is found to be the longest on the test plot in which ground water irrigation is practised at the tillering stage. A similar tendency as that seen in the culm length is observed on other test plots. \circled3 The number of panicles is found to be the least on the plot in which ground water irrigation is practised by the gravity flow method throughout all the growth stages of the rice plant. No significant difference is found between the other plots. \circled4 The number of spikelets per panicle at the various stages of rice growth at which_ surface or ground water is supplied by gravity flow method are as follows; surface water at all growth stages‥‥‥‥‥ 98.5. Ground water at all growth stages‥‥‥‥‥‥62.2 Ground water at the tillering stage‥‥‥‥‥ 82.6. Ground water at the reproductive stage ‥‥‥‥‥ 74.1. \circled5 Ripening percentage is about 70 percent on the test plot in which ground water irrigation is practised during all the growth stages and at the tillering stage only. However, when ground water irrigation is practised, at the reproductive stage, the ripening percentage is reduced to 50 percent. This means that 20 percent reduction in the ripening percentage by using ground water irrigation at the reproductive stage. \circled6 The weight of 1,000 kernels is found to show a similar tendency as in the case of ripening percentage i. e. the ground water irrigation during all the growth stages and at the reproductive stage results in a decreased weight of the 1,000 kernels. \circled7 The yield of brown rice from the various treatments are as follows; Gravity flow; Surface water at all growth stages‥‥‥‥‥‥514kg/10a. Ground water at all growth stages‥‥‥‥‥‥428kg/10a. Ground water at the reproductive stage‥‥‥‥‥‥430kg/10a. Standing water; Surface water at all growh stages‥‥‥‥‥‥556kg/10a. Ground water at all growth stages‥‥‥‥‥‥441kg/10a. Ground water at the reproductive stage‥‥‥‥‥‥450kg/10a. The above figures show that ground water irrigation by the gravity flow and by the standing water method during all the growth stages resulted in an 18 percent and a 21 percent decrease in the yield of brown rice, respectively, when compared with surface water irrigation. Also ground water irrigation by gravity flow and by standing water resulted in respective decreases in yield of 16 percent and 19 percent, compared with the surface irrigation method. 4. Results obtained from the experiments on the improvement of ground water irrigation efficiency to paddy rice are as follows; (1) When the standing water irrigation with surface water is practised, the daily average water temperature in a paddy field is 25.2$^{\circ}C$, but, when the gravity flow method is practised with the same irrigation water, the daily average water temperature is 24.5$^{\circ}C$. This means that the former is 0.7$^{\circ}C$ higher than the latter. On the other hand, when ground water is used, the daily water temperatures in a paddy field are respectively 21.$0^{\circ}C$ and 19.3$^{\circ}C$ by practising standing water and the gravity flow method. It can be seen that the former is approximately 1.$0^{\circ}C$ higher than the latter. (2) When the non-water-logged cultivation is practised, the yield of brown rice is 516.3kg/10a, while the yield of brown rice from ground water irrigation plot throughout the whole irrigation period and surface water irrigation plot are 446.3kg/10a and 556.4kg/10a, respectivelely. This means that there is no significant difference in yields between surface water irrigation practice and non-water-logged cultivation, and also means that non-water-logged cultivation results in a 12.6 percent increase in yield compared with the yield from the ground water irrigation plot. (3) The black and white coloring on the inside surface of the water warming ponds has no substantial effect on the temperature of the water. The average daily water temperatures of the various water warming ponds, having different depths, are expressed as Y=aX+b, while the daily average water temperatures at various depths in a water warming pond are expressed as Y=a(b)x (where Y: the daily average water temperature, a,b: constants depending on the type of water warming pond, X; water depth). As the depth of water warning pond is increased, the diurnal difference of the highest and the lowest water temperature is decreased, and also, the time at which the highest water temperature occurs, is delayed. (4) The degree of warming by using a polyethylene tube, 100m in length and 10cm in diameter, is 4~9$^{\circ}C$. Heat exchange rate of a polyethylene tube is 1.5 times higher than that or a water warming channel. The following equation expresses the water warming mechanism of a polyethylene tube where distance from the tube inlet, time in day and several climatic factors are given: {{{{ theta omega (dwt)= { a}_{0 } (1-e- { x} over { PHI v })+ { 2} atop { SUM from { { n}=1} { { a}_{n } } over { SQRT { 1+ {( n omega PHI) }^{2 } } } } LEFT { sin(n omega t+ { b}_{n }+ { tan}^{-1 }n omega PHI )-e- { x} over { PHI v }sin(n omega LEFT ( t- { x} over {v } RIGHT ) + { b}_{n }+ { tan}^{-1 }n omega PHI ) RIGHT } +e- { x} over { PHI v } theta i}}}}{{{{ { theta }_{$\infty$ }(t)= { { alpha theta }_{a }+ { theta }_{ w'} +(S- { B}_{s } ) { U}_{w } } over { beta } , PHI = { { cpDU}_{ omega } } over {4 beta } }}}} where $\theta$$\omega$; discharged water temperature($^{\circ}C$) $\theta$a; air temperature ($^{\circ}C$) $\theta$$\omega$';ponded water temperature($^{\circ}C$) s ; net solar radiation(ly/min) t ; time(tadian) x; tube length(cm) D; diameter(cm) ao,an,bn;constants determined from $\theta$$\omega$(t) varitation. cp; heat capacity of water(cal/$^{\circ}C$ ㎥) U,Ua; overall heat transfer coefficient(cal/$^{\circ}C$ $\textrm{cm}^2$ min-1) $\omega$;1 velocity of water in a polyethylene tube(cm/min) Bs ; heat exchange rate between water and soil(ly/min)