• Cross-Cultural Studies
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• v.44
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• pp.123-145
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• 2016

A flow of generative change has existed in the Chinese media following political, economic, and institutional changes. Since a market system was introduced to the field of drama production, people called 'zhipianren' who act as government agents as well as market administrators have spontaneously emerged. The government, by granting legal qualifications and authority to these 'zhipianren', have institutionalized and absorbed them within the system. Through this process, the 'drama zhipianren system', under the unique environment of a socialist market economy, demonstrates a Chinese administrative model that effectively reveals the changing process from a direct administration by the government to indirect administration and self-censorship. Furthermore, with the widespread adoption of the internet, various types of media including grassroots media have emerged, and the participation and production activities of netizens has enabled the development of a new genre of literature called internet literature. Furthermore, some websites that functioned as platforms for video and grassroots media came to self-produce contents so as to function as media in and of themselves. Originally, the internet was cultivated as a portion of the IT industry, but when it began to function as media, forming a new media landscape, regulations and institutions were gradually established and subsequently advanced in the direction of supervision and regulation over all internet media contents. A flow of generative change in the field of media has emerged, and the pattern of generation-convergence repeats itself as the official media policies converge.

• Korean Security Journal
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• no.1
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• pp.351-370
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• 1997

This study concerns possible measures to prevent separatists' terrorist acts against overseas Korean businessmen. Of late, many Korean enterprises are helping a number of foreign countries develop their economy, by building factories and manning regional offices in those countries. But recent development of terrorism especially against Korean businessmen is alarming. This report discusses the need for Korean enterprises heading overseas to prepare themselves with awareness of terrorism and possible protective measures against it, besides their routine pursuance of profits; and for the government and prospective enterprises to refrain from investing in those countries having active separatist movements. If an investment has become inevitable, a careful survey of the region in conflict should be conducted and self-protective measures should be put in place through security information exchange, emergency coordination and training of personnel, etc. This study will first review the past terrorist incidents involving employees of overseas Korean enterprises, and then will focuss on seeking effective measures on the basis of the reported incidents. In carrying out the study, related literature from both home and abroad have been used along with the preliminary materials reported and known on the Internet from recent incidents. 1. The separatist movements of minority groups Lately, minority separatist groups are increasingly resorting to terrorism to draw international attention with the political aim of gaining extended self rule or independence. 2. The state of terrorism against overseas Korean enterprises and Koreans Korean enterprises are now operating businesses, and having their own personnel stationed, in 85 countries including those in South East Asia and Middle East regions. In Sri Lanka, where a Korean enterprise recently became a target of terrorist bombing, there are 75 business firms from Korea and some 700 Korean employees are stationed as of August 1996. A total of 19 different terrorist incidents have taken place against Koreans abroad since 1990. 3. Terrorism preventive measures Terrorism preventive measures are discussed in two ways: measures by the government and by the enterprises. ${\blacktriangleleft}$ Measures by the government - Possible measures at governmental level can include collection and dissemination of terrorist activity information. Emphasis should be given to the information on North Korean activities in particular. ${\blacktriangleleft}$ Measures by individual enterprises - Organizational security plan must be established by individual enterprises and there should also be an increase of security budget. A reason for reluctant effort toward positive security plan is the perception that the security budget is not immediately linked to an increment of profit gain. Ensuring safety for overseas personnel is a fundamental obligation of an enterprise. Consultation and information exchange on security plan, and an emergency support system at a threat to security must be sought after and implemented. 4. Conclusion Today's terrorism varies widely depending on reasons and causes, and its means has become increasingly informationalized and scientific as well while its method is becoming more clandestine and violent. Terrorist organizations are increasingly aiming at enterprises for acquisition of budgets needed for their activities. Korean enterprises have extended their business realm to foreign countries since 1970, exposing themselves to terrorism. Enterprises and their employees, therefore, should establish their own security measures on the one hand while the government must provide general measures, on the other, for the protection of the life and property of Korean residents abroad from terrorist attacks. In this regard, set-up of a counter terrorist organization that coordinates the efforts of government authorities in various levels in planning and executing counter terrorist measures is desired. Since 1965, when the hostile North Korea began to step up its terrorist activities against South Koreans, there have been 7 different occasions of assassination attempt on South Korean presidents and some 500 cases of various kidnappings and attempted kidnappings. North Korea, nervous over the continued economic growth and social stabilization of South Korea, is now concentrating its efforts in the destruction and deterioration of the national power of South Korea for its earlier realization of reunification by force. The possibility of North Korean terrorism can be divided into external terrorist acts and internal terrorist acts depending on the nationality of the terrorists it uses. The external terrorist acts include those committed directly by North Korean agents in South Korea and abroad and those committed by dissident Koreans, hired Korean residents, or international professionals or independent international terrorists bought or instigated by North Korea. To protect the life and property of Korean enterprises and their employees abroad from the threat of terrorism, the government's administrative support and the organizational efforts of enterprises should necessarily be directed toward the planning of proper security measures and training of employees. Also, proper actions should be taken against possible terrorist acts toward Korean business employees abroad as long as there are ongoing hostilities from minority groups against their governments.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.90 no.3
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• pp.398-412
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• 2001

The purpose of this study is to examine the roles of the forest-land registry system in the Forest Law of 1908 and the effects this system had on the colonial forest-land policy used in Korea under the influence of Japanese Imperialism. This was started under the Profit-sharing Forest System which was one of the policies for disposing of the Korean national forests. The purpose of this system was to establish forest-land ownership, a fundamental human right. This system was enforced by the Japanese Colonial Government without regard to the customary and important right of Koreans to use the forests, and without considering the distinction between national and private forests. Koreans understood that this system was a warning sign of a tax being imposing on forest-land owners. Furthermore, Koreans thought the Japanese were using this system to deprive them of their forest-land. The strata of Koreans reporting ownership were very limited and included the intellectual(upper-middle) class, higher officials in counties and townships, relatives and relations of these officials, and survey agents. In particular the actual owners could not submit a report registering their land in this system because the required survey cost more than the value of the forest-land. Within the time period specified by the Japanese Colonial Government, about 520,000 registries were reported involving 2.2 million Jung-bo(.9917 hectare) with most of these coming during the last five months of reporting period. Koreans made a reasonable request to extend the deadline, but it was refused. After the reporting period expired there were no follow-up measures such as verification of the reported registrations nor establishment of boundaries between national and private forests. According to Article 19 in the Forest Law of 1908 about 14 million Jung-bo, which was not registered within the reporting period was nationalized. The colonial forest-land policy used in Korea by the Japanese Colonial Government was as follows : (1) to create a large number of national forests in the early period of their rule, (2) to divide these national forests into indispensible national forests and dispensible national forests, and (3) to transfer ownership of the dispensible national forests to colonial Japanese. To achieve the latter, the occupational government needed a method to insure ownership. They devised a tree-planting scheme in which the national forests classified as disposable were "loaned" and then transferred to these Japanese. The actual Korean owners claimed title to this forest-land and asked for the eviction of the new owners but the Japanese occupation government rejected these suits using the excuse that previous Korean owners did not submit the required registration report within the specified time period. In short the Principle of Forest-land Registry was used as a means to consolidate the forest-lands of Korea and distribute large portions of it to Japanese citizens after seizing it from the rightful Korean owners.

• The Critical Review of Religion and Culture
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• no.29
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• pp.134-167
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• 2016

This paper aims at exploring the characteristics and meanings of religious freedom controversy surrounding religious education, with special reference to proselytism, in protestant mission school in recent Korea. Most of protestant mission schools have been providing students compulsory religion class and chapel service in the name of religious education. According to the school authorities, religious education should be provided for the realization of founding philosophy, and they say that mission school has the right to religious education. On the contrary, many non-christian students argue that their religious liberty is seriously violated by required religious education especially compulsory chapel worship. So serious conflicts broke between mission school authorities and students. Supreme Court decided that Soongsil University has the right to maintain compulsory chapel service, ruling that Daegwang High School should not maintain required chapel worship. It seems that Supreme Court gave different decisions to high school and university respectively, considering the differences between high school and university in application for admission to a school, students' critical consciousness, school's autonomous rights, etc. However, these precedents are being challenged by many peoples and groups. There are three agents which are involved in religious freedom controversy in mission school. The first are mission school authorities supported by religious groups, the second government supported by political parties, and the third mission school students guided by NGO. Among them protestant groups are playing the major role in making religious freedom problems in mission school. Protestant groups try to convert mission school students to protestantism by compulsory chapel service and religion class. Such a protestant proselytism becomes a cause of oppressing students' human rights and religious liberty. In this situation government has a responsibility to protect the students' rights to religious freedom. But government seldom impose sanctions on the protestant mission schools' compulsory programs. The reason why government does not restrict mission school's unlawful religious education is because protestant groups have strong influence in voting. Eventually civil movements organizations involved in religious freedom controversy for the sake of students's human rights. In conclusion, the assailment is protestant proselytism, the accessory is government, the victim is students in the religious education in mission school in recent Korea.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.16 no.5
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• pp.1699-1705
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• 2015

Background: Medication errors in oncology may cause severe clinical problems due to low therapeutic indices and high toxicity of chemotherapeutic agents. We aimed to investigate unintentional medication errors and underlying factors during chemotherapy preparation and administration based on a systematic survey conducted to reflect oncology nurses experience. Materials and Methods: This study was conducted in 18 adult chemotherapy units with volunteer participation of 206 nurses. A survey developed by primary investigators and medication errors (MAEs) defined preventable errors during prescription of medication, ordering, preparation or administration. The survey consisted of 4 parts: demographic features of nurses; workload of chemotherapy units; errors and their estimated monthly number during chemotherapy preparation and administration; and evaluation of the possible factors responsible from ME. The survey was conducted by face to face interview and data analyses were performed with descriptive statistics. Chi-square or Fisher exact tests were used for a comparative analysis of categorical data. Results: Some 83.4% of the 210 nurses reported one or more than one error during chemotherapy preparation and administration. Prescribing or ordering wrong doses by physicians (65.7%) and noncompliance with administration sequences during chemotherapy administration (50.5%) were the most common errors. The most common estimated average monthly error was not following the administration sequence of the chemotherapeutic agents (4.1 times/month, range 1-20). The most important underlying reasons for medication errors were heavy workload (49.7%) and insufficient number of staff (36.5%). Conclusions: Our findings suggest that the probability of medication error is very high during chemotherapy preparation and administration, the most common involving prescribing and ordering errors. Further studies must address the strategies to minimize medication error in chemotherapy receiving patients, determine sufficient protective measures and establishing multistep control mechanisms.

• Korean Security Journal
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• no.11
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• pp.61-86
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• 2006

Various terrorism in modern society against nation's dignitaries are constantly existing. They damage severely to the society and the nation's security, and they cause disorganizations of social and national rule orders. In order to provide the key figures' perfect protection, the threatening terroizing environment for primary leaders and the route of terrorism should be intercepted. Effective methods of these are summarized as follow. First, recent terrorism against the primary leaders are mostly assassinations, bomb attacks, and suicide bomb attacks, which terminate in a moment. Therefore, security service agents should keep in mind that protection is the best, and government's anti-terrorism agencies should develop policies and set the directions within a new paradigm to the advance anti-terrorism. Second, advance prevention activities against nation's VIP terrorism should be strengthened, such as strengthening security informational activities, constructing cooperative systems of domestic and international facilities, considering continuous system to prevent terrorism, and intensifying safety counterplans of human and material weak points. Third, international cooperative system should be set to apply economical and political sanctions to nations which support terror organizations in direct or indirect ways, and this system needs to strengthen the punishment against terrorists. Fourth, security systems to protect nation's primary leaders should complement, and developing programs for coping with the terrorism and establishing laws for anti-terrorism should be made. Also, educational training of agents who perform anti-terrorism duties should be strengthened, and scientific techniques and equipment for security should be made to protect primary leaders from terrorism.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.47-53
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• 2011

Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (ST) is one of the most common serovars isolated from humans and animals. It has been suggested that ST infections in Koreans are largely due to the consumption of contaminated pork and beef. To investigate the genotypes, phage types, and antimicrobial resistance patterns for ST isolates of different origins, a total of 70 ST strains, including 19 isolates from humans, 44 isolates from pigs, and 6 isolates from cattle, were analyzed using pulsedfield gel electrophoresis (PFGE), phage typing, and antimicrobial susceptibility tests. Forty-three distinct PFGE patterns were generated from 70 ST isolates, which were grouped into 14 PFGE groups (from A to N) at the level of 75% similarity. The most prevalent group was the A (A1-A17 subtypes) group, encompassing 54.5% (38/70) of ST isolates. ST isolates from pigs and cattle mostly belong to groups A and L, whereas ST isolates from humans mostly belong to groups F and C. Antimicrobial susceptibility tests using 11 antimicrobial agents showed that resistance to tetracycline (TE) (81.4%) was highly prevalent, followed by streptomycin (S) (64.3%) and nalidixic acid (NA) (31.4%) resistance. A total of seventeen antimicrobial resistance patterns were observed. Only 8.6% of isolates, including a reference strain, were susceptible to all antimicrobial agents tested. The most prevalent resistance pattern was TE-S (37.1%), which was seen in 66.6% of bovine, 40.8% of swine and 21.1% of human isolates. Three ST isolates from humans (15.9%) showed resistance to 7-8 antimicrobials. The most predominant phage type (PT) was U302 (64.3%), followed by DT170 (10.0%). PFGE types did not coincide with antimicrobial resistance patterns and phage types; therefore, the combination of those types allowed for further differentiation between tested ST isolates.

• Information Systems Review
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.241-256
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• 2003

This empirical study is to explain critical success factors for building effective regional IT cluster from the literature reviews which have some limitations, and is to suggest new key factors from the views of Regional Innovation System and Sectoral Systems of Innovation. For building successful cluster, the new key factors not only stress on regional networks, the spill-over of tacit knowledge through learning by interacting, institutions which contain regional custom, norms, established practices, culture, and characteristics from the Regional Innovation System, but also emphasize on heterogeneous agents who are interacting by each others from Sectoral Systems of Innovation. From these factors we suggest some strategies for building effective "Daegu IT Cluster" as following; making characterized IT brands which are selected and concentrated based on regional and IT sectoral characteristics, strengthening learning competence of tacit knowledge built in multiple heterogeneous agents network, establishing strong agent networks which are composed of universities, companies, institutes and government, and sharing the institution of mind-opening culture in order to correspond with environmental changes and link to other industrial clusters. By putting above strategies in force, the compatabilities of Daegu region are reinforced. Tacit knowledges spill over and the regional innovation competence are accumulated. Also IT cluster plays core role of employment in Daegu for long term. Especially, "Daegu IT Cluster" changes city's image from medium and small manufacturing city to new industrial city based on high technologies.

• Journal of the Korean association of regional geographers
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.459-469
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• 2017

Recently, the third mission as the new role of the university is being emphasized as contributing to the local community through active participation in local and regional problems as well as an economic contribution as an entrepreneurial university. Thus, overseas universities started various university-industry collaboration activities targeting sustainable development based on local community and improve their roles for regional regeneration and innovation. Universities in Korea also tend to set up a cooperative governance with various agents in the local community via university financial support projects by the government and started to promote the university-industry collaboration project for solving the problem of the local community. Therefore, this research tries to find implications in order to expand the role and responsibility as local university and reinforce substantiality and enhancement of university-industry collaboration through a case analysis of university-industry collaboration to solve the problem in local communities in foreign countries. In order to solve the problem of local communities based on local agents-led small-sized projects, it is requested to improve the more active role of the university, local governments and university students.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.23-30
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• 2006

Antimicrobial susceptibility and multiple drug resistance patterns have been carried out on total of 364 isolates of Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis isolated from foodborne patients in Seoul from 2001 to 2005. Overall, the highest percentage of resistance was found to the following antimicrobial agents: streptomycin (46.7%), ampicillin (37.3%), ticarcillin (36.7%), tetracycline (36.0%), nalidixic acid (20.7%), chloramphenicol (13.3%), amoxicillin/clavulanic acid (6.7%) and Ampicillin/sulbactam (4.0%). Seventy five percentage of isolates were found to be resistant to one or more of the antimicrobes tested. The resistant rates to nalidixic acid and chloramphenicol in S. Enteritidis tested were annually increased but the resistant rate to tetracycline was decreased and the resistant rates to streptomycin, ampcilin and ticarcillin were remained steadily. The most frequent patterns of multiresistant isolates were only nalidixic acid resistant (18.0%) and streptomycin-tetracycline (18.0%), streptomycin-ampicillin-ticarcillin (10%), and ampicillin-ticarcillin (5.5%). Overall the resistant rates of 1 drug was 19.3%,2 drugs 24.7%, 3 drugs 6.7% and 4 or more drugs 24.0%. The resistant rates of 1 drug and 2 drugs in 2005 were increased dramatically.