• Korea Trade Review
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• v.44 no.2
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• pp.189-202
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• 2019

The Harmonized System comprises about 5,000 commodity groups; each identified by a six digit code, arranged in a legal and logical structure and is supported by well-defined rules to achieve uniform classification. This study reviews the appropriateness of Korea Customs Service and Tax Tribunal's customs classification decisions concerning the interpretation and application of the Harmonized System for certain ITA goods. Korea Customs Service had classified arbitrary and had not applied in dubio pro reo principle. This paper finds that 57% of Korea Customs Service's classification decisions have erred. Korea government need to take measures to secure uniform interpretation of the HS and its periodic updating in light of developments in technology and changes in trade patterns. This paper suggest to amend customs law and regulation concerning classification committee.

• Fashion & Textile Research Journal
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• v.5 no.4
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• pp.331-336
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• 2003

This study is to research the influence of Caesalpinia sappan which was imported through the exchanges between the Chosun dynasty and Japanese envoys during the early Chosun dynasty. Korea interchanged politically and culturally with Japan since ancient times. Particularly, the good-neighbor foreign policy toward Japan grew into trade relations. The diplomatic mission, under the name of Tongshinsa, was dispatched 12 times in total. Plenty of goods were exchanged through the visiting of Japanese envoys as well as through the activities of Korean envoys. In other words, the Korean-Japanese relations were at first focused on the political and diplomatic etiquette and gradually evolved into economic exchanges. Trading goods were various, including food, clothing, etc. Caesalpinia sappan, a red dye, was the most imported goods from Japan, but it was sold at a very high price, which caused luxurious trends in clothing. However, these sumptuous moods of the upper classes were decreased in the 16th century. Some of the reasons are : the difficulties of Japan's trade with the Caesalpinia sappan producing countries in South-east Asia, the transition of the high classes' preference from red clothing into Chinese BaecSa and SaraNeungDan, and the comparative decrease in the demand of Caesalpinia sappan by the changed understanding of Honghwa. Therefore, the early Chosun dynasty's clothing trends were due to the relationships between the Chosun dynasty and Japan.

• Journal of Korea Trade
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.81-98
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• 2022

Purpose - This study aims to compare the requirements under the United Nations Convention on Contract for the International Sales of Goods (CISG) and the Korean Civil Act (KCA) regarding the buyer's right to require the delivery of substitute goods. The buyer's right to demand substitute delivery not only protect them from the seller's breach of contract but also preserves the contractual bond between the parties by providing an opportunity for sellers to protect their goodwill and circumvent the extreme remedy of avoidance. However, as substitute delivery entails additional efforts and costs for return and re-shipment, this right should not be allowed in every case of defect. Additionally, unlike the CISG, the KCA contains no specific provision related to the requirements for claiming substitute delivery. Therefore, it would be meaningful to examine and compare what requirements should be fulfilled before the buyer exercises the right in relation to non-conforming goods under the CISG and the KCA. Design/methodology - We conducted a comparative study of the requirements under the CISG and the KCA regarding the buyer's right to require delivery of substitute goods given a seller's delivery of non-conforming goods. Additionally, we referred to the opinions from the CISG Advisory Council, the draft of the KCA amendment, and related precedents, mainly focusing on the existence and severity of defects, reasonableness, and timely notice and requests as the major requirements for substitute delivery. Findings - The results of this study can be summarized as follows: First, the CISG provides more detailed requirements about the right to require delivery of substitute goods; by contrast, the KCA does not stipulate any such requirement. Thus, specific requirements for substitute delivery should be included when amending the KCA. Second, the CISG attempts to minimize overlapping and conflict with other remedies by specifying detailed requirements for the delivery of substitutes. Third, both the CISG and KCA require reasonableness for substitute delivery. Originality/value - Although there are no explicit legal requirements for substitute delivery under the KCA, there has been relatively little discussion of this issue to date. Therefore, the findings of our study can guide future revisions of the KCA to fill this loophole. Moreover, the recently released CISG Advisory Council opinion that clarifies the continuing confusion and debate, can help distinguish which remedy is suitable for a particular case. It may provide practical advice for businesspeople in international trade as well as legal implications for the future development of the KCA.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Costume
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• v.52 no.4
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• pp.65-73
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• 2002

This research is to reveal an aspect of costume culture interchange in the relationship of the early Chosun Dynasty, by considering the imported goods from Japan, of the trading goods derived by the trade diplomacy between the two countries in the early Korea-Japan relationship in the medieval era. The research results are as follows. A good-neighbor Policy in the early Chosun Dynasty was established by a link of a barbarian ban policy to blockade the frequent intrusion by Japanese barbarians. The exchange was the form of presenting a return present in return for a tribute to the Chosun Dynasty from the Japanese envoy, which has a polycentric characteristic. Pusanpo, Naipo, and Yumpo were designated as the open ports, which played a pivotal role in the Korea-Japan exchange. In trading goods between Korean and Japan. the imported goods from Japan to Korea were a wide variety of items primarily such as dyes, mordant, medicines, steel, spicers, etc. In particular, Somok used as a red mordant, which were intermediate goods to Southeast Asia, was the most heavily-traded items of imported goods from Japan. It had been consumed primarily as a raw material making the costume suit of the royal family and the aristocracy. The increased import of Somok was derived from a thought of preferred red color by our people. As its inflow was increased. the costumes tended to be luxurious In early Chosun Dynasty and resulted in social issues. This active trading from the early Chosun Dynasty caused from the communication of the Japanese envoy. In addition the study of the trading provided an opportunity that can glance at an aspect of the costume culture, though It was fractionary.

• Journal of Korea Trade
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.80-102
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• 2019

Purpose - This paper aims to articulate relationship about factors influencing FTA utilization by dividing them into company's external and internal factors and performing investigation on the relationship between FTA utilization and export performance. Design/methodology - This study verified factors influencing FTA utilization by dividing them into company's external and internal factors and performing investigation on the relationship between FTA utilization and export performance. Empirical analysis was performed by setting internal and external factors required for FTA utilization as variables. To achieve this, research model was established based on previous study, hypothesis was deduced, and statistical program were used to test the hypothesis. This study performed empirical analysis using statistical program of SPSS 18.0 and AMOS 18.0 for the research model. Findings - Empirical analysis was performed regarding the effect of the FTA utilization on export performance and previous study defined export performance as the company's increased economy benefits through export and increase in new transactions. Analysis was also performed for factors affecting the FTA utilization by the company and through management and response of external factors and internal factors it was confirmed that the FTA utilization by the company led to increase in the company's export performance as a result. This study proposes a method to achieve export performance based on this. Originality/value - Companies seeking to utilize the FTA sign the Contract for the International Sale of goods and there are many conditions to meet in order to receive trade preferences during the transaction process. Existing trade order and order in the FTA have to be followed. Country of origin can be seen as key in the FTA. The Rule of Origin becomes the most important evaluation standard in applying preferential tariff in the FTA. Such regulations can be seen as external factors which cannot be controlled by the company. Internal factors are capabilities owned before that can be controlled by the company. The study sought to test the variables regarding factors centered on such capability. This study verified factors influencing FTA utilization by dividing them into company's external and internal factors and performing investigation on the relationship between FTA utilization and export performance.

• Asia-Pacific Journal of Business
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.283-298
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• 2024

Purpose - This study examines whether Indonesia's new customs and tariff policies effectively support cross-border tariff control within the WTO's multilateral trade system and assist developing countries in achieving their public policy objectives. Through this analysis, the study aims to provide new perspectives and insights into trade policies in the digital commerce era. Design/methodology/approach - This study conducts a case analysis of Indonesia's customs and tariff policies on electronic transmissions, focusing on the purpose and rationale behind imposing tariffs on digital products, the potential violations of international trade norms, and the economic impact of such tariffs. Findings - This study concludes that Indonesia's policy of defining electronic transmissions as digital goods subject to customs tariffs is both necessary for increasing government revenue and supporting various public policy objectives. Additionally, it finds that this policy does not violate international norms and is feasible, providing valuable insights for other developing countries and international organizations in formulating trade policies for digital products. Research implications or Originality - This study demonstrates that Indonesia's digital goods tariff policy aims not only to increase revenue but also to achieve public policy objectives. It signifies a significant policy decision to promote the growth of the digital economy and support the development of digital economies in developing countries. Furthermore, Indonesia is analyzing detailed justifications and normative elements related to its digital goods tariff policy. Moreover, this represents an important and innovative approach to exploring avenues where developing countries can alleviate digital economic inequalities and enhance opportunities for economic development while adhering to existing international norms.

• Korea Trade Review
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• v.42 no.6
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• pp.1-25
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• 2017

This is a comparative and analytical study which comprises of the analysis of the rules of the seller's liability for non-conforming goods of four legal systems under the CISG and the CESL. A purpose of this study is to examine all the rules as to, first, the concept and the nature of the seller's duty to deliver the goods in conformity with the contract, second, the contents of the seller's duty to deliver the goods in conformity with the contract, third, the time when the goods must be in conformity with the contract and the cases where the seller is exempted from his liability for non-conforming goods. Another purpose is to compare the rules of the CISG with those of the CESL, and to evaluate them in light of the discipline of comparative law. This is for the purpose of facilitating the systematic development and reform of one jurisdiction by any solution from the other jurisdiction found by the comparative study. In addition, this study provides legal and practical advice to the contracting parties when they intend to use one of those regimes in their contract as a governing law.

• Korea Trade Review
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• v.45 no.6
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• pp.181-205
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• 2020

International trade theory is largely divided into the pure theory of international trade and the theory of trade policy. The pure theory of international trade is an academic field that conducts research related to the trade flow of goods and services between countries and the movement of production factors across borders. Meanwhile, the theory of trade policy studies the positive and normative aspects of trade policy which a government adopts to achieve its policy goals. In this study, about 230 papers in the field of international trade theory published in the Korea Trade Review over the past 45 years (1975~2019) are examined in meta analysis by period and subject. First, this study provides the main research subjects of international trade theory, and historically reviews the overall development of trade theory by paying attention to the core and pioneering papers, domestic and foreign. Second, the publications in the field of trade theory are classified by subject, and the domestic and foreign research trends are also examined for each subject with the analysis of major publication of this Journal.

• THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCE & LAW REVIEW
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• v.49
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• pp.43-59
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• 2011

Incoterms 2010 have been revised in line with the latest changes in contemporary commercial practice. An understanding of Incoterms 2010 is essential. The Incoterms rules on the use of domestic and international trade terms, facilitate the conduct of global trade. Reference to an Incoterms 2010 rule in a sale contract clearly defines the parties' respective obligations and reduces the risk of legal complications. In 1980 the United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods(CISG) was introduced to create international certainty and uniformity in the law and to govern issues that arise in an international sale of goods transaction. This paper focuses on harmony and ability of the CISG and Incoterms 2010 to govern contracts for the sale of goods.

• International Commerce and Information Review
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.243-263
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• 2004

Recently, International electronic commerce has been rapidly increasing. Over the past decade, e-commerce on the business foundation of the Internet compound has entered extensive areas of international trade and social activity. This paper focuses on the system establishment of customs duties of import goods in Global e-Commerce. Today, USA, EU and some major countries, International Organization insisted to Tariff-free woe in customs duty. This study also will discuss the effect of imposition of import duties. In order to impose customs duties, it needs to establish a system scheme, especially, because international payment of BtoC Commerce occur by the Credit Card. This study deals with Customs duties of import goods in Global e-Commerce.