• THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCE & LAW REVIEW
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• v.48
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• pp.79-100
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• 2010

To promote the nation's exports, in Korea several government led programs are alive for procuring and manufacturing goods for export. The trade supporting programs are consisted of Trade Financing Program, Trade Tax Program, and Trade Insurance. The programs are summarized ; First, Trade Financing Program is available to exporters of procuring raw materials and finished goods for export. It is extended with exceptionally low interests from the Korean commercial banks. Second, Trade Tax Program provides whole or part of customs drawback to exporters. customs drawback is' made when exporters meet requirements of Customs for export. Third, Trade Insurance Program cover risks of uncertainty which is beyond the exporters' capacity at low insurance premium. It is suggested that the exporters have deep knowledge of these three programs to their ends. Especially Trade Financing Program and Trade Insurance Program can be a combined work for the financially weak SMEs. Further, there are rooms for these programs to develop to enhance the competitiveness of SME exporters.

• THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCE & LAW REVIEW
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• v.13
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• pp.257-281
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• 2000

The world economy is becoming increasingly globalized. The globalization has resulted in far reaching agreements to deepen trade liberalization and enlarge its scope to cover new areas in addition to strengthening its supporting institutional base. Economic growth has developed international trade which has accelerated the development of international carriage of goods in 21st century. The international trade is basically founded on the contract of international sale of goods and backed up by the contract of international carriage of goods and the insurance on the goods carried. It is essential to incorporate each other sections for the efficient development of international trade. As a result of rapid expansion of international carriage of goods, rationalization of transport was required, which has brought about the International Multimodal Transport System through containerization. The approach to liability system will be a right way to solve the insurance problems for the development and enlargement of world trade volume. International multimodal transport system has affected international trade a lot, especially the field of insurance a grate deal. This paper is to analyze contents of liability system on Multimodal Transport with in the UN Convention on International Multimodal Transport of goods.

• Journal of Distribution Science
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• v.11 no.11
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• pp.89-99
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• 2013

Purpose - The purpose of this research was to examine the regulation and distribution channel of second-hand goods in cross-border trade in order to propose methods of protecting consumers through the international standardization of the intensifying second-hand trade and resource recycling. Research design, data, methodology - This study first defines several concepts relevant to research in international second-hand goods. Second, a questionnaire and interviews were conducted with manufacturers of second-hand toner cartridges and automobile parts to identify the current status of export and manufacturing. Results - The study proposes the international standardization of second-hand goods and waste to protect consumers and promote efficient resource recycling. Conclusions - The results of the study reveal that second-hand goods (except automobiles) do not have an HSK code to use for import/export data collection. Though used car exports are declining, used cars are increasing. Collecting data on used car parts is impossible because the buyers purchase and ship the second-hand parts.

• East Asian Economic Review
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.89-114
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• 2023

This paper empirically examines how controlling strategic goods affects productivity by focusing on Korean industries from 2015 to 2019. We hypothesize that strategic goods control positively affects productivity because it promotes international trade by making up for market failures, building up national credibility, and stabilizing market environment; in turn, international trade contributes to productivity growth. The regression results are congruent with our hypothesis. The effects of strategic goods control on productivity were positive and statistically significant in general. These positive effects were more prominent in the group of industries that include strategic goods and, thus, are technologically intensive. The results also support that international trade is a key medium for the effects of strategic goods control on productivity. Consequently, our empirical results support government policy on strategic goods control, ensuring that strategic goods control can contribute to economic growth by reducing diplomatic friction and stabilizing the global market.

• East Asian Economic Review
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.55-88
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• 2019

Our paper contributes to existing literature by empirically investigate the trade structure and trade performance between Korea and ASEAN. Overall, trade activities between Korea and almost major ASEAN economies have significantly focused on capital goods, medium and high technology goods, while the remaining ASEAN countries' exports over Korea have been mainly primary and low technology goods. There has been a higher complementarity in between Korea's exports and ASEAN's imports compared with between ASEAN's exports and Korea's imports. Estimation results show that ASEAN's GDP and income have larger impacts than those of Korea on aggregate trade flows as well as sectoral level between two sides. Additionally, geographical conditions are critical factors impeding Korea-ASEAN trade. Meanwhile, other factors in the estimation model have mixed impacts on components of Korea-ASEAN trade structure. Finally, there is a significant room for Korea's trade expansion with ASEAN, particularly new and less developed members in future.

• Journal of Labour Economics
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.29-54
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• 2005

This paper presents a simple two-sector general equilibrium model of noncomparative advantage trade between structurally identical advanced economies. Attention has focused on the effects of trade in information technology (IT) goods and services on the wage inequality in the digital economy. The model confirms and illustrates that wage inequality in the digital economy reflect trade in IT goods and services between advanced economies. In particular, this paper shows that even though the relative price of skilled labor-intensive technology good is declined with trade in IT goods and services, the wage of skilled labor increases. The reason is that as Jorgenson (2001) has empirically found, the price elasticity of demand for the technology goods is elastic.

• THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCE & LAW REVIEW
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• v.29
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• pp.65-86
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• 2006

In general, goods can be defined as objects, devices or things, whereas services can be defined as deeds, efforts or performances. Ultimately, the primary difference between goods and services is the property of intangibility - lacking physical substance. Recently, service industries span a wide variety of enterprises, from hamburgers to high technology. And the rules-based multilateral trading system so successful in reducing barriers to international trade in goods is now being expanded in the area of international trade in services. Therefore, the Korean Ministry of Trade, Industries and Energies has revised the Korea Foreign Trade Act and its Enforcement Ordinance to focus on expanding trade in service sectors, including transportation, communications, tourism services, and business services.

• Korea Trade Review
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• v.45 no.3
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• pp.119-132
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• 2020

In this paper we explore the two analyses to know the urbanization effect on trade. First, the granger causality test to examine the relationship between trade and urbanization. The Granger causality test is a statistical hypothesis test for determining whether one time series is useful for forecasting another. The results indicated that the existence of a bidirectional causality running from trade to urbanization when six lags were applied. When eight lags were applied, we found unidirectional causality running from urbanization to trade. Second, gravity models were used to investigate the urbanization effect on trade. The production cost and specification are affected by the economies of scale, and the economies of scale increased as the greater geographically agglomeration. However, the gravity model to explain the bilateral trade flows ignores the urbanization variables. Therefore we added the urbanization variable represented as the geographically agglomeration into gravity model. The results show that the degree of urbanization of both countries has statistically positive effect on trade (export and import) and the bigger coefficients of trade partner's urbanization. The reason is that the trade share of industrial supplies, intermediate goods and capital goods is much higher than finished consumer goods. The urbanization is more important the improved the efficiency of production than demand market.

• Journal of Korea Trade
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• v.23 no.7
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• pp.1-12
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• 2019

Purpose - This paper empirically investigates the relationship between Information and Communication Technology (ICT) goods imports and economic growth with a focus on the 13 Asia-Pacific economies during 2005-2016. In particular, this paper extends the study by breaking down the data of Asia-Pacific countries into High Income Countries (HICs) and Low Income Countries (LICs) according to the difference of income levels. Design/methodology - Our empirical model employs the standard growth model based on the Barro (1998)-type growth framework. Using static panel-data technique, we estimate the effect of ICT goods imports on economic growth in the 13 Asia-Pacific economies. In addition, we also estimate a difference of the ICT goods imports-economic growth link between HICs and LICs. Findings -The estimation results indicate that ICT goods import has a significant positive effect on economic growth, while ICT goods export has a positive but statistically insignificant effect on it. When we break down the panel data into HICs and LICs in order to gain further insight, ICT goods imports has been effective in spurring growth in only LICs but not in HICs. The other supplementary results show that both domestic investment (GCF) and life expectancy (LE) have a significantly positive impact on economic growth in both HICs and LICs. Originality/value - The main findings of the paper suggest that ICT goods imports has a positive effect on economic growth in only LICs but not in HICs. This result supports the so-called 'leapfrogging' hypothesis through ICT goods imports in the Asia-Pacific countries, in which LICs are gaining more from ICT goods imports than HICs.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Navigation
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.41-61
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• 1995

The international trade is basically founded on the contract of international sale of goods and backed up by the contract of international carriage of goods and the contract of insurance in the goods carried. For the efficient development of international trade, it is essential to incorporate the above three fields closely together. Economic growth has developed international trade which has accelerated the development of international carriage of goods. As a result of rapid expansion of international carriage of goods, rationalization of transport was required, which has brought about the International Multimodal Transport System(herein after referred to as 'IMT') through containerization. International multimodal transport system has affected international trade a lot, especially the field of insurance a great deal. The aim of this paper is to analyze contents of Multimodal Transport Operator's(MTO's) liability system in the UN Convention on International Multimodal Transport of Goods, 1980 and FIATA Bill of Lading(FBL) as one of current Multimodal Transport Documents. The analysis of MTO's liability system will be a good introductory concept for the further study of insurance problems for the development of IMT.