• 한국발생생물학회지:발생과생식
• /
• 제1권2호
• /
• pp.133-139
• /
• 1997

To study the function and structure of Golgi apparatus in the spermiogenesis of long-fingered bat (Miniopterus schreibersi fuliginosus), the testis obtained from adult bat was treated with the prolonged osmification or fixed with ferrocyanide reduced osmium. golgi apparatus was oval shape in early Golgi phase, and was composed of cortex and medullar enclosing acrosome in mid Golgi phase. The vesicles of crescent shape Golgi apparatus were closed or fused with small or large vesicles at the periphery of acrosome. Golgi apparatus moved behing the acrosome face in cap phase, but the Golgi apparatus was still active. According to this, Golgi apparatus appears to be involved in the formation of acrosome and sperm tail. Transfer of materials from Golgi to acrosme seems to be carried out not only by fusion of large vesicles with acrosomal vesicles but also by detachment of coated vesicle from various cisternae of Golgi fusing with acrosomal vesicle.

• Molecules and Cells
• /
• 제46권4호
• /
• pp.191-199
• /
• 2023

The Golgi apparatus modifies and transports secretory and membrane proteins. In some instances, the production of secretory and membrane proteins exceeds the capacity of the Golgi apparatus, including vesicle trafficking and the post-translational modification of macromolecules. These proteins are not modified or delivered appropriately due to the insufficiency in the Golgi function. These conditions disturb Golgi homeostasis and induce a cellular condition known as Golgi stress, causing cells to activate the 'Golgi stress response,' which is a homeostatic process to increase the capacity of the Golgi based on cellular requirements. Since the Golgi functions are diverse, several response pathways involving TFE3, HSP47, CREB3, proteoglycan, mucin, MAPK/ETS, and PERK regulate the capacity of each Golgi function separately. Understanding the Golgi stress response is crucial for revealing the mechanisms underlying Golgi dynamics and its effect on human health because many signaling molecules are related to diseases, ranging from viral infections to fatal neurodegenerative diseases. Therefore, it is valuable to summarize and investigate the mechanisms underlying Golgi stress response in disease pathogenesis, as they may contribute to developing novel therapeutic strategies. In this review, we investigate the perturbations and stress signaling of the Golgi, as well as the therapeutic potentials of new strategies for treating Golgi stress-associated diseases.

• BMB Reports
• /
• 제54권5호
• /
• pp.246-252
• /
• 2021

The Golgi complex plays a central role in protein secretion by regulating cargo sorting and trafficking. As these processes are of functional importance to cell polarity, motility, growth, and division, there is considerable interest in achieving a comprehensive understanding of Golgi complex biology. However, the unique stack structure of this organelle has been a major hurdle to our understanding of how proteins are secreted through the Golgi apparatus. Herein, we summarize available relevant research to gain an understanding of protein secretion via the Golgi complex. This includes the molecular mechanisms of intra-Golgi trafficking and cargo export in the trans-Golgi network. Moreover, we review recent insights on signaling pathways regulated by the Golgi complex and their physiological significance.

• Applied Microscopy
• /
• 제47권2호
• /
• pp.63-69
• /
• 2017

Golgi staining has been modified and developed since Camillo Golgi introduced the black reaction in 1873. This study focuses on the commonly used Golgi staining methods and presents comprehensive data regarding three Golgi staining methods along with their strong and weak points. The Golgi-Cox method uses mercuric chloride for brain tissue impregnation and is a reliable technique for analyzing the complete dendritic tree of cortical neurons. However, specimens tend to shrink during the staining steps. Recent combination of the Golgi-Cox method and immunofluorescence provides additional options for neuroscientists. Rapid Golgi staining requires osmium tetroxide for the post-fixation process. It homogenously stains whole structures of neurons and provides their detailed anatomical morphology. This staining is influenced by the age of the specimen, temperature of the laboratory, and duration of each procedure. The Golgi-Kopsch method uses formaldehyde and glutaraldehyde instead of osmium tetroxide and can be used regardless of the age of the specimen and the duration after fixation. This method is suitable for research using human brain fixed for a long time or for specimens obtained from old-aged animals. Selecting a Golgi staining protocol that is appropriate for the specimen type and research purpose is important to achieve best results.

• Applied Microscopy
• /
• 제28권4호
• /
• pp.603-613
• /
• 1998

The present study was designed in order to observe relationship between the endoplasmic reticulum and the Golgi complex during spermiogenesis of the long-fingered bat (Miniopterus schreibersi fuliginosus). The testes were obtained from adult bats and treated with the prolonged osmification or fixed with ferrocyanide reduced osmiun. In the Golgi phase, The Golgi complex shows an oval shape, and was composed of a cortex and a medullar enclosing acrosome. The Golgi vacuoles with electron-dense granules of crescent shape were fused with each other. The smooth endoplasrnic reticulum was scattered in all the area of the cytoplasm. In the cap phase, The Golgi complex was crescent in shape, and faced to a nucleus. Large and small vesicles were fused with each other, and then fused with a acrosomal vacuole. The rough endoplasmic reticulum was close to the large Golgi vacuole. In the acrosome phase, The Golgi complex was moved to behind of the acrosome face. Small vesicles were fused with an acrosome, and cisternae of the trans-face of Golgi complex was connected with an acrosome in the early acrosome phase. The smooth endoplasmic reticulum was distributed in the cytoplasm. The annulate lamellar was originated from a radial body-annulate lammellae complex. In the maturation phase, The Golgi complex with dilated cistrern appeared in the cytoplasm, and also, annulate lamellar was observed in the cytoplasm. The connection of the annulate lamellar with the cistern of radial body suggests that an annulate lamellar seems to be closely related to radial body. The smooth endoplasmic reticulum was scattered in the cytoplasm in the early Golgi phase, but annulate lamellar-radial body complex which might be a residual and disappearing form of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum appeared in the acrosome phase. The Golgi complex steadily remained in the late maturation phase when the endoplasmic reticulum began to disappear from the cytoplasm: the Golgi complex was still occurred after acrosome formation. The observations obtained in the present study, which was characterized by the presence of the Golgi complex in the late maturation phase, suggests that the Golgi complex may play an important role also even after the acrosome formation.

• Applied Microscopy
• /
• 제26권4호
• /
• pp.465-477
• /
• 1996

본 연구에서는 담즙산과 cholesterol 및 phospholipid가 흰쥐 간세포내 소기관에 미치는 영향을 조사하여 이들 담즙물의 수송기전을 알아 보고져 하였다. 정상군과 각 실험군에서 관찰된 Golgi장치는 거의가 cis side를 담세관으로 향하고 있었다. 각 실험군에서는 ER과 Golgi 장치 및 용해소체 등 소기관의 수적 증가, 소조의 팽대, budding 등이 관찰되었다. Dehydrocholic acid 투여군에서는 cis Golgi cistern의 선상 팽대을 많이 볼 수 있었는데 공포(vacuole)들은 담세관과 Golgi 장치사이에서 관찰되었으며 ER과 담세관 사이에서도 관찰할 수 있었다. Cholesterol 투여군과 Phosphotidylcholine 투여군에는 Golgi 장치의 모든 소조들이 팽대되어 있었으며 ER 유래의 공포와 용헤소체가 증가되어 있었는데 용해소체의 증가는 특히 cholesterol 투여군에서 현져하였다. 이상의 소견으로 미루어 담즙성분의 분비에 관여하는 주된 세포내 소기관은 ER과 Golgi 장치 및 용해소체로 추정된다. 그러나 dehydrocholic acid는 ER과 cis Golgi 소조 유래의 공포에 의해 분비되며 Cholesterol과 phosphatidylcholine은 ER에서 또는 trans Golgi 소조을 거친 후 용해소체를 통해서 배출될 것으로 추정되는데 특히 cholesterol은 용해소체를 통해서 빈번히 배출될 것으로 생각된다.

• Applied Microscopy
• /
• 제22권2호
• /
• pp.46-65
• /
• 1992

In this study, we have made morphological and cytochemical observations to investigate the type of Golgi apparatus around the bile canaliculus. The animal (Wister, $220{\sim}250gm$) were divided into 4 groups; normal, hydrochol, colchicine and hydrochol-colchicine. The Golgi apparatus is classified into 16 different types from 4 different groups. In the normal group, we could observe 12 different types of the sixteen. Type I which showed convexed cisterns facing the bile canaliculi was most abundant of the types. In the hydrochol group, 14 types were observed. Type VII and type I showed convexed cisterns facing the bile canaliculus and were abundant. In the colchicine group, 11 different types were viewed and type XIV which showed intensely dilated cisterns without the polarity was predominant. In the hydrochol-colchicine group, we observed 3 different types. Type XIV clearly showed the highest percentage, although that type was less numerous in this group than in the colchicine group. In the hydrochol group, the Golgi apparatus showed a tendency to increase in numbers, while in the hydrochol-colchicine group the Golgi apparatus showed a tendency to decrease in numbers. The reactive products of thiamine pyrophosphatase and acid phosphatase were apparent over the distal Golgi cistern in the normal and hydrochol groups, but were decreased or not observed in the colchicine and hydrochol-colchicine groups. From the results, it is assumed that with the presence of the microtubule, Golgi cisterns are dilated with polarity after stimulation of secretion. Without the microtubule, the cistern becomes more intensely dilated and none polaric. Also the enzymes within the cisternal membrane become decreaed or absent and the Golgi apparatus decreases in numbers after activation of secretion.

• Applied Microscopy
• /
• 제28권1호
• /
• pp.83-90
• /
• 1998

본 연구에서는 박절편과 동결할단복제법을 이용하여 흰쥐 간세포에서 dehydrocholic acid가 수송되는 경로를 전자현미경적으로 조사하고자 하였다. 정상군이나 dehydrocholic acid 투여군에서 대부분의 Golgi 장치는 형성면을 담세관으로 향하고 있었다. Dehydrocholic acid 투여 20분 후에 세포질내세망과 Golgi 장치 및 소포 등이 담세관 주위에 증가되어 있었는데 특히 Golgi 장치 형성면에서는 소포가 될 것으로 추정되는 싹이 돌출되어 있었으며 소포들은 담세관에 융합된 것들도 관찰되었다. 이러한 소견으로 미루어 담즙산의 분비는 Golgi 장치 형성면의 쌀이 유리되어 형성된 소포가 담세관막에 융합되므로서 이루어질 것으로 추정된다.

• Applied Microscopy
• /
• 제28권2호
• /
• pp.171-180
• /
• 1998

본 연구에서는 dehydrocholic acid를 투여한 흰쥐 간세포의 vacuolar apparatus를 세포화학적으로 관찰하고자 하였다. 박절편에서 Golgi 장치의 형성면 수조는 소낭상으로 팽대된 부분이 열지어 있었으며 어떤것은 돌출되어 있었다. 이러한 소낭 모양의 돌출부는 용해소체 표면에서도 관찰되었다. 소포들은 Golgi 장치의 형성면 수조와 용해소채 및 담세관 주위에서 볼 수 있었으며 소포가 담세관에 융합되어 있는 것도 관찰되었다. 이러한 소견들은 dehydrocholic acid 투여 후 20분이 경과된 흰쥐에서 현저하였다. 정상군이나 실험군에서 거의 모든 Golgi 장치의 형성면은 담세관을 향하고 있었다. 박절편에서 Golgi 장치의 형성면 수조와 소낭 모양의 돌출부 및 소포는 가시물질을 거의 함유하고 있지 않았다. Osmium은 이들구조에서 심하게 침착되어 있었다. 용해소체와 그 주위에 있는 소포에서는 acid phosphatase 활성이 나타났다. 그러나 담세관 주위에 있는 소포에서는 osmium의 침착이나 acid phosphatase 활성이 경하게 나타나거나 관찰되지 않았다. 이러한 증거들로 미루어 소포는 Golgi 장치의 형성면과 용해소체에서 유래되며 이들소포가 담세관에 융합됨으로서 담즙산이 분비될 것으로 생각된다. 그러나 소포가 담세관에 접근해 감에 따라 소포의 효소활성은 저하되는 것 같이 보인다.

• Molecules and Cells
• /
• 제40권9호
• /
• pp.643-654
• /
• 2017

Autophagy is a degradation pathway in eukaryotic cells in which aging proteins and organelles are sequestered into double-membrane vesicles, termed autophagosomes, which fuse with vacuoles to hydrolyze cargo. The key step in autophagy is the formation of autophagosomes, which requires different kinds of vesicles, including COPII vesicles and Atg9-containing vesicles, to transport lipid double-membranes to the phagophore assembly site (PAS). In yeast, the cis-Golgi localized t-SNARE protein Sed5 plays a role in endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-Golgi and intra-Golgi vesicular transport. We report that during autophagy, sed5-1 mutant cells could not properly transport Atg8 to the PAS, resulting in multiple Atg8 dots being dispersed into the cytoplasm. Some dots were trapped in the Golgi apparatus. Sed5 regulates the anterograde trafficking of Atg9-containing vesicles to the PAS by participating in the localization of Atg23 and Atg27 to the Golgi apparatus. Furthermore, we found that overexpression of SFT1 or SFT2 (suppressor of sed5 ts) rescued the autophagy defects in sed5-1 mutant cells. Our data suggest that Sed5 plays a novel role in autophagy, by regulating the formation of Atg9-containing vesicles in the Golgi apparatus, and the genetic interaction between Sft1/2 and Sed5 is essential for autophagy.