• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제30권7호
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• pp.967-972
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• 2017

Objective: Two experiments were conducted to determine the effects of forage-to-concentrate (F:C) ratio on the nutrient digestibility and enteric methane ($CH_4$) emission in growing goats and Sika deer. Methods: Three male growing goats (body weight $[BW]=19.0{\pm}0.7kg$) and three male growing deer ($BW=19.3{\pm}1.2kg$) were respectively allotted to a $3{\times}3$ Latin square design with an adaptation period of 7 d and a data collection period of 3 d. Respiration-metabolism chambers were used for measuring the enteric $CH_4$ emission. Treatments of low (25:75), moderate (50:50), and high (73:27) F:C ratios were given to both goats and Sika deer. Results: Dry matter (DM) and organic matter (OM) digestibility decreased linearly with increasing F:C ratio in both goats and Sika deer. In both goats and Sika deer, the $CH_4$ emissions expressed as g/d, g/kg $BW^{0.75}$, % of gross energy intake, g/kg DM intake (DMI), and g/kg OM intake (OMI) decreased linearly as the F:C ratio increased, however, the $CH_4$ emissions expressed as g/kg digested DMI and OMI were not affected by the F:C ratio. Eight equations were derived for predicting the enteric $CH_4$ emission from goats and Sika deer. For goat, equation 1 was found to be of the highest accuracy: $CH_4(g/d)=3.36+4.71{\times}DMI(kg/d)-0.0036{\times}neutral$ detergent fiber concentrate (NDFC,g/kg)+$0.01563{\times}dry$ matter digestibility (DMD,g/kg)-$0.0108{\times}neutral$ detergent fiber digestibility (NDFD, g/kg). For Sika deer, equation 5 was found to be of the highest accuracy: $CH_4(g/d)=66.3+27.7{\times}DMI(kg/d)-5.91{\times}NDFC(g/kg)-7.11{\times}DMD(g/kg)+0.0809{\times}NDFD(g/kg)$. Conclusion: Digested nutrient intake could be considered when determining the $CH_4$ generation factor in goats and Sika deer. Finally, the enteric $CH_4$ prediction model for goats and Sika deer were estimated.

• 농업과학연구
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• 제12권1호
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• pp.70-74
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• 1985

한국재래산양(韓國在來山羊)에 대하여 혈청(血淸) LH, FSH, prolactin, estradiol-$17{\beta}$ 및 progesterone의 농도(濃度)를 교배일(交配日)로부터 20일간격(日間隔)으로 140일(日)까지와 분만당일(分娩當日) 및 분만후(分娩後) 10일(日)과 20일(日)에 조사(調査)하였다. 혈청(血淸) LH의 농도(濃度)는 임신(姙娠) 60일(日)에 1.95mIU/ml로 최고치(最高値)였고, 임신(姙娠) 100일(日0까지는 높은 수준(水準)이었으나 그 후(後)로는 급격(急激)히 감소(減少)하여 분만시(分娩時)에는 0.02 mIU/ml를 나타냈다. Prolactin의 농도(濃度)는 임신(姙娠) 140일(日)부터 급격(急激)히 증가(增加)하여 분만시(分娩時)에는 29.75 ng/ml로 최고치(最高値)였으며, 분만후(分娩後)에는 다시 감소(減少)하였다. FSH는 모든 관찰시간(觀察時間)에서 분절하한치(分折下限値)인 1.25 mIU/ml 이하(以下)의 수준(水準)이었다. 혈청(血淸) estradiol-$17{\beta}$의 수준(水準)은 임신기간(姙娠期間)이 경과(經過)할수록 증가(增加)하였으며, 분만시(分娩時)에는 159.62 pg/ml로 최고치(最高値)였고, 분만후(分娩後)에는 월등(越等)히 감소(減少)하였다. 혈청(血淸) progesterone은 임신(姙娠) 120일(日)에 6.62 ng/ml로 최고치(最高値)였고, 그 후(後)로는 감소(減少)하여 분만시(分娩時)에는 1.25 ng/ml로 매우 낮은 수준(水準)이었다.

• 농업과학연구
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• 제12권1호
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• pp.55-61
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• 1985

한국재래산양(韓國在來山羊)의 번식형질(繁殖形質)을 조사(調査)하고, 아울러 70일령(日令)부터 190일령(日令)까지 매(每)15일(日) 간격(間隔)으로 혈청(血淸) 성(性) hormone의 농도변화(濃度變化)를 조사(調査)하였다. 한국재래산양(韓國在來山羊)의 성성숙일령(性成熟日令)과 체중(體重)은 183.6일(日)과 14.3 kg이었고. 발정시기(發情時期)와 발정지속기간(發情持續期間)은 20.3일(日)과 36.7시간(時間)이었으며, 임신기간(姙娠期間), 복당산자수(腹當産仔數) 및 생시체중(生時體重)은 각각(各各) 148.4일(日), 1.4두(頭) 및 1.8 kg이었다. 혈청(血淸) LH의 수준(水準)은 70일령(日令)에서 3.93mIU/ml로 최고치(最高値)였고, 일령(日令)이 증가(增加)할수록 감소(減少)되는 경향(傾向) 이어서 190일령(日令)에는 1.21mIU/ml로 최소치(最少値)였다. FSH는 모든 관찰시간(觀察時間)에서 1.25 mIU/ml 以下의 수준(水準)이었다. Prolactin은 85일령(日令)에 3.09 ng/ml로 최소치(最少値)였고, 175일령(日令)에 4.65 ng/ml로 최고치(最高値)를 나타냈다. Estradiol-$17{\beta}$의 수준(水準)은 일령(日令)이 증가(增加)할수록 증가(增加)되는 경향(傾向)이어서 190일령(日令)에서 7.95 pg/ml로 최고치(最高値)를 나타냈다. Progesterone은 모든 관찰시간(觀察時間)에서 1.0 ng/ml 이하(以下)로서 매우 낮은 수준(水準)을 유지(維持)하였다.

• 대한수의학회지
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• 제25권2호
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• pp.91-101
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• 1985

This study was conducted in order to observe the changes in cellular associations of seminiferous tubules from 8 to 20 weeks of age and to obtain the cycle and relative duration of the seminiferous epithelia from 24 to 32 weeks of age. Twenty-eight Korean native male goats were used in the experiment and divided into 7 groups, consisting of 4 goats each, with four weeks intervals from 8 to 32 weeks of age. The results were summarized as follows; 1. Gonocytes were seen at 8 weeks of age, however they were not observed as from 12 weeks. Both type A-spermatogonia and type B-spermatogonia occurred from 8 weeks, while primary spermatocytes were found from 12 weeks. Secondary spermatocytes and spermatids appeared from 16 weeks, and increased in numbers sequentially until 32 weeks of age. Spermatozoa were observed at first at 20 weeks of age. 2. Type A-spermatogonia appeared approximately twice as many at stage 2 as compared to stage 1, while the same numbers of cells were seen in both stages 1 and 8, showing the least number among 8 stages of the cycle of the seminiferous epithelia. The type B-spermatogonia were found during the stage 5 to 8, not to be detactable during stage 1 to 4. The number of primary spermatocytes of the leptotene phase increased markedly during stage 1 to 4, and decreased afterwards. The primary spermatocytes of the pachytene phase were shown the least in number at stage 4. The secondary spermatocytes could be seen only at stage 4 and the largest number of spermatids was seen at the stage 4 among 8 stages. 3. The relative frequencies of each stage among stages 1 to 8 of the cycle of the seminiferous epithelia were 27.5, 17.5, 12.8, 5.8, 8.9, 8.3, 12.0 and 7.2% respectively. 4. Some of the nuclei of Sertoli cells transformed from the "parallel" type to the "perpendicular" type. This evolution took place from stage 1 to 6, when the number of "perpendicular" type nuclei reached a peak and the number was decreased in the rest of the stages. Thus, establishment of spermatogenesis in Korean native goats was completed at the age of 20 weeks.

• 대한수의학회지
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• 제14권2호
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• pp.135-150
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• 1974

한국재내산양(韓國在來山羊) 11마리의 전지근(前肢筋)을 절개하여 관찰하였던 바 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. 1. 한국재내산양(韓國在來山羊)의 전지(前肢)에서는 다음과 같은 근(筋)들을 관찰할 수 있었다. 승모근(僧帽筋) M. trapezus, 릉형근(菱形筋) M. rhomboideus, 완두근(腕頭筋) M. brachiocephalicus, 쇄골하근(鎖骨下筋) M. subclavius, 견갑횡구근(肩甲橫究筋) M. omotransv-ersarius, 란배근(瀾背筋) M. latissimus dorsi, 천흉근(淺胸筋) M. pectoralis guperficialis, 탐흉근(探胸筋) M. pectorlis profundus, 복거근(腹鋸筋) M. serratus ventralis, 삼각근(三角筋) M. deltoideus, 극하근(棘下筋) M. infraspinatus, 극상근(棘上筋) M. supraspinatus, 견갑하근(肩甲下筋) M. subscapularis, 대원근(大圓筋) M. teres major, 소원근(小圓筋) M. theres minor, 전완근막장근(前腕筋膜張筋) M. tensor fascia antebrachii, 삼두완근(三頭腕筋) M. triceps brachii, 주근 M. anconeus, 이두완근(二頭腕筋) M. biceps brachii, 상완근(上腕筋) M. brachialis, 조훼완근(鳥喙腕筋) M. coracobrachialis, 요완신근(橈腕伸筋) M. extensor carpi radialis, 고유제삼지신근(固有第三指伸筋) M. extensor digiti tertii proprius, 총지신근(總指伸筋) M. extensor digitorum cemmunis 고유제사지신근(固有第四指伸筋) M. extensor digiti quartii proprius, 척완신근(尺腕伸筋) M. extensor carpi ulnaris, 장모지외전근(長母指外轉筋) M. abductor pollicis longus, 척완굴근(尺腕屈筋) M. flexor carpi ulnaris, 요완굴근(橈腕屈筋) M. flexor carpi radialis, 원회내근(圓回內筋) M. pronator teres, 천지굴근(淺指屈筋) M. flexor digitorum suprficialis, 탐지굴근(探指屈筋) M. flexor digitorum profundus, 골간근(骨間筋) M. interosseus medius. 2. 천흉근(淺胸筋)과 심흉근(深胸筋)은 각각 전부(前部)와 후부(後部)로 명확히 분리(分離)되어있으며 특히 심흉근(深胸筋)의 전부(前部)와 후부(後部)는 서로 떨어져서 기시(起始)를 하고있어 그 사이에는 흉골(胸骨)이 노출되어 있었다. 3. 쇄골하근(鎖骨下筋)은 전예(全例)에서 관찰할 수 있었다. 4. 조탁흉근(鳥啄胸筋)은 소나 양에 비하여 매우 발달하였으며 특히 3예(例)에서는 더욱 발달하여 3개의 부분(部分)으로 되어있어 상완골 내측면 거의 전체를 덮고 있었다. 5. 주근, 소원근(小圓筋) 등 소동물(小動物)에서는 작은 근(筋)들이 매우 발달하였으나 장모지외전근(長母指外轉筋)은 엷고 작았다. 6. 반추류(反芻類)에서 가끔 볼 수 있는 M. extensor pollicis는 관찰할 수 없었다.

• 대한수의학회지
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• 제37권1호
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• pp.87-101
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• 1997

The development of trachea in fetuses on 60, 90 and 120 days of gestation and neonates of Korean native goats was investigated by microscopy and scanning and transmission electron microscopy. The results were summarized as follows; Light microscopic studies: 1. In the 60-day-old fetuses, the tracheal walls were differentiated and divided into four layers of the mucosa, submucosa, muscle and cartilage, and adventitia. The tracheal epithelium is composed of stratified ciliated columnar epithelium at 60- and 90-day-old fetuses while the epithelium observed at 120-day-old fetuses was pseudostraified ciliated colummar epithelium. 2. In the 90-day-old fetuses, tracheal glands extended into the submucosa and peripheral area of the tracheal cartilage. The blood vessels were observed in the submucosa and adventitia. The elastic and collagenous fibers were observed in the tracheal walls. 3. In the neonates, the tracheal walls consisted of mucosa with well-developed folds, submucosa, tracheal glands, muscle and cartilage, collagenous and elastic fibers, and adventitia, which were more developed than those of 120-day-old fetuses. The tracheal epithelium was developed as that in adults. Scanning electron microscopic studies: 4. In the 60-day-old fetuses, most of tracheal epithelial cells were nonciliated but short microvilli were sporadically observed on the luminal surface. On rare occasions, a few cells have solitary cilium. 5. In the 90-day-old fetuses, the ciliated cells appeared increasingly and cilia elongated longer than those of 60-day-old fetuses. 6. In the 120-day-old fetuses, the nonciliated cells covered with microvilli in dome-shape were barriered by thick carpet of cilia. The nonciliated cells also have many papillary projectons on the apical surface. 7. In the neonates, the nonciliated cells in tracheal epithelium were covered compactly with numerous cilia, and many secretory droplets were found on the cilia. Transmission electron microscopic studies: 8. In the 60-day-old fetuses, nonciliated cells of the tracheal epithelium contain large amounts of glycogen granules in the supernuclear and subnuclear areas meanwhile a few cell organelles were formed. Cilia were well formed along the apical cell membranes of the ciliated cells. Also found in the ciliated cells were basal corpuscles, mitochondria and short chains in granular endoplasmic reticulum(GER). Between the epithelial cells presented were well-defined junctional complex with zonula occludens and desmosomes. The nuclei were variable in size and shape. The more developed nucleoli were observed conspicuosly. 9. In the 90-day-old fetuses, nonciliated cells contained large glycogen granules. Accumulated glycogen granules were observed in the subnuclear and supranuclear portion of the cytoplasm. A few short microvilli were covered with glycocalyx. Ciliated cells contained numerous mitochondria and short chains of GER. 10. In the 120-day-old fetuses, the ciliated cells contained numerous mitochondria, abundant short chains of GER and nucleoli. Nonciliated cells contained some Golgi complex and mitochondria. The cell borders were well-defined and distinct junctional complex with zonula occludens, desmosomes, and interdigitorum. 11. In the neonates, well-developed goblet cells were observed in the tracheal epithelium. Ultrastructures of ciliated and nonciliated cells on the tracheal epithelia were similar in pattern as those in adults.

• 한국축산식품학회지
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• 제40권5호
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• pp.689-698
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• 2020

The aim of study was to scrutinize the physicochemical and protein profile of milk obtained from local Pakistani breeds of milch animals such as Nilli-Ravi buffalo, Sahiwal cow, Kajli sheep, Beetal goat and Brela camel. Physicochemical analysis unveiled maximum number of total solids and protein found in sheep and minimum in camel. Buffalo milk contains the highest level of fat (7.45%) while camel milk contains minimum (1.94%). Ash was found maximum in buffalo (0.81%) and sheep (0.80%) while minimum in cow's milk (0.71%). Casein and whey proteins were separated by subjecting milk to isoelectric pH and then analyzed through sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). The results showed heterogeneity among these species. Different fractions including α_S1, α_S2, κ-casein, β-casein and β-lactoglobulen (β-Lg) were identified and quantitatively compared in all milk samples. Additionally, this electrophoretic method after examining the number and strength of different protein bands (α_S1, α_S2, β-CN, α-LAC, BSA, and β-Lg, etc.), was helpful to understand the properties of milk for different processing purposes and could be successfully applied in dairy industry. Results revealed that camel milk was best suitable for producing allergen free milk protein products. Furthermore, based on the variability of milk proteins, it is suggested to clarify the phylogenetic relationships between different cattle breeds and to gather the necessary data to preserve the genetic fund and biodiversity of the local breeds. Thus, the study of milk protein from different breed and species has a wide range of scope in producing diverse protein based dairy products like cheese.

• 미생물학회지
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• 제41권1호
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• pp.60-66
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• 2005

국내산 한우, 흑염소, 돼지, 개, 닭 및 마우스 둥을 포함한 각종 동물과 사람환자에서 분리된 MRSA 균주를 포함하여 총 116주의 S. aureus 균주를 확보하여 이들 균주들의 유전학적 다양성을 분석하고자 시도하였다. 이를 위하여 쉽고, 편리하며 많이 활용되고 있는 PCR을 이용하여, 개별 분석기법에 따른 유전학적 특성을 파악하는 것은 물론 활용한 기법들 중에서 유전자수준에서 가장 효율적이며 뛰어난 감별능력을 지닌 기법을 선발하고자 하는데 궁극적인 목적을 두었다. 이를 위해서 통계학적 인 수치에 따라 객관적인 분석방법으로서 Simpson's index of diversity (SID)를 산출하여 성적상호간을 비교 및 평가하였다. 공시한 총 99 주에 대한 4M primer를 이용한 RAPD 성적에 근거하여 산출한 SID 값은 0.915의 양호한 간이 산출되었다. 같은 방법으로 충 98 주에 대한 RA primer를 이용한 RAPD성적을 토대로 산출한 SID 값은 0.874로 확인되었다. 한편 총 107주에 대한 ERIC-PCR을 수행한 종합분석 성적에서 공시균주들은 모두 10종의 유전형(genotype)으로 구분되었고, EM-type 는 14주가 포함되어 가장 대표적 인 유전형으로 분류되었으며, 이 그룹에는 사람유래의 6주가 포함되어 가장 지배적인 유전형으로 확인되었다. 또한 DNA profile에 근거한 덴드로그람을 작성하고 SID간을 산출하였던 바, SDI 0.929의 신뢰도 높은 성적을 산출하였다. 반면에 공시한 총 108주의 S. aureus균주에 대한 종합적인 REP-PCR 성적에서 모두20종의 유전형으로 세분되었고 RB-type은 17주로 가장 많은 균주가 포함되었다. 작성된 덴드로그람 성적에서 산출한 SID 값은 우리의 연구에서 수행한 PCR에 기초한 유전자 분석기법들 중에서는 가장 높은 0.930으로 확인되었다. 결론적으로 RAPD 기법 중에서는 4M primer를 활용한RAPD가 보다 효율적임을 확인할 수 있었고, REP-PCR과 ERIC-PCR의 양자의 성적은 거의 비슷하여 적용했던 PCR분석기법 중에서는 이들 분석기법이 가장 우수한 감별능력을 확보한 분석법으로 최종 선발할 수 있었다.

• 한국동물학회지
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• 제27권2호
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• pp.103-116
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• 1984

유전자 구조 및 유전정보 흐름의 차이로 인하여 고등생물의 유전자를 미생물에 직접 cloning하면 원하는 유전자 산물을 얻지 못하는 경우가 많다. 이것을 극복하기 위해서는 화학적인 방법으로 유전자를 합성하든지, 또는 역제효소를 사용하여 고등생물의 mRNA로부터 유전자를 합성하여 cloning하는 방법을 사용한다. 본 연구에서는 oligo(dT)-cellulose column 방법으로 순수분리한 plasmid pBR322의 Pst I site에 cloning하였다. 우선 AMV reverse transcriptase로 primary cDNA를 합성하고, 알칼리를 처리하여 주형 RNA를 제거했다. 이번에는 이 primary cDNA를 주형으로 Klenow enzyme과 reverse transcriptase를 차례로 처리하여 double stranded DNA를 합성하고, 이 때 5' end 근처에 형성되는 hairpin loop을 Sl nuclease로 제거했다. Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase를 사용하여, 합성된 dsDNA에는 poly(dC) track을, Pst I endonuclease를 처리한 plasmid DNA에서는 poly(dG) track을 각각 붙인다음 이들을 서로 annealing시키고 E. coli에 transformation시켜서 크기가 큰 plasmid를 갖는 clone을 cracking 방법으로 일처 선별하였다. 이렇게 선별된 clone을 in 냐셔 hybridization 방법으로 조사하여 globin DNA가 들어간 colony를 이차 선별하고 여러 restriction enzyme으로 잘라보아 globin DNA가 cloning된 것을 확인하였다. 토끼 hemoglobin으로 immunize한 rat (Wistar)에서 뽑은 제일차 혈청과 염소에서 뽑은 제이차 혈청의 antibody를 사용한 radioimmunoassay방법으로, cloning된 globin gene이 대장균내에서 발현되는 지의 여부를 살펴 보았는데, 박테리아의 $\\beta$-lactamase와 토끼의 globin이 결합된 chimeric protein이 대장균 내에서 다량 합성되며, 이 단백질은 토끼 hemoglobin의 antigenic determinant를 가지고 있음을 알 수 있었다.

• 한국수정란이식학회지
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• 제24권4호
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• pp.289-292
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• 2009

Mongolia has 80% livestock of total agriculture industry, 170,000 farms are engaged, 2,500,000 of cows that were beef and dairy cows are raised. Despite of Mongolian has great application with milk, there are not clear differences between cow and dairy cattle, and the production of milk is also low. But the milk suppliers are varied (horse, sheep, goat, etc), so that the total milk production is 500 thousand ton per year. It's really considerable to improve the breed of owing to many problems with big differences among milk qualities. For carrying out for first year project, artificial insemination project was operated with 3rd grade Holstein semen that were imported from S. Korea, and initiation and field training were also carried out through appropriate AI technique we developed for Mongolia environment. Local information research and MOU conclusion were done with professor D. Altangerel in May $10^{th}{\sim}13^{th}$, 2009, and development for AI technique and AI equipments were supplied for Mongolia breeding and natural environment in July $10^{th}{\sim}17^{th}$ in 2009. All cows were treated by synchronization for AI. To do this, $PGF_{2\alpha}$ injection were treated for luteal phase cow, if it wouldn't work, try again after 11 days. After confirmation of estrus, AI and AI training were carried out with sperm injection in the uterus or cervix by rectum-vagina method which is common worldwide, the most effective artificial insemination technique. If cows were return to next estrus cycle, second AI was carried out about approximately 21 days after artificial insemination. After 2 months, all cows not showing return estrus should be taken pregnancy test. Every pregnant cow will be cared thoroughly. Total 48 cows administrated by $PGF_{2\alpha}$ for synchronization and after 48 hours 45 cows (93.8%) showing estrus were detected and then artificial inseminate them within who 8 cows (27.8%) showed return estrus. Therefore, Using $PGF_2{\alpha}$ for synchronization is effective to use for Mongolia breeding conditions. There are possibility of base for food production after all, including increase of livestock production in Mongolia by improvement of breeding cow with AI and embryo transfer project.