• 한국응용약물학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 한국응용약물학회 1993년도 제1회 추계심포지움 and 제2회 생리분자과학연구센터워크숍
• /
• pp.34-35
• /
• 1993

Glycine은 GABA와 함께 뇌에 작용하는 중요한 억제성 신경전달 물질이다. GABA가 대뇌등에서 중요한 역할을 하는 반면, GLYCINE은 연수, 척수, 간뇌에 특히 다량 존재한다. GLYCINE은 GLYCINE RECEPTOR에 작용하여 수용체와 연결된 chloride channel의 conductance를 증가시킴으로써 target세포의 활성을 억제한다. 그러므로, glycine의 신경전달체계에 이상이 오면 spastic mouse등에서 볼수 있는 것처럼 neuromuscular disorder가 유발된다. 신경전달 물질은 presynaptic 세포에 자극이 오면 synaptic cleft로 분비가 된후 presynaptic이나 Postsynaptic 세포에 위치한 수용체에 작용하여 생리 활성을 나타내거나, 분해효소에 의해서 생리활성이 없는 물질로 바뀌든지, presynaptic cell에 위치한 transporter(수송체)에 의해서 presynaptic 세포로 reuptake되서 cycle를 끝낸다. Glycine의 경우는 synaptic cleft로 분비된 후 glycine transporter에 의해서 reuptake된다. 그러므로 glycine transporter의 활성 정도는 sysnapse내의 glycine의 농도를 조절하며 더 나아가 glycine이 glycine receptor에 작용하는 시간에 영향을 줌으로써 target 세포의 활성정도를 결정한다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• 제20권11호
• /
• pp.1754-1760
• /
• 2007

This study was conducted to determine the effects of dietary glycine betaine on pork quality in different muscle types. A total of 80 female pigs ($Landrace{\times}Yorkshire{\times}Duroc$) were randomly allotted into one of four experimental diet groups. Each group of pigs were fed a commercial diet (Control) with 0.2 g glycine betaine (T1), 0.4 g glycine betaine (T2) and 0.6 g% glycine betaine (T3)/kg for 40 days. pH of belly was significantly higher in the control than dietary glycine betaine groups at 13 days of storage, whereas pH of picnic shoulder and ham were significantly lower in control than glycine betaine groups. At 13 days of storage, redness (a*) of belly was significantly higher in control than dietary glycine betaine groups, whereas picnic shoulder and ham were significantly higher in glycine betaine groups than in the control. Water-holding capacities (WHC) of all muscle samples were significantly higher in the control than glycine betaine groups until 5 days of storage. Sarcomere length was significantly longer in the control than glycine betaine groups. The thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) value of belly was much higher than other muscle types at 13 days of storage. In fatty acid composition, dietary glycine betaine increased the ratio of saturated fatty acids (SFA) and decreased unsaturated fatty acids (USFA) in loins.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
• /
• 제16권5호
• /
• pp.410-416
• /
• 1995

The proton transfer energies of gas phase glycine and alanine and those of hydrated glycine and alanine were calculated both with Hartree-Fock and $M{\Phi}ller-Plesset$ ab initio molecular orbital (MO) calculations with 6-31G** basis set. The transition states of the proton transfer of gas phase glycine was also investigated. For zwitterions, both for glycine and alanine, the water bound to -NH3+ site stabilize the complex more compared with the water bound to -CO2-. The proton transfer energy, ΔEpt, of glycine, alanine, mono-hydrated glycine, mono-hydrated alanine, di-hydrated glycine and di-hydrated alanine were obtained as 30.78 (MP2: 22.57), 31.43, 23.99 (MP2: 17.00), 24.98, 22.87, and 25.63 kcal/mol, respectively. The activation energy for proton transfer from neutral (Nt) glycine to zwitterion (Zw) glycine, Ea, was obtained as 16.13 kcal/mol and that for reverse process, Ear, was obtained as 0.85 kcal/mol. Since the transition state of the proton transfer of gas phase glycine locate near the glycine zwitterion on the potential energy surface and the shape of the potential well of the zwitterion is shallow, the zwitterion easily changed to neutral glycine through the proton transfer.

• 생태와환경
• /
• 제54권2호
• /
• pp.120-124
• /
• 2021

In order to understand the vegetative role of Glycine soja, we studied the basic physiological characteristics between Glycine soja and Glycine max. For this study, the light intensity (μmol m^-2 s^-1) on leaf surface, leaf temperature (℃), transpiration rate (mmol m^-2 s^-1), photosynthetic rate (μmol m^-2 s^-1), substomatal CO₂ partial pressure (vpm) of Glycine soja and Glycine max were measured, and the quantum yield, photosynthesis rate per substomatal CO₂ partial pressure were calculated. In the results of simple regression analysis, the increasing quantum yield decreases leaf temperature both of Glycine soja and Glycine max and the increasing leaf temperature decreases transpiration rate in case of Glycine soja. However, in case of Glycine max, the increasing leaf temperature decreases substomatal CO₂ partial pressure, photosynthetic rate, and photosynthetic rate per substomatal CO₂ partial pressure as well as transpiration rate. Also, increasing transpiration rate increases substomatal CO₂ partial pressure while decreases photosynthetic rate per substomatal CO₂ partial pressure. Thus, Glycine soja is relatively more easily adaptable to severe environments with low soil nutrients and high light levels. Compared to Glycine max susceptible to water loss due to a water-poor terrestrial habitat, the physiological traits of Glycine soja has a high average transpiration rate and are less susceptible to water loss will act as a factor that limits the habitat according to soil moisture.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
• /
• 제26권4호
• /
• pp.229-238
• /
• 2022

Severe bacterial infections are frequently accompanied by depressed neutrophil functions. Thus, agents that increase the microbicidal activity of neutrophils could add to a direct antimicrobial therapy. Lysophosphatidylcholine augments neutrophil bactericidal activity via the glycine (Gly)/glycine receptor (GlyR) α2/TRPM2/p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway. However, the direct effect of glycine on neutrophil bactericidal activity was not reported. In this study, the effect of glycine on neutrophil bactericidal activity was examined. Glycine augmented bactericidal activity of human neutrophils (EC₅₀ = 238 μM) in a strychnine (a GlyR antagonist)-sensitive manner. Glycine augmented bacterial clearance in mice, which was also blocked by strychnine (0.4 mg/kg, s.c.). Glycine enhanced NADPH oxidase-mediated reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and TRPM2-mediated [Ca²⁺]_i increase in neutrophils that had taken up E. coli. Glycine augmented Lucifer yellow uptake (fluid-phase pinocytosis) and azurophil granule-phagosome fusion in neutrophils that had taken up E. coli in an SB203580 (a p38 MAPK inhibitor)-sensitive manner. These findings indicate that glycine augments neutrophil microbicidal activity by enhancing azurophil granule-phagosome fusion via the GlyRα2/ROS/calcium/p38 MAPK pathway. We suggest that glycine could be a useful agent for increasing neutrophil bacterial clearance.

• KSBB Journal
• /
• 제18권4호
• /
• pp.312-317
• /
• 2003

Glycine의 배양액 첨가에 의해 Pseudomonas aurantiaca S-4380 유래 재조합 levansucrase의 세포 외 분비가 촉진된다는 것을 알 수 있었다. 배지액에 존재하는 glycine 농도에 비례 의존적으로 균체 내에서 발현된 효소의 분비량이 증가되었고, 세포의 성장은 억제됨을 알 수 있었다. SDS-PAGE 분석결과 0.5％, 1.0％ glycine 첨가로 배양시간이 증가하면서 세포내의 단백질 배양액으로 분비됨을 알 수 있었다. Levansucrase를 분비시키기 위한 최적화된 조건은 pH을 6.9-7.0으로 조절하면서 1.0％ glycine을 배양초기 첨가하였을 때 배양말기에 단백질의 급격한 분해 없이 145 U/mL의 효소 활성도를 나타내었다.

• 미생물학회지
• /
• 제23권3호
• /
• pp.197-202
• /
• 1985

Glycine이 R.japonicum의 spheroplasting에 미치는 영향을 검토하였다. Fast-growing R. japonicum R-271은 4mg/ml의 glycine 함유배지에서 생육이 정상이었으나 세포 형태는 배양시간에 따라 변화하였으며 colony 형성단위는 log-phasedlgn 현저히 감소하였다. R-271은 3.5mg/ml glycine 함유배지에서 6시간 배양후에, slow grower R-214는 0.1mg/ml glycine 함유배지에서 24시간 배양후에 lysozyme의 작용을 받았다. 두 균주 모두 이러한 처리에 의해 96%이상의 spheroplast 형성빈도를 나타내었다. 한편 spheroid-type cell은 대두근의 nodule에서 분리한 bacteroid에서도 관찰되었으며 nodule extract에 존재하는 유리 amino acid 중 glycine 은 다른 amino acid에 비해 소량 존재하고 있었다.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
• /
• 제31권2호
• /
• pp.126-134
• /
• 1998

Our previous study demonstrated that dietary taurine or glycine supplementation significantly lowered plasma and hepatic cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations in rats fed a cholesterol-free diet. In the present study, the effect of long term dietary taurine or glycine supplementation, for the purpose of preventing and/or treating of hyperlipidemia and other known biological functions, on plasma and hepatic free amino acid concentrations and profiles were evaluated in rats. Three groups of male rats(110-130g) were fed a control diet(CD), taurine-supplemented diets(TSD ; CD+ 1.5% taurine) or glycine-supplemented diet(GSD ; CD+1.5% glycine) for 5 weeks. Plasma and hepatic free amino acid concentrations were determined by an automated amino acid analyzer based on ion-exchange chormatography. The feeding of TSD for 5 weeks yielded a 444% higher plasma taurine concentration , and the feeding GSD for the same period resulted in a 143% higher plasma glycine level in rats compared to those fed DB. Hepatic taurine concentration was significantly higher in rats fed TSD(145% increase) compared to the control rats. However, hepatic glycine concentration was not influenced by dietary glycine supplementation , which implies that the massive dose of glycine entering the body was more rapidly metabolized or excreted than taurein. Dietary taurine or glycine supplementation resulted in similar changes in plasma free amino acid concentrations, except in levels of taurine and glycine. Plasma levels of histidine, lysine, phenylalanine , alanine, proline, hydroxypoline, $\alpha$-aminogutyric acid, cystathionine and ethanolamine were significantly higher in rats fed TSD or GSD than those fed GD. Glycine supplementation did not change hepatic free amino acid concentrations as compared to CD. Concentrations of most hepatic free amino acids were not influenced by dietary taurine supplementation with the exception of significantly higher levels of asparate and tyrosine(56-63% increase) and lower levels of histidine and glutamate(33-34% decrease) compared to the control rats. These results suggest long-term dietary taurine or glycine supplementation resulted in increases in most plasma free amino acid levels, but did not cause a characteristic change in plasma aminogram pattern compared to rats fed CD.

• 미생물학회지
• /
• 제54권3호
• /
• pp.200-207
• /
• 2018

높은 염분 농도에서 glycine betaine은 Bacillus subtilis 안으로 유입되어 세포 생장이 지속될 수 있게 한다. 뿐만 아니라 최근 연구 결과에 따르면 저온에서도 glycine betaine이 세포 생장을 지속시키는 것으로 알려져 있다. 저온에서 Bacillus subtilis의 생장을 저해시키는 세포 대사 활동으로는 세포막 운송과 단백질 합성을 들 수 있다. 세포막 구조와 관련하여 저온에서 세포막 운송에 영향을 주는 유전자들로는 bkdR과 des가 있고, 단백질 합성 과정에서 RNA helicase 유전자인 ydbR과 yqfR들은 저온 민감성을 보인다. 따라서 Bacillus subtilis 저온 민감성 유전자 결손 세포들에 대한 glycine betaine의 효과를 조사하여 저온에서의 glycine betaine 생리적 기능에 대해 알아보고자 하였다. 이 결과 glycine betaine의 존재 유무에 따라 야생형 Bacillus subtilis와 ydbR과 yqfR 결손 균주의 저온생장에 큰 차이를 보였다($T_d$차이 190~686 min). 반면에 bkdR이나 des 결손균주의 경우에는 glycine betaine 존재 유무에 따라 차이를 보이지 않았다. Glycine betaine의 전구체인 choline으로 대치하여도 저온에서의 생장은 같은 결과를 보였다. Glycine betaine의 영향이 세포막 구조와 관련이 있는 유전자 bkdR과 des 결손균주에 미치는 영향이 적은 것을 알아보기 위해 세포막에 영향을 주는 세제의 효과를 조사하였다. Triton X-100과 N-lauryl sarcosine 세제에 의해 bkdR 결손 균주가 야생형에 비해 더 영향 받는 것을 확인하였고 이는 bkdR 결손이 저온에서 막 구조를 변형하여 glycine betaine의 투과에 영향을 미치는 것으로 보인다.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
• /
• 제33권3호
• /
• pp.252-256
• /
• 1990

막걸리의 제조공정 중 2단사입시에 lysozyme 270ppm과 glycine 0.27%구 및 lysozyme 450ppm과 glycine 0.45% 구를 첨가하여 발효시킨 후, 주요를 2배 희석시켜 발호성분변화, pH 변화, acetic acid 함량, 핵산 관련물질의 함량, 관능검사 등을 측정하였다. 제조과정 중 lysozyme과 glycine의 첨가는 막걸리 발효에 어떠한 영향도 미치지 않았으며, lysozyme 혼합 처리구는 대조구에 비해 저장기간 동안 pH의 감소가 둔화되었고, 초산 생성량이 현저히 억제되었다. 또한 $3^{\circ}C$에서 2주 저장한 막걸리의 핵산 관련물질은 대조구에 비해 IMP, inosine함량이 더 많았고 관능검사에서도 lysozyme 혼합 처리구가 맛과 기호성 면에서 그 유의성이 인정되었다.