• Food Science and Biotechnology
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• 제16권3호
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• pp.404-408
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• 2007

In this study, we investigated the effects by age of long-tenn supplementation of Epimedium koreanum Nakai (EKN)-containing water on the in vivo antioxidant capacities of rats. All rats were reared in a conventional system, and none of the rats showed any signs of aversion to the EKN solution. Neither the mean nor maximum life spans of the rats were extended by long-tenn administration of the solution. The EKN extract caused decreases in the levels of serum thiobarbituric acid reactive substances in the rats. The activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione (GSH) peroxidase within the liver cytosol decreased with age in both the control and EKN-supplemented groups. GSH peroxidase activity, however, was higher at old age in the EKN-supplemented group. The activities of GSH reductase and GSH-S-transferase, and the levels of free-sulfhydryl (SH) and total-SH group gradually decreased with age in both groups. However, there was some tendency for higher levels in the EKN supplemented group at a corresponding age. These results indicate that long-tenn supplementation of EKN water extracts alone does not exhibit discernible adverse effects in rats, and has some enhancing effects on the antioxidant capacities of the blood and liver, but it does not have life-prolonging effects.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제8권6호
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• pp.700-704
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• 1998

Each of the recombinant structural genes of Helicobacter pylori urease, ureA and ureB, was cloned and overexpressed as inclusion bodies. Solubilization and renaturation of the inclusion bodies were carried out, to accelerate the pairing of sulfhydryl groups and the incorporation of nickel ions, which would lead to the native structure with high enzyme activity. Rates of urea hydrolysis were monitored as an indication of in vitro activation of renatured ureases. The activation of the apoprotein using 1 mM nickel ion, 100 mM sodium bicarbonate and a 10:1 ratio of reducing power resulted in a weak urease activity (about 11% of the native urease activity encoded by pTZ 19R/ure-l). When a sparse matrix screen method originally discovered for the crystallization of proteins was used, the activity increased higher than that obtained using glutathione. The effect of polyethylene glycol (PEG) on the activity was noticeable, giving two-fold increase in the specific activity (about 11 U/mg of protein corresponding to 22% of the native urease activity encoded by pTZ19R/ure-1).

• Toxicological Research
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• 제13권3호
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• pp.257-263
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• 1997

Pentachlorophenol(PCP) which ks widely used in wood preservation, pulp and paper mills, has led to a substantial envirortmental contamination. To get the reliable data for the effective health risk assessment with PCP, covalent binding potential of PCP to cellular macromolecules and glutathione(GSH) was investigated after intraperitoneal administration of $^{14}C-PCP$ to rats. PCP metabolites were able to bind covalently to serum albumin and hepatic protein in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Hepatic protein adducts of PCP metabolites were increased as a function of cytochrome P-450 activities, whereas, albumin adducts significantly decreased. Covalent binding of PCP metabolites with DNA or hemoglobin was not observed. GSH levels in liver tissue decreased over 12hrs, however, the level was recovered after 48hrs. Tetrachloro-1,4-benzoquinone (1,4-TCBQ), one of the most reactive PCP metabolites, conjugated with GSH very rapidly. Base on our results, we could conclude that PCP metabolized to reactive electrophilic metabolites by cytochrome P-450 isoenzymes and conjugated rapidly with neighboring protein or nonprotein sulfhydryl before reacting with DNA or hemoglobin. We propose that albumin adducts and mercapturic acids of PCP metabolites can be used good biomarker of recent PCP exposure.

• 한국연초학회지
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• 제18권2호
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• pp.160-169
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• 1996

Effect of cigarette smoke exposure on 1-methyl-4-phpnyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydro-pyidine (Mm)-induced neurotoxicity was investigated in C57BL6 mice. Cigarette smoke exposure of mice to the mainstream smoke generated from 15 cigarettes for 10 mins per day, 5 days per week, for fi weeks, effectively attenuated the decline both in the level of striatal dopamine and the number of brrosine hydros:ylase-positive ceils in the brain caused by MPTP treahent. Exposure to cigarette smoke significantly decreased monoamine oxidate B activity in the cerebral cortex and cerebellum. The activity of brain antioxidant enzymes such as catalase, glutathione peroxidase, and Cu, Zn-superoxide dismutase, was not changed by cigarette smoke exposure or MPTP treatment. Sulfhydryl compounds content in all brain regions except for the striatum was uniquely increased by MPTP treatment, however, such an effect of MPTP was not observed in mice exposed to cigarette smoke. These results suggest that cigarette smoke exposure inhibits MPTP-induced neurotoxicity without influencing free radical metabolism in the brain of mice. This protective effect of cigarette smoke seems to be closely related with the decreased activity of brain monoamine oxidase H. Key words : cigarette smoke exposure, dopamine, monoamine oxidase B, antioxidant enzywles, MPTP.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• 제22권2호
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• pp.133-139
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• 2005

Cobrotoxin, a venom of Vipera lebetina turanica, is a group of basic peptidescomposed of 233 amino acids with six disulfide bonds formed by twelve cysteins. NF-kB is activated by subsequent release of inhibitory IkB and translocation of p50. Since sulfhydryl group is present in kinase domain of p50 subunit of NF-kB, cobrotoxin could modify NF-kB activity by protein-protein interaction. We therefore examined effect of cobrotoxin on NF-kB activities in lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and sodium nitroprusside (SNP)-stimulated Raw 264.7 mouse macrophages. Cobrotoxin suppressed the LPS and SNP-induced release of IkB and p50 translocation resulted in inhibition of DNA binding activity of NF-kB. Inhibition of NF-kB resulted in reduction of the LPS and SNP-induced production of inflammatory mediators NO and PGE2 generation. The inhibitory effect of cobrotoxin on the NF-kB activity were blocked by addition of reducing agents dithiothreitol and glutathione. These results demonstrate that cobrotoxin inhibits activation of NF-kB, and suggest that pico to nanomolar range of cobrotoxin could inhibit the expression of genes in the NF-kB signal pathway.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology
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• 제7권2호
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• pp.9-16
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• 1973

마우스 간조직(肝組織)을 수종(數種) 농도(濃度)의 GSH 용액중(溶液中)에서 각각(各各) 4 C, 25 C 및 37 C의 온도(溫度)속에서 incubate하고, 5분(分), 30분(分) 및 60분(分)에서 각각(各各) NP-SH 및 NP-SS의 양(量)을 정량(定量)하여 정상(正常) 및 대조군(對照群)의 그것들과 비교(比較)한 결과(結果) 다음의 결과(結果)를 얻었다. 1) 4 C에서 incubate한 군(群)에서는 대조군(對照群) 및 GSH 10 gm/100 ml KRP의 농도(濃度)에서 대체(大體)로 정상치(正常値)에 비(比)하여 대차(大差)없는 NP-SH 및 NP-SS를 나타내고 GSH의 농도(濃度)가 높아져도 SH 기(基)의 증가(增加)는 현저(顯著)치 않았다. 2) 25 C에서 incubate한 군(群)에서의 NP-SH및 NP-SS는 GSH 20 mg/100 mg KRP 및 GSH 30 mg/100 mg KRP 의 양군(兩群)에서 GSH의 농도(濃度)와 시간경과(時間經過)에 비례(比例)해서 증가(增加)하였고, GSH 10 mg/100 ml KRP 군(群)에서는 incubation 30분(分)에서 최고치(最高値)를 나타내고 60분(分)에서는 오히려 약간(若干) 저하(低下)되는 경향(傾向)을 나타내었다. 3) 37 C에서 incubate 한 군(群)에서는 GSH 농도(濃度)와 incubation의 시간(時間)에 비례(比例)해서 NP-SH 및 NP-SS가 대체(大體)로 증가(增加)하고 증가(增加)의 율(率)도 가장 현저(顯著)하였다.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• 제32권2호
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• pp.170-176
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• 1999

본 연구는 EMT-6 세포를 이용하여 무기수은, 유기수은 및 카드뮴의 세포독성에 대한 glutathione(GSH)의 방어효과를 알아보고자 하였다. 무기수은, 유기수은 및 카드뮴을 첨가한 배양조건에서 EMT-6 세포의 세포생존율, ${NO_2}^-$ 및 ATP 생성량은 첨가한 중금속의 농도가 증가할수록 용량의존적으로 감소하였다. GSH, OTC 및 BSO를 단독 첨가한 배양조건은 세포의 세포생존율과 NO2- 및 ${NO_2}^-$ 생성량에 영향을 주지 않았다. 수은화합물 및 카드뮴과 GSH를 동시 첨가한 배양조건에서는 세포생존율이 90% 이상 유지되었고, ${NO_2}^-$ 및 ATP 생성량은 기본배양조건과 비슷한 수준으로 나타났다. $16{\mu}M$의 무기 및 유기수은과 $160{\mu}M$의 카드뮴을 첨가한 실험조건에 GSH를 동시 첨가했을 경우 방어효과는 GSH의 농도에 따라 용량의존적으로 증가하였다. 세포내에서 수은 및 카드뮴의 세포독성에 대한 GSH역할을 알아보고자 GSH, OTC, BSO 전처리 실험을 한 결과, GSH의 전처리는 이들이 세포막을 통과하지 못하기 때문에 대조군과 비슷한 양상으로 나타난 반면에 BSO를 전처리한 군에서는 세포내 GSH 농도의 감소로 수은의 세포 독성이 증가하여 대조군에 비하여 ${NO_2}^-$와 ATP 생성량이 현저히 감소하였다. 또한 세포내 GSH의 농도를 증가시키는 OTC를 전처리한 결과 수은의 독성에 대한 방어효과가 시간 및 용량 의존적으로 현저하게 증가하였다. 이러한 실험결과는 수은의 세포독성에 대한 GSH의 방어효과가 GSH 세포내 농도와 밀접한 관련이 있음을 간접적으로 보여주고 있다. 본 연구의 결과는 수은 및 카드뮴의 독성에 대한 GSH의 방어작용이 단순히 -SH기와 중금속의 결합에 의한 결과가 아니라 세포내에서 GSH 분자가 갖는 고유의 기능으로 판단되며, 특히 중금속에 의한 에너지대사의 장애를 GSH가 회복시킬 수 있음을 보여준다.

• Nano
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• 제13권11호
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• pp.1850128.1-1850128.10
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• 2018

Glutathione (GSH), the protective agent and reducing agent, has been widely used to prepare gold nanoclusters (GSH-Au NCs) with stable fluorescence properties and negative charge of the surface. Meanwhile, polyethyleneimine (PEI) was used as the modification agent to synthesize magnetic ferroferric oxide nanoparticles ($Fe_3O_4$) with fantastic dispersibility and positive charge of the surface. Based on the electrostatic adsorption force, magnetic nano-$Fe_3O_4@GSH-Au$ NCs core-shell microspheres composed of magnetic $Fe_3O_4$ nanoparticles modified by PEI as the core and GSH-Au NCs as the shell were assembled. The prepared $Fe_3O_4@GSH-Au$ NCs microspheres harbored a uniform size (88.6 nm), high magnetization (29.2 emu/g) and excellent fluorescence. Due to the coordination bond action between Au atom and sulfhydryl (-SH), amino ($-NH_2$), carboxyl (-COOH) in sweat, $Fe_3O_4@GSH-Au$ NCs could combine with latent fingerprints. In addition, $Fe_3O_4@GSH-Au$ NCs with good fluorescence and magnetism could detect fingerprints on various objects. Significantly, the powders were not easy to suspend in the air, which avoided the damage to the health of forensic experts and the fingerprints by only powder contacting. Above all, $Fe_3O_4@GSH-Au$ NCs was successfully applied to the latent fingerprint visualization, which has great potential in forensic science.

• 한국연초학회지
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• 제15권1호
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• pp.3-14
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• 1993

공기중에 존재하는 여러 산화성 물질들은 호흡기의 손상과 관련이 있는 것으로 알려지고 있으며 이와같은 산화성 물질에 의한 손상은 폐에 존재하는 항산화 물질이나 항산화 효소들에 의해 감소 또는 예방될 수 있다. 저자들은 폐의 항산화방어 기전에 대한 흡연의 영향을 흰쥐에서 관찰하였다. 횐쥐를 6개피의 담배연기에 일일 20분씩 90일간 전신 폭로했을때 조직내의 catalase와 superoxlde dismutase(SOD)의 활성이 유의하게 증가되었다(p<0.05) 그러나 glutathione peroxidase의 활성도는 변화되지 않았고 thiol 화합물의 함량은 흡연 시작후 15일에 44%까지 감소되었으나 그후 정상으로 회복되었다. 한편, 횐쥐를 1, 3, 5, 10 및 20개피의 담배연기에 같은 방법으로 15일간 노출시켰을때, catalase는 개피수에 따라서 증가되었고 총 SOD의 활성도는 5개피 이하에서만 특이하게 증가되었으며 대부분 Zn-SOD이었다. 폐에는 한 종의 Cu, Zn-SOD (pI 4.9)와 CN에 내성이 있는 두종의 Mn-SOD(pI 4.7, pI 7.9)가 존재하였고, 등전점이 4.7인 Zn-SOD가 주된 동위효소로써 흡연에 의해 유도되는 형태였다. 이 결과들은 흡연으로부터 폐의 보호는 초기에는 항산화 물질들의 소모로, 그리고 만성 흡연의 경우는 항산화 효소들의 유도로 이루어지며. 특히 Zn-SOD (pI 4.7)와 catalase가 중요한 역할을 하는 것으로 사료된다.

• 대한수의학회지
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• 제38권1호
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• pp.17-28
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• 1998

Drug-metabolizing activities of Korean native cattle and swine were investigated from viewpoints of the cytochrome P-450's level, their dependent mixed function oxidase activities, the reactive oxygen species formation and cytosolic enzyme acitivities from each liver homogenates. Level of cytochrome P-450 in the liver microsome of Korean native cattle was $0.28{\pm}0.05nmole/mg$ and that in pigs $0.35{\pm}0.03nmole/mg$. Level of cytochrome $b_5$ of Korean native cattle was $0.24{\pm}0.06nmole/mg$, and that of pigs $0.2{\pm}0.05nmole/mg$, showing no difference between two species. NADPH P-450 reductase were higher in Korean native cattle ($58.3{\pm}5.3nmole/mg/min$) than in pigs ($29.9{\pm}3.8nmole/mg/min$)(p<0.01). The activities of cytochrome P-450 dependent monooxygenases such as ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase (cattle, $96.5{\pm}12.5nmole/mg/min$ ; pigs, $13.6{\pm}2.1nmole/mg/min$), N-benzphetamine N-demethylase (cattle, $5.23{\pm}0.82nmole/mg/min$ ; pigs, $0.76{\pm}0.3nmole/mg/min$) and aniline hydroxylase (cattle, $0.95{\pm}0.1nmole/mg/min$ ; pigs, $0.33{\pm}0.08nmole/mg/min$) were much higher in Korean native cattle than in swine(p<0.01). However, the activity of testosterone $7{\alpha}$-hydroxylase was higher in swine ($90.4{\pm}1.2nmole/mg/min$) than cattle (cattle, $32.8{\pm}1.2nmole/mg/min$). Interestingly, testosterone $16{\alpha}$-hydroxylase, a marker enzyme for P-450 IIA was not detected in both animal species. These results suggest that Korean native cattle and pigs have high contents of P-450 IA1 and P-450 IIIA. Total sulfhydryl compound (cattle, $10.3{\pm}1.1nmole/mg$ ; Pigs, $14.5{\pm}1.8nmole/mg$) and glutathione related enzymes except glutathione reductase (cattle, $38.1{\pm}7.9nmole/mg/min$; swine, $22{\pm}3.6nmole/mg/min$) showed higher levels in swine than in Korean native cattle. Superoxide dismutase (cattle, $7.64{\pm}0.84nmole/mg/min$ ; pigs, $4.47{\pm}0.94nmole/mg/min$) and catalase (cattle, $30.4{\pm}3.7nmole/mg/min$ ; pigs, $17.2{\pm}1.8nmole/mg/min$) were remarkably higher in Korean native cattle than in swine (p<0.05).