• 한국미생물·생명공학회지
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• 제49권3호
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• pp.320-328
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• 2021

High GABA-enriched yeast extract, for various nutritionally and pharmaceutically important functional foods, was prepared using a novel isolate of Debaryomyces hansenii JBCC541. Under optimized conditions, GABA conversion rates are significantly enhanced up to 7.55 g/l by D. hansenii JBCC541, increasing their synthesis yield 40 times. The total amino acid content of the prepared yeast extract was 10733.86 mg/l (257.36 mg/g), consisting of alanine, lysine, glutamine, leucine, and valine as the primary amino acids. The GABA content was significantly enhanced up to 6790 mg/l (162.80 mg/g) in the presence of glutamic acid, with approximately 10-fold higher GABA production. Flavor amino acids were also highly enhanced, indicating that the prepared yeast extract might be useful for preparing various functional and sensuous foods. Our results were promising as a GABA-enriched yeast extract preparation tool ensuring a suitable food material level with the potential for functionally enhanced food industrial applications.

• 농업과학연구
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• 제48권1호
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• pp.179-189
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• 2021

Plants need essential mineral elements to favorably develop and to complete their life cycle. Despite the irreplaceable roles of microelements, they are often ignored due to the relative importance of macroelements with their influence on crop growth and development. We focused on the changes in primary metabolites in the leaves and roots of bell pepper plants under 6 microelements-deficient conditions: Copper (Cu), Zinc (Zn), Iron (Fe), Manganese (Mn), Boron (B) and Molybdenum (Mo). Bell pepper plants were grown in hydroponic containers, and individual elements were adjusted to 1/10-strength of Hoagland nutrient solution. A remarkable perturbation in the abundance of the primary metabolites was observed for the Fe and B and the Mn and B deficiencies in the leaves and roots, respectively. The metabolites with up-accumulation in the Fe-deficient leaves were glucose, fructose, xylose, glutamine, asparagine and serine. In contrast, the Mn deficiency also resulted in a higher accumulation of glucose, fructose, xylose, galactose, serine, glycine, β-alanine, alanine and valine in the roots. The B deficiency noticeably accumulated alanine, valine and phenylalanine in the roots while it showed a substantial decrease in glucose, fructose and xylose. These results show that the primary metabolism could be seriously disturbed due to a microelement deficiency, and the alteration may be either the specific or adaptive responses of bell pepper plants.

• 식품과학과 산업
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• 제50권3호
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• pp.93-104
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• 2017

monosodium L-glutamate (MSG), composed of 88% L-glutamic acid (GLU) and 12% Na, is considered as Generally Recognized as Safe. GLU is accounting for 15% of the total amino acid content in our body. Daily GLU intake is large 3.5-10.6 g from food and 1.3 g from food additive. The daily formed GLU in the body, via degradation of the total protein, is 48-50 g (70 kg of male) and the maintained GLU in the body is total bound GLU (1.4-2.0 kg) and free GLU (10 g). About 88% GLU are consumed at digestive tract, and only 12% GLU enter the blood stream. GLU is generally known to precursors of N-acetyl glutamate and glutamine, substrates for protein synthesis, a neurotransmitter (GABA), and the active site of the enzyme. In addition to protein synthesis, GLU has these key functions within the body, thus this amino acid is critical for healthy body maintenance and function.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• 제27권5호
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• pp.449-456
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• 2023

N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors are ionic glutamine receptors involved in brain development and functions such as learning and memory formation. NMDA receptor inhibition is associated with autophagy activation. In this study, we investigated whether the NMDA receptor antagonists, memantine and ifenprodil, induce autophagy in human retinal pigment epithelial cells (ARPE-19) to remove N-retinylidene-N-retinylethanolamine (A2E), an intracellular lipofuscin component. Fluorometric analysis using labeled A2E (A2E-BDP) and confocal microscopic examination revealed that low concentrations of NMDA receptor antagonists, which did not induce cytotoxicity, significantly reduced A2E accumulation in ARPE-19 cells. In addition, memantine and ifenprodil activated autophagy in ARPE-19 cells as measured by microtubule-associated protein 1A/1B-light chain3-II formation and phosphorylated p62 protein levels. Further, to understand the correlation between memantine- and ifenprodil-mediated A2E degradation and autophagy, autophagy-related 5 (ATG5) was depleted using RNA interference. Memantine and ifenprodil failed to degrade A2E in ARPE-19 cells lacking ATG5. Taken together, our study indicates that the NMDA receptor antagonists, memantine and ifenprodil, can remove A2E accumulated in cells via autophagy activation in ARPE-19 cells.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• 제45권1호
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• pp.77-89
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• 1998

서 론: $\beta_2$ 교감신경 수용체 유전자에는 여러 종류의 다형성(polymorphism)가 존재하며, 천식 환자에서 $\beta_2$ 교감신경 수용체의 대표적인 변이는 $\beta_2$ 교감신경 수용체의 아미노산이 대치된 부분으로 Arg16-Gly, Gln27-Glu, Val34-Met 및 Thr164-Ile 등인 것으로 알려져 있다. 지속적인 $\beta_2$ 교감신경 유도체의 자극에 대하여 세포표면으로 부터 세포내의 전달과정이 둔화되어 점차 세포전달이 없어질 수도 있는 desensitization 또는 수용체와 수가 감소하는 downregulation이 존재하는 것으로 알려져 있다. 천식환자에서 $\beta_2$ 교감신경 수용체의 desensitization 또는 downregulation 뿐만 아니라 천식 표현형과 $\beta_2$ 교감신경 수용체 유전자 다형성의 상관 관계에 대한 연구가 이루어지고 있으나 논란이 많다. 이에 본 연구는 기관지 천식환자에서 $\beta_2$ 교감신경 수용체의 가장 흔한 16, 27, 34 및 164 의 아미노산에 해당하는 유전자의 다형성을 MASA (Mutated Allele Specific Amplification)법으로 시행하여 각각의 다형성의 발생 빈도와 천식의 심한 정도와 연관이 있는 가를 확인하였다. 대상 및 방법: 대상 환자는 천식 환자 103명이었으며, 이중 남자는 54명, 여자는 49명으로 평균 연령은 46.6세 (19~80세)였고 이환 기간은 4.7년이었다. 대상 환자는 경미하고 간헐적 증상을 보인 30명, 지속적인 경미한 천식 환자는 32명으로 경미한 천식은 모두 62명이었으며, 중등증의 천식 증상은 17명 및 중종의 천식증상을 보인 환자는 24명이었다. 이중 1년 중에 6개월 이상 전신적 스테로이드를 투여하는 환자는 39명이었으며, 투약 중에도 야간 발작이나 야간 기침이 발생되었던 환자는 44명이었다. 대상 환자로부터 10cc의 전혈구를 체취 하여 분리된 림파구에서 분리된 DNA를 이용하여 MASA 방법으로 $\beta_2$ 교감신경 수용체 16번, 27번, 34번 및 164번째 아미노산의 다형성을 검색하였고, 천식의 심한 정도 따른 $\beta_2$ 교감신경 수용체 유전자의 다형성의 분포와 야간 천식의 발작이나 증상의 유무에 따른 $\beta_2$ 교감신경 수용체 유전자의 다형성의 분포를 확인하였다. 결 과: 16 번째 Arginine이 Glycine으로 변이는 heterozygous 변이가 67명, homozygous 변이가 13명으로 heterozygous 변이가 65.1%로 가장 많았다. 27번째 Glutamine이 Glutamate로 변이는 heterozygous만 11명으로 10.7%였으며, 34번째 Valine이 Methionine으로 변이를 일으키는 100번째 핵산의 경우도 heterozygous만 6명으로 5.8%였다. 27 번째와 34번째 아미노산의 변이를 일으키는 homozygous 변이와 164번째 아미노산의 변이는 대상 환자 중에는 없었다. 천식 증상의 심한 정도를 경종 및 중등증, 중중으로 2 구분하여 $\beta_2$ 교감신경 수용체 다형성의 발생빈도를 관찰한 결과 중증의 천식환자에서 16번째 아미노산의 변이의 빈도는 많았으나 (p=0.015), 27번, 34번 및 164번째의 아미노산의 변이는 천식 증상의 정도와는 연관성이 없었다. 야간 천식 증상의 유무에 따른 $\beta_2$ 교감신경 수용체 다형성은 16, 27, 34 및 164번째 아미노산의 핵산의 변이와 연관성이 없었다. 결 론: 이상의 결과로 기관지 천식 환자에서 $\beta_2$ 교감신경 수용체 다형성은 Arg 16, Gln 27 및 Val 34의 변이가 존재하고, Arg 16이 가장 많았으며, Thr 164는 없었다. 기관지 천식 환자에서 증상이 심한 중증 천식은 $\beta_2$ 교감 신경 수용체의 다형성중 Arg 16의 변이는 중증 천식과 연관성이 있었다. 그러나 야간 천식 발작이나 증상과 $\beta_2$ 교감신경 수용체 다형성은 서로 상관이 없었다.

• Molecules and Cells
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• 제40권4호
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• pp.271-279
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• 2017

Ran-binding protein family member, RanBP9 has been reported in various basic cellular mechanisms and neuropathological conditions including schizophrenia. Previous studies have reported that RanBP9 is highly expressed in the mammalian brain and retina; however, the role of RanBP9 in retinal development is largely unknown. Here, we present the novel and regulatory roles of RanBP9 in retinal development of a vertebrate animal model, zebrafish. Zebrafish embryos exhibited abundant expression of ranbp9 in developing brain tissues as well as in the developing retina. Yeast two-hybrid screening demonstrated the interaction of RanBP9 with Mind bomb, a component of Notch signaling involved in both neurogenesis and neural disease autism. The interaction is further substantiated by co-localization studies in cultured cells. Knockdown of ranbp9 resulted in retinal dysplasia with defective proliferation of retinal cells, downregulation of neuronal differentiation marker huC, elevation of neural proliferation marker her4, and alteration of cell cycle marker p57kip2. Expression of the $M{\ddot{u}}ller$ glial cell marker glutamine synthase was also affected in knockdown morphants. Our results suggest that Mind bomb-binding partner RanBP9 plays a role during retinal cell development of zebrafish embryogenesis.

• 농업과학연구
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• 제45권3호
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• pp.447-454
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• 2018

Zearalenone (ZEN), a mycotoxin produced by Fusarium in food and feed, causes serious damage to the health of humans and livestock. Therefore, we compared the metabolomic profiles in the liver, serum, and urine of piglets fed a ZEN-contaminated diet using proton nuclear magnetic resonance ($^1H-NMR$) spectroscopy. The spectra from the three different samples, treated with ZEN concentrations of 0.8 mg/kg for 4 weeks, were aligned and identified using MATLAB. The aligned data were subjected to discriminating analysis using multivariate statistical analysis and a web server for metabolite set enrichment analysis. The ZEN-exposed groups were almost separated in the three different samples. Metabolic analysis showed that 28, 29, and 20 metabolites were profiled in the liver, serum, and urine, respectively. The discriminating analysis showed that the alanine, arginine, choline, and glucose concentrations were increased in the liver. Phenylalanine and tyrosine metabolites showed high concentrations in serum, whereas valine showed a low concentration. In addition, the formate levels were increased in the ZEN-treated urine. For the integrated analysis, glucose, lactate, taurine, glycine, alanine, glutamate, glutamine, and creatine from orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) were potential compounds for the discriminating analysis. In conclusion, our findings suggest that potential biomarker compounds can provide a better understanding on how ZEN contaminated feed in swine affects the liver, serum, and urine.

• 농업과학연구
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• 제45권3호
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• pp.455-461
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• 2018

Deoxynivalenol (DON), a Fusarium mycotoxin, causes health hazards for both humans and livestock. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the metabolic profiles of the liver, serum, and urine of piglets fed DON using proton nuclear magnetic resonance ($^1H-NMR$) spectroscopy. The $^1H-NMR$ spectra of the liver, serum, and urine samples of the piglets provided with feed containing 8 mg DON/kg for 4 weeks were aligned and identified using the icoshift algorithm of MATLAB $R^2013b$. The data were analyzed by multivariate analysis and by MetaboAnalyst 4.0. The DON-treated groups exhibited discriminating metabolites in the three different sample types. Metabolic profiling by $^1H-NMR$ spectroscopy revealed potential metabolites including lactate, glucose, taurine, alanine, glycine, glutamate, creatine, and glutamine upon mycotoxin exposure (variable importance in the projection, VIP > 1). Forty-six metabolites selected from the principal component analysis (PCA) helped to predict sixty-five pathways in the DON-treated piglets using metabolite sets containing at least two compounds. The DON treatment catalyzed the citrate synthase reactions which led to an increase in the acetate and a decrease in the glucose concentrations. Therefore, our findings suggest that glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, citrate synthase, ATP synthase, and pyruvate carboxylase should be considered important in piglets fed DON contaminated feed. Metabolomics analysis could be a powerful method for the discovery of novel indicators underlying mycotoxin treatments.

• 대한약리학회지
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• 제30권2호
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• pp.167-179
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• 1994

Recent evidence indicates that glial cells have a wide range of funtions which are critical for maintaining a balanced homeostatic environment in the central nervous system(CNS) peripheral nervous system(PNS). Morever, astrocytes are known to participate in the tissue repair and neuroimmunologic events within the CNS through many kinds of growth factors and cytokines. We investigated the effect of $TGF\;{\beta}_1$, on the growth and biochemical changes of rat glial cells in culture. The proliferative effect was determined by $^3H-thymidine$ uptake and the double immunostain with anti-cell-specific marker and anti-Bromodeoxyuridine(BrdU) antibody. To check the effect of biochemical changes we compared the amounts of glial fibrillar acidic protein(GFAP) and the activity of glutamine synthetase(GS) in astrocyte. And the amounts of myelin basic protein and the activity of 2',3'-cyclic nucleotide phosphohydrolase(CNPase) were measured in oligodendrocyte and the amounts of peripheral myelin in Schwann cell. When $TGF\;{\beta}_1$, was treated for 2 days with cultured glial cell, $TGF\;{\beta}_1$, decreased the $^3H-thymidine$ uptake and proliferation index of double immunostain of astrocytes, which indicates the inhibition of astroglial DNA synthesis, but stimulated the growth of Schwann cell. Also, $TGF\;{\beta}_1$, decrease the GS activity and increased the amounts of GFAP in astrocyte. In the case of Schwann cells the amounts of peripheral myelin was increased when treated with $TGF\;{\beta}_1$. However, $TGF\;{\beta}_1$, didn't show any effect on the proliferation and biochemical changes in oligodendrocyte. These results suggest that $TGF\;{\beta}_1$, might have a critical action in the regulation of proliferation and biochemical changes in glial cells, especially astrocyte.

• 한국초지조사료학회지
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• 제34권4호
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• pp.262-268
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• 2014

In order to reveal the aluminum (Al) stress tolerance mechanisms in alfalfa plant at low pH soil, a proteomic approach has been conducted. Alfalfa plants were exposed to Al stress for 5 days. The plant growth and total chlorophyll content are greatly affected by Al stress. The malondialdehyde (MDA) and $H_2O_2$ contents were increased in a low amount but free proline and soluble sugar contents, and the DPPH-radical scavenging activity were highly increased. These results indicate that antioxidant activity (DPPH activity) and osmoprotectants (proline and sugar) may involve in ROS ($H_2O_2$) homeostasis under Al stress. In proteomic analysis, over 500 protein spots were detected by 2-dimentional gel electrophoresis analysis. Total 17 Al stress-induced proteins were identified, of which 8 protein spots were up-regulated and 9 were down-regulated. The differential expression patterns of protein spots were selected and analyzed by the peptide mass fingerprinting (PMF) using MALDI-TOF MS analysis. Three protein spots corresponding to Rubisco were significantly down-regulated whereas peroxiredoxin and glutamine synthetase were up-regulated in response to Al stress. The different regulation patterns of identified proteins were involved in energy metabolism and antioxidant / ROS detoxification during Al stress in alfalfa. Taken together, these results provide new insight to understand the molecular mechanisms of alfalfa plant in terms of Al stress tolerance.