• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Applied Pharmacology
• /
• 1996.04a
• /
• pp.212-212
• /
• 1996

Effects of ginseng total saponin(GTS) on changes in the glutamatergic nervous system induced by AF64A were studied in rats. Rats were pretreated with the infusion of AF64A (3mM) into lateral ventricle and were posttreated with GTS (50mg/kg, j.p) for 1 week. Twenty four hrs after the last administration, rats were sacrified and each brain resions was dissected ; striatum, hippocampus and frontal cortex. At each brain regions, total glutamate and other amino acids levels, [$^3$H]MK801 binding sites and glutamine synthetase activity were measured using HPLC-ECD, ligand binding assay and enzyme activity assay, respectively. The AF64-induced increase in the levels of total glutamate in hippocampus were significantly decreased by the administration of GTS. Furthermore, that compared with saline and GTS was decreased in striatum. The levels of total GABA compared with saline and GTS were declined in frontal cortex. Moreover, the AF64A-induced decrease in the levels of total taurine were significantly increased by the administration of GTS to extents of normal states. The numbers of [$^3$H]MK801 binding sites were differently affected in brain resiojns ; the decrease in hippocampus and no change in both striatum and frontal cortex, Glutamine synthetase activity was significantly increased in hippocampus. In comparision with saline and GTS, that was significantly decreased in striatum These results suggest that GTS may adjust the levels of glutamate, GABA and taurine constantly and may induce increase of glutamine synthetase activity declined.

• Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science
• /
• v.40 no.4
• /
• pp.364-372
• /
• 2023

Background: Growing evidence suggests that beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate (HMB), arginine (Arg), and glutamine (Gln) positively affect wound recovery. This study investigated the effects of long-term administration of HMB/Arg/Gln on pressure ulcer (PU) healing in sedentary older adults admitted to geriatric and rehabilitation care facilities. Methods: This was a pilot retrospective case (standard of care and HMB/Arg/Gln)-control (standard of care alone) clinical study. Outcome measures were relative healing rates and Pressure Ulcer Scale for Healing (PUSH) scores (calculated after 4, 8, 12, 16, and 20 weeks) and time to healing. Results: The study subpopulation was comprised of 14 participants (four males, 28.6%) with the median age of 85.5 years (interquartile range [IQR], 82.0-90.2 years). The control subpopulation was comprised of 31 participants (18 males, 58.1%) with the median age of 84.0 years (IQR, 78.0-90.0 years). At the beginning of follow-up, there were no statistically significant demographic (sex and age) and clinical (main diagnosis, baseline area, and PU perimeter) differences between the groups. During the study period, there were no significant differences in the relative healing rates and PUSH scores between the subpopulations. The median time to complete healing in the study and control populations was 170.0 days (95% confidence interval [CI], 85.7-254.3) and 218.0 days (95% CI, 149.2- 286.7) (log-rank, chi-square=3.99; p<0.046), respectively. Conclusion: More than 20 weeks of HMB/Arg/Gln supplementation had a positive effect on difficult PU healing in older adults with multiple comorbidities.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
• /
• v.37 no.5
• /
• pp.468-475
• /
• 1992

In order to understand more clearly the integration between N-assmilation and C-metabolism in relation to N fertilization, a pot experiment with 5 different level of N fertilization(0, 5, 10, 25, 50 mM NO$_3$$_{[-10]}$ ) was conducted in Manchester, U.K. The peas (Pisum sativum L., cv. Early Onward) were sown in vermiculate (5 cm depth) and cultivated for 6 days under temperature controlled dark room conditions ($25^{\circ}C$). The plants received frequent irrigation with a nutrient solution: it was fertilized every 2 days, 3 times a day at 10h, 13h, 16h respectively. Elevated NO$_3$$^{[-10]}$ concentration, the activity levels of NR, NiR, total GS(crude extract), GS$_2$(plastid) in both root and shoot were increased and reached the peak in 5～25 mM, except NiR specific activity which increased its activity continually until 50 mM NO$_3$$^{[-10]}$ treatment. Total activities of GS (crude extract) in both root and shoot became higher than those of GS$_2$(Plastid), and the activity ratios of total GS in the crude extract and GS$_2$ in the plastids were 3.0 to 4.3 in root, but 3.2 to 10.6 in shoot. It was concluded that the reductants and A TP from OPPP itself should be enough to achieve the high rate of NR, NiR, GS$_1$, GS$_2$ in plant root and shoot for reduction or assimilation of nitrogen, but these enzyme activities might be inhibited by an excess of NO$_3$$^{[-10]}$ influx over the reduction capacity.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• v.29 no.8
• /
• pp.1152-1158
• /
• 2016

Morphological and physiological alterations occur in the digestive system of weanling piglets, compromising the performance in subsequent phases. This experiment aimed at verifying the influence of glutamine, glutamate and nucleotides on the carbon turnover in the pancreas and liver of piglets weaned at 21 days of age. Four diets were evaluated: glutamine, glutamic acid or nucleotides-free diet (CD); containing 1% glutamine (GD); containing 1% glutamic acid (GAD) and containing 1% nucleotides (ND). One hundred and twenty-three piglets were utilized with three pigs slaughtered at day zero (weaning day) and three at each one of the experimental days (1, 2, 4, 5, 7, 9, 13, 20, 27, and 49 post-weaning), in order to collect organ samples, which were analyzed for the ${\delta}^{13}C$ isotopic composition and compared by means of time. No differences were found (p>0.05) among treatments for the turnover of the $^{13}C$ in the pancreas ($T_{50%}$ = 13.91, 14.37, 11.07, and 9.34 days; $T_{95%}$ = 46.22, 47.73, 36.79, and 31.04 days for CD, GD, GAD, and ND, respectively). In the liver, the ND presented accelerated values of carbon turnover ($T_{50%}=7.36$ and $T_{95%}=24.47days$) in relation to the values obtained for the GD ($T_{50%}=10.15$ and $T_{95%}=33.74days$). However, the values obtained for the CD ($T_{50%}=9.12$ and $T_{95%}=30.31days$) and GAD ($T_{50%}=7.83$ and $T_{95%}=26.03days$) had no differences (p>0.05) among other diets. The technique of $^{13}C$ isotopic dilution demonstrated trophic action of nucleotides in the liver.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
• /
• v.5 no.1
• /
• pp.36-42
• /
• 1997

To investigate effects of ginseng total saponin (GTS) on the ethylcholine aziridnium ion (AF64A) -induced glutamatergic nervous system, rats were pretreated with the infusion of AF64A (3 nmole) into lateral ventricle and were posttreated with 50 mg/kg of GTS, i.p., for 1 week. Twenty four hours after the last administration, rats were sacrificed and the levels of glutamate and taurine, [$^3$H]dizocilpine ([$^3$H]MK801) binding sites and glutamine synthetase activity were assessed in striatum, hippocampus and frontal cortex. The levels of striatal glutamate after GTS treatment in rats were decreased. And the levels of glutamate were decreased in striatum and frontal cortex and increased in hippocampus by the infusion of AF64A. However, the AF64A-induced changes of glutamate were returned to the control level by the administration of GTS in striatum, frontal cortex and hippocampus. After the infusion of AF64A, the level of taurine was decreased in striatum and increased in hippocampus. GTS administrations in the AF64A-treated rats restored to the control level of taurine in the decreased striatal level of taurine, but not in the elevated level of hippocampal taurine. The specific [$^3$H]MK801 binding sites in hippocampus was significantly decreased but not in striatum and frontal cortex after the administration of AF64A. Although GTS itself did not affect the specific [$^3$H]MK801 binding sites, GTS administrations in the AF64A-treated rats did decrease the binding sites of (\`H)Mk801 in all examined regions. The activities of striatal glutamine synthetase were decreased after GTS treatment. The activities of striatal glutamine synthetase (GS) were decreased in AF64A-treated groups. However, the decreased striatal GS activities by AF64A were returned to the control level by GTS treatment. Furthermore, GTS administrations in the AF64A-treated rats increased the hippocampal GS activities. The results indicatethat GTS may adjust the levels of glutamate and taurine constantly and may induce increase in AF64A-induced decrease of GS activity. Thus, it suggests that GTS may antagonize changes in central glutamatergic nervous system induced by AF64A. Also it suggests that the actions of GTS may differently affect in the disease state.

• Korean Journal of Plant Tissue Culture
• /
• v.25 no.1
• /
• pp.57-61
• /
• 1998

Soybean and tobacco tissue cultured with modified MS media containing 4 different ratio(as N) of nitrate to ammonium combination which were 3:0, 2:1, 1:2 and 0:3. The highest callus growth in soybean were observed in the 2:1 medium. The medium containing nitrate only was detrimental to soybean callus growth. Tobacco callus grown with nitrate-only grew as well as those in the 2:1 and very slowly with ammonium-only. In tobacco callus, the total nitrogen in the callus increased with the increase of nitrogen concentration in the medium, but in soybean callus, the opposite result was noted. Nitrate reductase activity in tobacco callus was high when grown with nitrate-only but low with ammonium-only. In case of soybean callus, nitrate reductase activity was high in the 2:1 and remarkably low in nitrate-only medium. Both in soybean and tobacco callus, the activity of glutamine synthetase was high with nitrate-only, but low with ammonium.

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
• /
• v.42 no.4
• /
• pp.376-379
• /
• 2015

This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of different types and concentrations of organic nitrogen sources (${\small{L}}$-Glutamine and casein hydrolysate, CH) and plant growth regulators (auxins and cytokinins) on embryogenic tissue proliferation and somatic embryo production in L. kaempferi. Overall, the highest tissue fresh weight was obtained at either 2 or 4 weeks in culture when 1,000 mg/L ${\small{L}}$-Glutamine was added to the culture medium, which showed similar results with other treatments. In experiments with different types and concentrations of plant growth regulators on somatic embryo production, the highest production (426.3/90 mg tissue) was found when 0.2 mg/L IBA was added; however, no somatic embryos were induced following treatment with 0.2 mg/L BA or Kinetin. The effect of various concentrations of IBA on somatic embryo production was also tested. The best result (303/90 mg tissue) was obtained when plants were treated with 0.2 mg/L IBA; 1.0 mg/L IBA was also effective (281/90 mg tissue). The lowest result (109.3/90 mg tissue) was obtained with 5.0 mg/L IBA.

• The Korean Journal of Zoology
• /
• v.39 no.3
• /
• pp.299-306
• /
• 1996

The effects of antimetabolite 6-aminonicotinamide on levels of soluble proteins, free amino acids and protease activity in various tissues of quail have been in vestigated. The levels of soluble proteins m liver, heart and pectoral muscle were markedly lowered and the specific activity of protease in kidney and pectoral muscle was markedly increased. The concentrations of aspartic acid / asparagine, alanine, valine, methionine, isoleucine, leucine and lysine in the liver were markedly increased. En the kidney the concentrations of aspartic acid I asparagine, arginine, threonine, alanine, proline and lysine were markedly increased but those of glutamic acid I glutamine were decreased. The concentrations of glutamic acid / glutamine and serine in the heart were reduced but those in glycine and methionine were increased. In the pectoral muscle the concentration of arginine was decreased but the concentration of alanine and threonine was increased. The overall results suggest that antimetabolite 6-aminonicotinamide may act to enhance concentrations of amino acids related to the generation of energy and to depress the biosynthesis of some specific amino acids.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
• /
• v.23 no.5
• /
• pp.781-786
• /
• 2014

Growth and physiological disorders caused by abnormally low temperatures were evaluated in pepper, an important field crop in Korea. In addition, the effects of chemical treatment using glutamine was verified on minimizing the damages by low temperature. The growth of pepper plants in stem length and diameter was suppressed as the temperature decreased from $25^{\circ}C$, and the suppression level was the highest for plants grown for 90 days at $20^{\circ}C$. However, root growth was not affected by the different temperatures. The number of leaf and leaf area decreased at the temperatures below $25^{\circ}C$, an optimum temperature for growth. Fresh weight and dry weight decreased for plants grown at $20^{\circ}C$. Pepper fruit yield also decreased by 11% at $20^{\circ}C$ in comparison to $25^{\circ}C$. Falling blossom rate was different depending on the growth temperature, and the rate was 27.2% at $25^{\circ}C$, 35.2% at $22.5^{\circ}C$, and 41.0% at $20^{\circ}C$, indicating that falling blossom rate increased as temperature decreased. Different growth temperatures did not affected on the level of symptom of calcium deficiency and Phytopathora blight. Falling blossom was severe at abnormally low temperature of $20^{\circ}C$, but the treatment of glutamine reduced falling blossom rate and increased the yield by 7.0% as compared to control. The optimum concentration of glutamine treatment was 10 mg/L for yields.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• v.19 no.10
• /
• pp.1470-1477
• /
• 2006

One hundred and sixty crossbred pigs ($6.62{\pm}0.36kg$) weaned at day $18{\pm}1$ were used to investigate the effects of lactitol and tributyrin on performance, small intestinal morphology and enzyme activity. The pigs were assigned to one of five dietary groups (4 pens/diet with 8 pigs/pen) and were fed the negative control diet or the negative control diet supplemented with 10 g/kg glutamine (as a positive control), or 3 g/kg lactitol (${\beta}$-D-galactopyranosyl-($1{\rightarrow}4$)-D-sorbitol), or 5 g/kg tributyrin (butanoic acid 1,2,3-propanetriyl ester), or 3 g/kg lactitol+5 g/kg tributyrin. Body weight and feed intake were measured weekly during the 4-week study. On day 7, four pigs per dietary treatment were sacrificed to examine small intestinal morphology and enzyme activity. The results showed that: (1) Compared with the negative control diet, the positive control diet improved weight gain and feed efficiency during weeks 1-2 and over the entire study (p<0.05), and also decreased duodenal and ileal crypt depth (p<0.05), but did not alter intestinal enzyme activity (p>0.05). Lactitol improved feed efficiency during weeks 3-4 and over the entire study (p<0.05), but did not improve weight gain and feed intake, intestinal morphology or enzyme activity (p>0.05). Tributyrin improved weight gain and reduced feed/gain during weeks 3-4 and over the entire study. Tributyrin significantly decreased crypt depth in the duodenum and ileum, and increased duodenal lactase and ileal maltase activity (p<0.05). Lactitol+tributyrin increased weight gain during weeks 3-4 and over the entire study, and improved feed efficiency during weeks 1-2 and 3-4 and over the entire study (p<0.05). Lactitol+tributyrin increased the jejunal villus height, and decreased the duodenal and ileal crypt depth (p<0.05). Lactitol+tributyrin also increased jejunal lactase and sucrase activity (p<0.05). (2) Compared with the positive control, tributyrin improved weight gain and reduced feed/gain during weeks 3-4 (p<0.05), decreased the ileal crypt depth, and improved the duodenal lactase and sucrase activity (p<0.05). Lactitol+ tributyrin improved weight gain during weeks 3-4, improved feed efficiency during weeks 3-4 and over the entire study, increased the ileal villus height, and increased jejunal lactase, sucrase and maltase activity (p<0.05). These results showed that tributyrin improved performance, intestinal morphology and enzyme activity, while the effect of lactitol was very limited. These results also showed that, compared with glutamine, tributyrin was more effective in improving intestinal morphology and enzyme activity, and tributyrin exerted a superior effect in improving performance as weaning progressed. These observations suggest that, as a chemical for repairing intestinal atrophy, glutamine and tributyrin should be used in the first and second periods of the starter phase, respectively.