• 대한한의학방제학회지
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• 제9권1호
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• pp.289-317
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• 2001

The purpose of this study was to reseach the effect of Daesihotang and its component groups on diabetes, free radical and antioxidative defense system in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. The experimental group was divided into three groups: Daesihotang (DS), Soyangyak (DS1), Yangmyungyak (DS2). The results were obtained as follows: The level of glucose, triglyceride, total cholesterol, creatinine in serum were considerablely reduced by Daesihotang. And the level of HDL cholesterol, albumin, total protein in serum were increased by Daesihotang significantly. And the level of BUN has some decreased, but with no significancy. In the study of Daesihotang on free radical scavenging effect in vitro, it has shown that Daesihotang and its components group have significant suppressing effect on peroxidation of linoleic acid on concentration. And in other experiments as scavenging effect of DPPH radical, inhibitory effect of superoxide in xanthine-xanthine oxidase system and inhibitory effect on lipid peroxidation reaction by hydroxy radical in $H_2O_2-Fe^{2+}$ system, Daesihatang have some activity, but with no significancy. In the study of Daesihotang on antioxidative defense system in vivo, the activity of GOT and GPT in serum were significantly increased; and the amounts of lipid peroxide in serum was reduced significantly but in liver no significancy. In hepatic catalase activity, Daesihotang has showed significant effect. In the level of hepatic glutathione, Daesihotang increased the amount of glutathione significantly. And in the activity of glutathione-s-transferase, Daesihotang has decreasing effect but has no significancy. These result suggest that Daesihotang has strong effect on diabetes and it is useful to prevent diabetes, but has less effect on peroxidative damage by free radical.

• 대한한의학방제학회지
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• 제10권2호
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• pp.159-188
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• 2002

The purpose of this study was to reseach the effect of Daehwanggamchoeumja(大黃甘草飮子) and its component groups on diabetes, free radicals, and antioxidants system in Alloxan-induced diabetic rats. The experimental group was divided into three groups: Daehwanggamchoeumja(DG), and its components groups, Gamdutang (Gamcho&Daedu; DG-I) and Daehwanggamchotang(DG-2). The results were obtained as follows: 1. In the study of effect on diabetic metabolic dysfunction(Glucose, Triglyceride, Total Cholesterol, HDL Cholesterol, Total Protein, Albumin, Creatine, BUN), only DG has a significant effect. 2. In the study on free radical scavenging effect in vitro(the suppressing effect on peroxidation of linoleic acid on concentration, the scavenging effect of DPPH radical, inhibitory effect of superoxide in xanthine-xanthine oxidase system, inhibitory effect on lipid peroxidation reaction by hydroxy radical in $H_2O_2Fe^{2-}$system, and the effect on Nitrate reductase activity), DG and DG-2 have more effect than DG-l relatively. 3. In the study on antioxidants system in vivo(The level of serum LPO, The level of hepatic LPO, Catalase, GSH, GST), only DG has a significant effect. These results suggest that Daehwanggamchoeumja(大黃甘草飮子) has an effect on diabetes, peroxidative damage by free radical, so it seems to be useful to prevent and treat diabetes. The mechanisms of these are supposed to be involved in antioxidant and three drugs' cooperative synergy effect.

• 대한의생명과학회지
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• 제9권2호
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• pp.75-84
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• 2003

To evaluate the influence of hepatic oxygen free radical systems on liver injury by topical p-phenylenediamine (PPD) application on rat skin, PPD (25 mg/16.5 $\textrm{cm}^2$) was topically applied to the abdominal region 5 times every other day and sacrificed. By PPD treatment, increasing rate of liver weight/body weight (%), serum activities of alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase and decreasing rate of microsomal glucose-6-phosphatase activity were higher in the rats fed tungstate supplemented diet than those fed a standard diet. These findings indicate that group fed tungstate supplemented diet have more severe liver injury compared with group fed standard diet on topical PPD application. However, the activities of oxygen free radical generating enzymes such as xanthine oxidase (XO) and cytochrome P450 dependent aniline hydroxylase and those of oxygen free radical scavenging enzymes were not found to be different between these two animal groups. In the present study, a novel monitoring method to detect the generating of oxygen free radicals in liver extract was devised. Throughout this method, the oxidized PPD produced by oxygen free radicals was determined colorimetrically. The increasing rate of PPD oxidation by liver homogenate was higher in tungstate fed animals than in standard diet fed ones. Among the fractionations of liver extract, the mitochondrial and postmitochondrial fractions in the liver extract of tungstate fed animals led to a higher availability of PPD oxidation by PPD treatment compared with standard diet fed ones. In conclusion, these results suggest that an enhanced liver injury in tungstate fed animals treated with PPD may be due to oxygen free radicals produced in other systems except oxygen free radicals generating from cytosolic XO system. Especially, oxidative availability by PPD can be used for oxygen free radical detection in some tissue.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• 제15권3호
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• pp.176-183
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• 2010

The hypoglycemic effects of red ginsgeng-chungkukjang plus seaweeds, green laver and sea tangle, in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats were investigated. Five groups of male Sprague-Dawley rats weighing $140\pm10$ g (10 animals/group) were fed for four weeks with the following: nondiabetic control (NC group); STZ-induced diabetic (D group); diabetic rats fed 3% red ginseng (20%, w/w)-chungkukjang (D-RC group); diabetic rats fed RC containing 10% (w/w) green laver powder (D-RCG group); diabetic rats fed RC containing 10% (w/w) sea tangle powder (D-RCS group). Partially normalized body weight gain, FER, and blood glucose levels were observed in the D-RC, D-RCG and D-RCS groups as compared to the D group. In these three groups, serum levels of triglycerides, total cholesterol, and LDL-cholesterol were found to be lower than in the D group, whereas HDL-cholesterol levels increased. Serum insulin level in D was significantly lower than that of NC, although D-RC, D-RCG, and D-RCS almost recovered to the NC. Serum ALT activity was markedly increased in the D group, while the serum ALT levels in the D-RC, D-RCG, and D-RCS were almost the same as the NC group. Due to diabetes, hepatic xanthine oxidase (XO) activity was significantly increased and administration of red ginseng-chungkukjang or seaweeds resulted in decreased levels of the XO activity. Activity of hepatic antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase) were significantly decreased in the D group, but the activity in the D-RC, D-RCG, and D-RCS groups were similar to that of the NC group. Results of the present study indicate that supplementation of red ginseng-chungkukjang with seaweed after the onset of diabetes ameliorated hyperglycemia via an increase in serum insulin.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• 제7권4호
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• pp.294-301
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• 2013

In this study, we examined the hepatic anti-steatosis activity of carnosic acid (CA), a phenolic compound of rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis) leaves, as well as its possible mechanism of action, in a high-fat diet (HFD)-fed mice model. Mice were fed a HFD, or a HFD supplemented with 0.01% (w/w) CA or 0.02% (w/w) CA, for a period of 12 weeks, after which changes in body weight, blood lipid profiles, and fatty acid mechanism markers were evaluated. The 0.02% (w/w) CA diet resulted in a marked decline in steatosis grade, as well as in homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) index values, intraperitoneal glucose tolerance test (IGTT) results, body weight gain, liver weight, and blood lipid levels (P < 0.05). The expression level of hepatic lipogenic genes, such as sterol regulating element binding protein-1c (SREBP-1c), liver-fatty acid binding protein (L-FABP), stearoyl-CoA desaturase 1 (SCD1), and fatty acid synthase (FAS), was significantly lower in mice fed 0.01% (w/w) CA and 0.02% (w/w) CA diets than that in the HFD group; on the other hand, the expression level of ${\beta}$-oxidation-related genes, such as peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor ${\alpha}$ (PPAR-${\alpha}$), carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 (CPT-1), and acyl-CoA oxidase (ACO), was higher in mice fed a 0.02% (w/w) CA diet, than that in the HFD group (P < 0.05). In addition, the hepatic content of palmitic acid (C16:0), palmitoleic acid (C16:1), and oleic acid (C18:1) was significantly lower in mice fed the 0.02% (w/w) CA diet than that in the HFD group (P < 0.05). These results suggest that orally administered CA suppressed HFD-induced hepatic steatosis and fatty liver-related metabolic disorders through decrease of de novo lipogenesis and fatty acid elongation and increase of fatty acid ${\beta}$-oxidation in mice.

• 산업식품공학
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• 제13권4호
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• pp.320-325
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• 2009

활성글루텐을 첨가한 쌀가루에 검의 첨가가 쌀가루의 신속점도측정기(RVA) 호화양상과 farinograph 반죽특성에 미치는 영향을 조사하였다. 검의 첨가에 의해 쌀가루의 RVA 최고점도는 증가한 반면 setback은 약간 감소함을 나타내었다. 활성글루텐을 첨가한 쌀가루에 검의 첨가는 farinograph 수분흡수율을 증가시키고 반죽의 안정도를 증가시켜 반죽을 강하게 하는 효과를 부여하였다. 쌀가루에 활성글루텐을 14% 첨가하고 검, 유화제 및 효소제를 복합처리하여 쌀빵을 제조한 후 쌀빵의 부피와 저장 중 경도변화를 조사하였다. 쌀가루에 첨가하는 활성글루텐의 양이 감소함에 따라 쌀빵의 부피가 감소하였지만 검, 유화제 및 효소제를 복합첨가 함으로써 쌀빵의 부피를 현저히 개선시킬 수 있었다. 활성글루텐만을 첨가한 쌀빵은 저장 중에 경도가 급격히 상승하였으나 검, 유화제 및 효소제를 복합첨가하여 제조한 쌀빵은 저장 중에 경도의 증가 폭이 현저하게 감소함을 나타내었다. 따라서 적절한 검, 유화제, 효소제의 복합처리는 쌀빵의 부피와 경도 변화 등 쌀빵의 품질에 매우 긍정적인 영향을 주는 것으로 평가되었다.

• BMB Reports
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• 제54권8호
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• pp.419-424
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• 2021

Cold-induced norepinephrine activates β3-adrenergic receptors (β3-AR) to stimulate the kinase cascade and cAMP-response element-binding protein, leading to the induction of thermogenic gene expression including uncoupling protein 1 (Ucp1). Here, we showed that stimulation of the β3-AR by its agonists isoproterenol and CL316,243 in adipocytes increased the expression of Ucp1 and Heme Oxygenase 1 (Hmox1), the principal Nrf2 target gene, suggesting the functional interaction of Nrf2 with β3-AR signaling. The activation of Nrf2 by tert-butylhydroquinone and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production by glucose oxidase induced both Ucp1 and Hmox1 expression. The increased expression of Ucp1 and Hmox1 was significantly reduced in the presence of a Nrf2 chemical inhibitor or in Nrf2-deleted (knockout) adipocytes. Furthermore, Nrf2 directly activated the Ucp1 promoter, and this required DNA regions located at -3.7 and -2.0 kb of the transcription start site. The CL316,243-induced Ucp1 expression in adipocytes and oxygen consumption in obese mice were partly compromised in the absence of Nrf2 expression. These data provide additional insight into the role of Nrf2 in β3-AR-mediated Ucp1 expression and energy expenditure, further highlighting the utility of Nrf2-mediated thermogenic stimulation as a therapeutic approach to diet-induced obesity.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제29권6호
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• pp.1248-1254
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• 1997

옻나무를 극성이 각각 다른 chloroform, n-hexane, ethanol에 침지한후 추출물질에 따라 항산화력을 DPPH 및 thiocyanate 방법으로 측정했으며, 쥐 뇌세포를 배양하여 glucose oxidase (GO)에 의해 생성되는 hydroxy radical에 대한 항산화 효과를 측정하였다. DPPH및 thiocyanate 방법에 의한 항산화력은 에탄올 추출물의 항산화력이 다른 용매로 추출한 것에 비해 높았고, column을 이용해 100drop씩 분획하여 얻은 에탄을 추출물 5개 peak중 peak II의 항산화력이 thiocyanate 방법으로 측정한 결과 다른 peak에 비해 컸으며, peak III와 IV의 항산화력은 적었고, peak I과 V의 항산화력은 매우 약하게 나타났다. 항산화 효과에 있어서 쥐 뇌세포에 에탄올 추출물 (30 mg/mL)로서, GO 20 mU/mL system의 hydroxy radical에 대한 에탄올 추출물의 항산화 효과를 측정한 결과는 GO 20 mU/mL만을 처리한 구에서는 쥐 뇌세포의 생존율이 56%인데 반하여, 옻나무 에탄을 추출물을 $1\;{\mu}L\;(297\;{\mu}g/mL)$와 $2\;{\mu}L\;(588\;{\mu}g/mL)$ 첨가시 생존율은 대조구에 비해 각각 59%와 68%였으며, $4\;{\mu}L\;(1,154\;{\mu}g/mL)$ 첨가시 74%, $7\;{\mu}L\;(1,963\;{\mu}g/mL)$와 $10\;{\mu}L\;(2,727\;{\mu}g/mL)$ 첨가시 각각 83% 및 95%로서 높은 생존율을 보였다. 이것은 에탄올 추출물 $10\;{\mu}L\;(2,727\;{\mu}g/mL)$첨가에 있어서 hydroxy radical에 대한 항산화 효과를 대조구에 비교할 때 $P{\leq}0.01$의 유의성을 보여주었다. 한편 에탄올 추출물과 천연항산화제인 ascorbic acid, ${\alpha}-tocopherol$, catalase의 항산화 효과를 비교한 결과 쥐 뇌세포 생존율이 대조구에 비해 $10\;{\mu}L\;(2,727\;{\mu}/mL)$ 에탄올 추출물 첨가시 95%이었고, $10\;{\mu}g/mL$, $20\;{\mu}g/mL$ catalase에서는 각각 98%와 99%였으며, 50 uM, 100uM ascorbic acid는 각각 83%와 88%, 50 uM, 100 uM ${\alpha}-tocopherol$에서는 각각 72%, 77%로 나타났다. 따라서 에탄을 추출물 $273\;{\mu}g/mL$은 $1\;{\mu}/mL$ catalase에 상응되는 항산화력을 가지고 있다.

• 생명과학회지
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• 제29권11호
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• pp.1179-1191
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• 2019

암세포는 epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT)를 통해 tumor invasion과 metastasis가 일어나며, 또한 정상세포와 다른 oncogenic metabolic phenotypes 획득 즉, glycolytic switch 등이 암 발생과 진행에 깊이 연관되어 있음이 잘 알려져 있다. High-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1)은 chromatin-associated nuclear protein으로 알려져 있으나, dying cells 또는 immune cells로부터 방출되기도 한다. 방출된 HMGB1은 damage-associated molecular pattern (DAMP)로서 작용하여 EMT 및 invasion, metastasis를 유도함으로서 tumor progression에 기여한다고 알려졌다. 본 연구에서 HMGB1에 의해 EMT와 glycolytic switch 유도되며, 이 과정은 Snail 의존적임을 확인하였다. 또한 HMGB1/Snail cascade는 COX subunits인 COXVIIa와 COXVIIc의 발현 억제를 통해 mitochondrial repression과 cytochrome c oxidase (COX) inhibition을 유도하였다. HMGB1은 Snail를 통해 glycolytic switch의 주요 효소인 hexokinase 2 (HK2), phosphofructokinase-2/fructose-2,6-bisphosphatase 2 (PFKFB2), phosphoglycerate mutase 1 (PGAM1)의 발현을 증가시켰다. 이들 효소는 glycolytic switch에 중요하게 관여하는 것으로 알려져 있다. 이들 해당과정의 효소들을 knockdown한 결과 HMGB1에 의한 EMT를 억제함으로써 glycolysis와 HMGB1-induced EMT가 밀접하게 연관되어 있을 제시하였다. 이상의 연구 결과들은 HMGB1/Snail cascade가 EMT 및 glycolytic switch, mitochondrial repression에 중요하게 작용할 것임을 시사한다.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• 제47권1호
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• pp.27-32
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• 2004

가금티프스는 닭, 오리, 칠면조, 꿩 등 가금류에 Salmonella gallinarum이 원인균이 되어 발병하는 질병이다. 본 연구는 가금티프스를 방제하기 위한 생균제 개발을 위한 기초조사의 목적으로 가금티프스 원인균인 5. gallinarum 의 생육을 저해시킬 수 있는 길항균을 야생꿩에서 분리, 선발했다. 최종적으로 3종의 우수 길항균주를 선발하였으며 선발, 분리된 길항균을 동정한 결과 Ll9, L33균주는 similarity가 100%인 Sphinromonas sanguis로 동정 되었고 L50균주는 similarity가 96.2%로써 Sphinromonas sanguis의 근연종으로 동정되었다. 선발된 길항균주가 생산한 길항물질의 특성을 확인해본 결과, S. gallinarum을 저해하는 물질이 고분자성 물질이고 내열성임을 추정 할 수가 있었다. S. sanguis Ll9의 경우 배양 20시간 이후부터 길항물질이 생산되었으며 탄소원, 질소원을 각각 maltose, $(NH_4)_2SO_4$를 첨가하였을 때 가장 높은 길항력을 나타내었다. S. sanguis L33의 경우 배양 22시간 이후 부터 길항물질이 생산되었으며 탄소원, 질소원을 각각 galactose, urea를 첨가하였을 때 가장 높은 길항력을 나타내었다. S. sanguis L50은 배양 10시간 이후부터 길항물질을 생산하였으며 탄소원, 질소원을 각각 saccharose, $(NH_4)_2S_2O_8$음로 하였을 때 가장 높은 길항력을 나타내었다.