• Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine
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• 제15권6호
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• pp.781-791
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• 2018

BACKGROUND: Glucosamine hydrochloride (GlcN HCl) has been shown to inhibit cell growth and matrix synthesis, but not with N-acetyl-glucosamine (GlcNAc) supplementation. This effect might be related to an inhibition of critical growth factors (GF), or to a different metabolization of the two glucosamine derivatives. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the synergy between GlcN HCl, GlcNAc, and GF on proliferation and cartilage matrix synthesis. METHOD: Bovine chondrocytes were cultivated in monolayers for 48 h and in three-dimensional (3D) chitosan scaffolds for 30 days in perfusion bioreactors. Serum-free (SF) medium was supplemented with either growth factors (GF) $TGF-{\beta}$ ($5ng\;mL^{-1}$) and IGF-I ($10ng\;mL^{-1}$), GlcN HCl or GlcNAc at 1mM each or both. Six groups were compared according to medium supplementation: (a) SF control; (b) SF + GlcN HCl; (c) SF + GlcNAc; (d) SF + GF; (e) SF + GF + GlcN HCl; and (f) SF + GF + GlcNAc. Cell proliferation, proteoglycan, collagen I (COL1), and collagen II (COL2) synthesis were evaluated. RESULTS: The two glucosamines showed opposite effects in monolayer culture: GlcN HCl significantly reduced proliferation and GlcNAc significantly augmented cellular metabolism. In the 30 days 3D culture, the GlcN HCl added to GF stimulated cell proliferation more than when compared to GF only, but the proteoglycan synthesis was smaller than GF. However, GlcNAc added to GF improved the cell proliferation and proteoglycan synthesis more than when compared to GF and GF/GlcN HCl. The synthesis of COL1 and COL2 was observed in all groups containing GF. CONCLUSION: GlcN HCl and GlcNAc increased cell growth and stimulated COL2 synthesis in long-time 3D culture. However, only GlcNAc added to GF improved proteoglycan synthesis.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제28권5호
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• pp.1113-1123
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• 1999

The purpose of this study was to see the effect of anti inflammatory and analgesic action of the glucosamine hydrochloride(GA HCl) or taurine. Male Sprague Dawley rats(100~250g) and ICR mice(20 ~30g) were used. Experimental groups were divided into seven groups, one control group given as saline and six groups given as oral administration of GA HCl or taurine; GA HCl 250mg/kg, b.w group, taurine 250mg/kg, b.w group, GA HCl 250mg/kg, b.w＋taurine 250mg/kg, b.w group, GA HCl 500mg/kg, b.w group, taurine 500mg/kg, b.w group, GA HCl 500mg/kg, b.w＋taurine 500mg/kg, b.w group. Carrageenan induced edema test were shown to be significantly inhibited in the GA HCl 250mg/kg group and taurine 250mg/kg group compared to the control group, but the GA HCl 500mg/kg＋taurine 500mg/kg group were significantly inhibited than the control group. Capillary permeability test were shown to be sig nificantly inhibited in the taurine 500mg/kg group, but the GA HCl 500mg/kg＋taurine 500mg/kg group were significantly inhibited than the control group. Leucocyte emigration test were shown to be significantly inhibited in the GA HCl 250mg/kg＋ taurine 250mg/kg group and GA HCl 500mg/kg＋taurine 500mg/kg group compared to the control group. Acetic acid, Phenyl p benzoquinone writhing syndrome were shown to be significantly inhibited in the GA HCl 500mg/kg＋taurine 500mg/kg group compared to the control group. Inhibitory action against COX 1 and COX 2 were not significantly inhibited in the experimental group. These results suggest that the combined administration of the GA HCl and taurine have potential action in anti inflammatory and analgesic action.

• 대한의생명과학회지
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• 제14권2호
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• pp.97-103
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• 2008

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of an anti-inflammatory and analgesic action of the glucosamine HCl (Glucosamine) and SH-1 (Glucosamine + Oriental herbal composition combined group). Male sprague-Dawley rats $(200{\sim}250g)$ and ICR mice $(20{\sim}30g)$ were randomized and these experimental groups were divided into 4 groups. Two control group were given as negative control (saline) and positive control (Ibuprofen, 100 mg/kg) and two groups given as oral administration of Glucosamine (320 m/kg) and SH-1. Carrageenan induced paw edema test, hot plate method, croton oil induced granuloma, capillary permeability test and acetic acid writhing syndrome were also shown to be comparable in the SH-1 group to anti-inflammatory drug group such as positive control group (Ibuprofen). Although further studies should be performed to confirm the effects of SH-1, present results suggest that the combined administration of SH-1 have potential action in anti-inflammatory and analgesic action. It could be applicable for the improvement of arthritic symptoms as a new diet-supplement.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• 제4권2호
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• pp.68-72
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• 1983

The $pK_{a}$ of $-NH_{3}^{+}$ group of chitosan in water was 6.2, while that of D-glucosamine-HCl, monomer of chitosan, was found to be 7.8. The difference of $pK_{a}$ values between chitosan and D-glucosamine was attributed to the strong electrostatic interaction between $-NH_{3}^{+}$ groups in chitosan. The apparent binding constant of $Cu^{2+}$ to D-glucosamine was estimated to be $1{\times}10^{4}$. For chitosan, no significant binding of $Cu^{2+}$ to the polymer was observed when pH < 5, but strong cooperative binding was observed near pH 5.1. The mechanism of such cooperativity was proposcd. Chitosan in solution exhibited typical polyelectrolytic behaviors: viscosity increases with increased amount of charged group, and decreases with addition of salt. The concentration dependence of viscosity was measured, and the Huggins parameters and intrinsic viscosity were calculated at various ionic strength. The results were interpreted in terms of molecular properties of the chitosan molecule.

• 한국생물공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국생물공학회 2003년도 생물공학의 동향(XII)
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• pp.475-479
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• 2003

미더덕으로부터 GAGs는 1/60 M sodium phosphate buffer로 $105^{\circ}C$로 열수 추출하는 것이 가장 경제적인 것으로 나타났다. 이렇게 추출한 GAGs의 $SO_4$ 함량은 31.2%, 회분 함량은 22.2%이다 회분 함량의 증가는 sodium phosphate의 사용으로 추정되며, 이것은 무기질 분석에서 Na의 함량이 총 무기질의 47.6%를 차지하고 있다는 것으로 뒷받침한다. 일반 성분, HPLC 분석, 당 분석, 아미노산 분석의 결과로 GAGs의 주된 구조는 glucosamine과 galacturonic acid로 결합되어 있으며, 당과 단백질은 threonine으로 연결되어 있다는 것을 알 수 있다. 화장품 원료 규격에 적합한 제단백은 5.0%, 10.0%, 20.0% TCA(w/v) 처리, 10.0%, 20.0%, 40.0% HCl(v/v) 처리, UF(ultra filteration)를 포함한 10.0% TCA(w/v), 20.0% S-SAS(w/v), 25.0% HCl(v/v) 처리가 가능하며, 이중 5.0% TCA(w/v) 및 10.0% HCl(v/v)의 처리가 가장 경제적이며 효율적이라는 것을 알 수 있었다.

• 통합자연과학논문집
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• 제4권4호
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• pp.323-331
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• 2011

In this study, ${\alpha}$-chlorosuccinic acid was synthesized through the reaction of maleic anhydride with HCl(g), (UV)250 nm~300 nm wavelength in presence of $CCl_4$. For the second reaction of N-(monochloro)succinic acid contained glucosamine derivatives(I) was accomplished by a modification of the general acylation using excess ${\alpha}$-chlorosuccinic anhydride in the presence of 2% acetic acid with methanol condition as a solvent at elevated temperature($70^{\circ}C$). We considered organic acid derivatives were useful especially for treatment for the cultivating porphyra.

• 한국포장학회지
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• 제5권1호
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• pp.47-55
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• 1999

탄수화물에서 유래되는 chitin은 cellulose와 유사한 $poly-{\beta}(1,4)-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine$의 섬유상의 중합체로서 물과 유기용매 녹지 않으나 acetyl amino group 을 탈아세틸화 시키면 키토 산으로 되어 묽은 산 용액에 용해되어 점성이 있는 용액이 되므로 화학, 의학 및 식품 산업분야 등에 다양한 용도로 이용되고 있다. 본 실험에서는 게 가공 폐기물로부터 부가가치가 높은 chitin 및 키토산 을 제조하였으며 침지조건을 달리하여 제조한 키토산의 특성을 조사하였다. 원료인 게껍질의 일반 성분은 수분 8.24%, 지방 3.65%, 단백질 28.73%, 회분 35.5%, chitin 23.55%로 나타났다. chitin의 제조는 5% HCl과 5% NaOH를 침지 온도와 시간을 달리하여 탈회분, 탈단백질하여 제조하였다. 탈회분은 온도에 따라 큰 변화는 없었으며, $30^{\circ}C$에서 30분 반응하였을 때 회분함량이 3.22%, 60분 후 1,07%로 감소했다. $50^{\circ}C$ 및 $70^{\circ}C$에서는 30분 처리하였을 때 1.46%, 1.19%를 나타낸 후 시간이 증가하여도 감소량이 뚜렸하지 않았다. 탈단백질은 위와 동일한 조건으로 침지하였으며 시간이 경과함에 따라 감소하였고 $70^{\circ}C$에서 90분 반응하였을 때 chitin의 질소 함량 6.92%에 근접하였다. 키토선 제조는 chitin을 50% Noah에 침지 시간을 달리하여 탈아세틸화하였다. 탈아세틸화도는 2시간 침지 후 82.84%를 나타내었으며 시간이 경과할수록 증가하였다. 한편 침지 후 여액의 NaOH를 다시 사용하였을 때 키토산의 점도 및 분자량은 시간의 경과에 따라 감소하였다. 즉 점도는 2시간 경과함에 따라 95 cps, 4시간 70 cps, 6시간 65cps, 8시간 60cps로 감소하였으며, 분자량은 110,286, 99,000, 96,666, 94,300으로 감소하였다. 횟수에 따른 점도 및 분자량은 시간의 경과에 따라 증가하였다. 반복 사용된 반응용액에서 제조된 키토산은 기계적인 물성변화는 거의 없었고, 각 solvent에서 반응시간 경과에 따라 약간 증가함이 있었고 acetic acid에 용해하여 제조한 chitosan film의 TS가 lactic acid chitosan film보다 우수함을 알 수 있었다. 수증기투과도의 경우 lactic acid에 용해하여 제조한 chitosan film이 acetic acid에 용해하여 제조한 chitosan film보다 큰 수증기 투과도를 보였다.