• 대한예방한의학회지
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• 제14권1호
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• pp.77-96
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• 2010

Objectives : This paper recommends a global budget based payment system for reimbursing oriental medical services in the national health insurance. Methods : We analyzed previous research outcomes related to oriental medical services and payment system We reviewed the experiences of other countries' global budget system in terms of their strength and weakness. In addition, we developed a reimbursement method for oriental medical services based on global budget. Results : Our reviews focused on global budget system of Germany, the Netherlands, the United Kingdom, Canada, France, and Taiwan. The estimation of global budget in the national health insurance was described in two scenarios. First scenario was to allocate oriental medical services in scale after signing a contract for global budget. In this case, 4.16% of the national health insurance expenditure was allocated for the oriental medical services. Second scenario was to estimate the global budget in a historical context. As a result, the first scenario in total budget was higher than the second, and we proposed a retrospective adjustment method for the gap between the budget and the actual expenditure Conclusions : The payment system for oriental medical services is recommended to shift from fee-for-service to global budget.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제5권4호
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• pp.429-440
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• 1996

A global carbon cycle model (GCCM), that incorporates interaction among the terrestrial biosphere, ocean, and atmosphere, was developed to study the carbon cycling aid global carbon budget, especially due to anthropogenic $CO_2$ emission. The model that is based on C, 13C and 14C mass balance, was calibrated with the observed $CO_2$ concentration, $\delta$13C and $\Delta$14C in the atmosphere, Δ14C in the soil, and $\Delta$14C in the ocean. Also, GCCM was constrained by the literature values of oceanic carbon uptake and CO, emissions from deforestation. Inputs (forcing functions in the model) were the C, 13C and 14C as $CO_2$ emissions from fossil fuel use, and 14C injection into the stratosphere by bomb-tests. The simulated annual carbon budget of 1980s due to anthropoRenic $CO_2$ shows that the global sources were 5.43 Gt-C/yr from fossil fuel use and 0.91 Gt-C/yr from deforestation, and the sinks were 3.29 Gt-C/yr in the atmosphere, 0.90 Gt-C/yr in the terrestrial biosphere and 2.15 Gt-C/yr in the ocean. The terrestrial biosphere is currently at zero net exchange with the atmosphere, but carbon is lost cia organic carbon runoff to the ocean. The model could be utilized for a variety of studies in $CO_2$ policy and management, climate modeling, $CO_2$ impacts, and crop models.

• 한국산학기술학회논문지
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• 제15권6호
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• pp.3534-3547
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• 2014

행위별 지불보상제도는 의료적 관점의 장점에도 불구하고 건강보험 진료비가 급증하는 문제점이 지적되고 있어 이에 대한 합리적인 통제의 필요성이 강하게 제기되고 있다. 본 연구에서는 자료수집이 가능한 27개 상급종합병원을 대상으로 SGR 모형과 DEA모형을 결합해 진료비목표예산 수립과 배분제도를 제안하였다. SGR모형은 거시적 측면에서 누적진료비 목표예산과 당해연도 진료비 목표예산에 따라 차년도의 진료비목표를 제시하는데 사용하였고 DEA모형은 개별병원에 원가의식과 관리 효율성 목표를 제시함으로써 전체적인 예산관리를 가능하게 한다. 즉 예산제도를 성과평가도구의 하나인 DEA모형과 결합함으로써 효율성 그룹에 따른 개별병원 예산을 설계할 수 있었다. 이를 통해 거시적 수준에서 국민소득 수준을 고려한 SGR 모형에서 구해진 예산총액을 배분하고 관리할 수 있는 기전을 확보해 건강보험제도에서 실무적으로도 적용가능한 모형을 설계할 수 있었다.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제27권12호
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• pp.1169-1178
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• 2018

Two man-made carbon emissions, fossil fuel emissions and land use emissions, have been perturbing naturally occurring global carbon cycle. These emitted carbons will eventually be deposited into the atmosphere, the terrestrial biosphere, the soil, and the ocean. In this study, Simple Global Carbon Model (SGCM) was used to simulate global carbon cycle and to estimate global carbon budget. For the model input, fossil fuel emissions and land use emissions were taken from the literature. Unlike fossil fuel use, land use emissions were highly uncertain. Therefore land use emission inputs were adjusted within an uncertainty range suggested in the literature. Simulated atmospheric $CO_2$ concentrations were well fitted to observations with a standard error of 0.06 ppm. Moreover, simulated carbon budgets in the ocean and terrestrial biosphere were shown to be reasonable compared to the literature values, which have considerable uncertainties. Simulation results show that with increasing fossil fuel emissions, the ratios of carbon partitioning to the atmosphere and the terrestrial biosphere have increased from 42% and 24% in the year 1958 to 50% and 30% in the year 2016 respectively, while that to the ocean has decreased from 34% in the year 1958 to 20% in the year 2016. This finding indicates that if the current emission trend continues, the atmospheric carbon partitioning ratio might be continuously increasing and thereby the atmospheric $CO_2$ concentrations might be increasing much faster. Among the total emissions of 399 gigatons of carbon (GtC) from fossil fuel use and land use during the simulation period (between 1960 and 2016), 189 GtC were reallocated to the atmosphere (47%), 107 GtC to the terrestrial biosphere (27%), and 103GtC to the ocean (26%). The net terrestrial biospheric carbon accumulation (terrestrial biospheric allocations minus land use emissions) showed positive 46 GtC. In other words, the terrestrial biosphere has been accumulating carbon, although land use emission has been depleting carbon in the terrestrial biosphere.

• 한국빅데이터학회지
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• 제5권2호
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• pp.97-110
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• 2020

2020년에 발생한 글로벌 펜데믹 현상은 전 세계에 큰 경제 충격을 주었으며, 그 충격은 특히 유동인구 및 관광산업에 영향을 많이 받는 자영업자들에게 더 크게 작용을 하였다. 이 문제를 해결하기 위해 각 국가에서는 긴급재난지원 정책을 실행하는데, 그 기준과 범위를 선정하는 것에 어려움이 존재하였다. 위 문제를 해결하기 위하여 본 논문에서는 다음의 연구를 진행하였다. 첫째, 글로벌 펜데믹이 지역경제에 미치는 영향을 분석한 후, 그 충격을 직관적으로 설명할 수 있는 지표를 정의하였다. 둘째, 정의된 지표를 활용하여 최적의 예산정책을 지급하는 선형 모형을 수립하였다, 제시된 모형은 정부에서 쉽고 빠르게 고려할 수 있는 경제 충격지표와 최적의 해를 제시한다. 마지막으로 제안된 연구모형의 한계점과 시사점에 대해 소개한다.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제25권8호
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• pp.1057-1063
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• 2016

The heat budget is investigated in the Gumi Reservoir of the Nakdong river. In warm climate season, solar radiation effects play a important role in the change of water temperature. The features of the surface heat balance are almost derived by the latent heat flux and the solar radiation flux. On the other hand, in cold climate season, change of heat stored in the water is mainly dominated by latent and sensible heat transfer between water and air, since flux of solar radiation and loss of outgoing long wave radiation balance approximately. For the annual averages, net flux of radiation, evaporation(latent heat) loss are dominant in the Gumi reservoir. The evaporation losses are dominant from spring to early winter. This means that the Gumi reservoir rolls like a lake of thermal medium or deep depth.

• 환경영향평가
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• 제21권2호
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• pp.239-246
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• 2012

Daily net radiation is essential for heat budget analysis for environmental impact assessment in the coastal zone and longwave radiation is an important element of net radiation because there is a significant exchange of radiant energy between the earth's surface and the atmosphere in the form of radiation at longer wavelengths. However, radiation data is not commonly available, and there has been no direct measurement for most areas where coastal environmental impact assessment is usually most needed. Often an empirical equation, e.g., Penman and FAO-24 formulae is used to estimate longwave radiation using temperature, humidity, and sunshine hour data but local calibration may be needed. In this study, local recalibration was performed to have best fit from a widely used longwave equation using the measured longwave radiation data in Korea Global Atmospheric Watch Center (KGAWC). The results shows recalibration can provided better performance AE=0.23($W/m^2$) and RMSE=14.73($W/m^2$). This study will contribute to improve the accuracy of the heat budget analysis in the coastal area.

• East Asian Economic Review
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• 제18권3호
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• pp.277-299
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• 2014

Climate negotiations have been going on for the last two decades and the awareness for impacts of climate change has improved substantially. However, the trends of global $CO_2$ emissions did not reveal any encouraging signs, with developing countries emitting even more $CO_2$ and industrialized nations showing no signs of reducing emissions to below their 1990 levels. In order to meet the ambitious targets set by the Stern report for the next two decades, it is important to find new and path-breaking approaches to climate change. This paper attempts to analyze the use of carbon/development space historically, at present and in the future with a focus on equity. Trends analysis focuses on the last two decades (Post Rio) and the carbon budget based analysis considers a period of 1850-2050. Industrialized countries are found to have significantly overshot their budgeted allocation for the last 160 years. Both the developing and industrialized countries are overshooting the present budget estimates based on world per capita budget for the next forty years and proportional to the population of each country. It is important for the industrialized countries to bring down their emissions to meet their carbon budgets while the developing countries use their development space as a guideline for their development path. Furthermore, this paper presents aggressive and regressive scenarios for the industrialized countries to compensate for the climate debt they have created.

• 한국해안해양공학회지
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• 제13권1호
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• pp.18-34
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• 2001

해파 모형(HYPA)으로부터 산출된 장기 파랑 자료를 이용하여 동해 근해의 파랑 특성을 분석하였다. 또한 파랑작용(wave action)에 의하여 형성되는 토사이동율을 동해안 연안에 대하여 도표화하여 동해안 연안표사수지(littoral sediment budget) 작성의 토대를 마련하였다.

• 국제지역연구
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• 제18권3호
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• pp.3-21
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• 2014

OECD 개발원조위원회(DAC: Development Assistance Committee)는 DAC회원국에게 국민총소득(GNI: Gross National Income)의 0.7%까지 ODA 예산을 조성할 것을 권고하고 있다. 그렇지만, 글로벌 경제위기에 따라 일부 북유럽국가를 제외하고, 대부분 0.7%에 이르지 못하고 있다. 한국은 점진적으로 ODA 예산을 증액하고 있지만, DAC평균인 0.3%에도 미치지 못하고 있다. 본 연구는 경제규모에 따른 타 국가의 사례비교를 통해 한국 ODA 예산의 적정규모 추이를 분석하였다. 이를 위해 ODA 적정규모 예산의 기준인 GNI가 갖는 함의를 분석하였다. 또한, ODA 예산규모에 대한 적정성을 DAC 회원국을 대상으로 각 국가의 시계열 자료를 GNI 대비 ODA의 규모로 비교 분석하였다. 이를 국가 예산 운용 측면에서 국제규범순응형국가와 자국경제의존형으로 구분하였고, 각 국의 ODA 예산추이를 분석하여, 일정한 패턴을 보이고 있는 국가와의 비교를 통해 향후 한국정부가 ODA 적정 예산규모 도출을 위해서 검토할 사항에 대해서 제시하였다.