• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.187-199
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• 2009

Recently, the quality and design of the children's wear is being improved remarkably. Following the trend, the need for the research on the pattern making of children's wear is growing. At first, we tried to find out how the industry is doing the pattern making job through interview. Results are as follows. The target age ranges from 5 to 11 years old. For the sample size of pattern making, 7 years of age is preferred. It is not usual to develop the design pattern from the bodice block pattern. Instead, they use middle block pattern for each item, such as blouse, shirt, pants, skirt or jacket. Starting from these middle block pattern, they prepare individual designs. With the results, the aim of the research became to develop one of most frequently used middle block pattern. The blouse block pattern was selected for that purpose. To look into the existing patterns, we selected 4 methods, i.e. NM-method, T-method, O-method, E-methods. Theses patterns were compared through wearing test for the evaluation of comfort and fit using trial garments. The results indicated the NM-method was best among them. Specially waist line position, shoulder shape and size allowance was adequate. Alteration and adjustment of pattern draft was made onto the NM-method. Allowances for the bust circumference, across chest, across back and depth of arm was adjusted for better comfort as well as fine fit. Sidelines of the bodice and the underarm seam of the sleeves were curved for styling. After another wearing test, the final pattern was suggested as a blouse block pattern for 7 years old girl.

• Journal of the Korean Dietetic Association
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.301-310
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• 2002

In order to investigate the use and recognition of nutrition labelings of processed foods which adolescents frequently purchase, 277(boys 125, girls 152) middle school students and their parents were conveniently selected from the west Chonan City, and were surveyed by self-recording questionnaire on June, 2000. Nutrition labels were indicated only in 14.9% of 222 processed snack foods. At purchasing foods the students considered taste most importantly and in turn price, quantity, and nutrition. Of the subjects 79.4% of students and 89.2% of parents had experiences of reading nutrition labels, and the reasons were mainly to just know contained nutrients(76.8%, 72.1%, respectively) and for their health care(35.9%, 47.8%, respectively). The main reason not to confirm nutrition labels was that they were not interested in nutrition labels. But too small size and rudeness or hardness of understanding was also pointed out as a reason of not reading nutrition labels. The students ranked mineral, protein, and carbohydrate as the most important three nutrients at labelings, while the parents ranked protein, mineral, and calorie. Cholesterol, dietary fibers, and sodium were shown the lowest rank in both students and parents. Significant nutrients for specific processed foods did not well recognised in the students. Conclusively, nutrition labelings should be applied to all processed foods which students frequently buy, particularly in clear and large size. Also it is necessary to prepare education programs for both students and parents about accurate recognition of nutrition knowledge about processed foods and how to use nutrition labels.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.26 no.5
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• pp.573-581
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• 2002

This study was done to classify children's somatotypes and to provide the fundamental data or their clothing sizing system for the purpose of designing patterns fur children's wear and standardizing sizes of ready-made clothes. The sampling was done for 7-8 years-old-girl living in Pusan and Kyungsangnam-do. Data from each girl comprises 33 anthropometic measurments and 7 photogrphic measurments, based on the somatometric characteristics of girls which I had obtained. Factor analysis, cluster analysis, discriminant analysis were performed for statistical analysis of the data. Seven factors which explain 76.49% of the whole variances were extracted. The thirst and second factors which explain more than 70% of the whole variances represent 'horizontal size 'and 'vortical size', which characterize most aspects of the body shape of the subjects. On the basis of the cluster analysis, three different upper body types were categorized. Type 1 has quite long surface length of the upper body and rising shoulders and are close to the averages of this age group. Type 2 has highest stature, biggest frame, dropped shoulders and surface length of the upper body similar to the type 1. Type 3 has shortest stature, smallest frame and sloping shoulders. According to the analysis to discriminate somatotypes of the upper body by this age group, the discriminative items in discriminant function are follows. As this group, waist circumference of discriminant function 1 and front length and length between both shoulder points of discriminant function 2 have large coefficient values.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.63 no.12
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• pp.491-498
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• 2020

Background: Renal size is an important indicator in the diagnosis of renal diseases and urinary tract infections in children. Purpose: The purpose of this study is twofold. First, it aimed to measure the renal length and calculate the renal volume of normal Thai children using 2-dimensional ultrasonography (2D-US) and study their correlations with somatic parameters. Second, it aimed to compare the age-specific renal size of normal Thai children with the published data of their Western and Chinese counterparts. Methods: A total of 321 children (150 boys, 171 girls; age, 6-15 years) with a normal renal profile were prospectively recruited. All subjects underwent 2D-US by an experienced pediatric radiologist and the renal length, width, and depth were measured. Renal volume was calculated using the ellipsoid formula as recommended. The data were compared between the left and right kidneys, the sexes, and various somatic parameters. The age-specific renal lengths were compared using a nomogram derived from a Western cohort that is currently referred by many Thailand hospitals, while the renal volumes were compared with the published data of a Chinese cohort. Results: No statistically significant difference (P<0.05) was found between sexes or the right and left kidneys. The renal sizes had strong correlations with height, weight, body surface area, and age but not with body mass index. The renal length of the Thai children was moderately correlated (r=0.59) with that of the Western cohort, while the age-specific renal volume was significantly smaller (P<0.05) than that of the Chinese children. Conclusion: Therefore, we concluded that the age-specific renal length and volume obtained by 2D-US would vary between children in different regions and may not be suitably used as an international standard for diagnosis, although further studies may be needed to confirm our findings.

• Korean Journal of Child Studies
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.19-39
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• 2004

Mothers of 58 20-month-olds in Seoul, the Republic of Korea, completed vocabulary checklists for their children. When vocabulary level was taken into account, children's vocabularies contained relatively greater proportions of nouns than other word classes, and more verbs than adjectives or closed-class words. Correlations among word classes showed that each word class was consistently positively correlated with every other class. Girls' vocabularies showed evidence of being larger than boys. Large individual differences in the sizes of children's vocabularies were found. Factors that influence vocabulary size and can account for gender and individual differences are discussed. Noun prevalence in the vocabularies of children learning to speak Korean, and the merits of several theories that may account for this word-class prevalence pattern, are evaluated.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.27 no.8
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• pp.969-980
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• 2003

The aim of the study is to develop a jean jacket and pants of easy-to-move for schoolgirls of 11 years old. The research was carried out as follows; 1. Using a manufacturer's pattern, a jean jacket and pants were made. 2. Based on the survey of 108 schoolgirls, interviews with 4 designers of children's wear, and wearing test, three trial garments were developed. -Certain areas such as knee, elbow, and hip should be altered to have better extensibility. -The weight of the garment would be better to be reduced. 3. Three trial garments were developed using following techniques, which were found in fashion magazines for kids very often. -Alter the location and the shape of the seam line so that the areas mentioned above can adjust the movement of the body better. -Match stretchable material at the areas which require better extensibility. -Use various trimmings to make the garment more size adaptable and easy-to-move. 4. These garments were tested by 26 schoolgirls, and they answered the questionnaires focused on the design preference and easy-to-move. 5. From the results of the wearing test of three trial garments, more effective techniques were selected. Using these techniques, prototype garment was developed. The prototype garment was approved by the wearing test of 26 schoolgirls.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.115-122
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• 1983

The author surveyed 2,082 schoolchildren (Male: 1,078, Female: 1,004) from 7 to 12 years old in "N" primary school in kwang Ju City, and studied on 304 schoolchildren (Male: 176, Female: 128) having maxillary median diastema. The results were as follows: 1. The prevalence of maxillary median diastema was 14.6%, and it showed the greater rate at the boys than at the girls and the highest rate at 8 years old in the both sexes. 2. The maxillary median diastema showed decreasing tendency with ageing. 3. The frenum distance in children without local factors showed no change and the divergent degree of maxillary median diastema showed decreasing tendency after the eruption of maxillary lateral incisors. 4. The rate of maxillary median diastema associated with local factors was 37.8% and it showed increasing tendency with ageing. 5. The prevalence of median diastema according to etiology was as follows; rotated tooth; 12.2%, supernumerary teeth; 10.9%, abnormal frenum; 9.5%, peg lateralis; 7.2%, open bite; 2.6%, abnormal pattern of interseptal alveolar bone; 2.6%, missing lateral incisor; 0.7%, tooth size discrepancy; 0.3%.

• Journal of Labour Economics
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• v.37 no.2
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• pp.79-103
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• 2014

Previous studies show that tall people have better labor market outcomes, but controlling for their abilities reduces the size of height effects. This implies that a failure to properly control for one's ability could overestimate the OLS estimate. This paper contributes to the literature by being the first to control for individual fixed effects (FE) and to examine height effects on the probability of one's attaining a leadership position. The data used are panel data of a cohort obtained during the cohort's middle and high school years. In OLS estimation, this paper finds positive height effects for boys. However, when controlling for individual fixed effects, the estimate is not statistically significant. For girls, the height effects are found on neither OLS nor FE model.

• Advances in pediatric surgery
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.26-30
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• 2001

Gastrointestinal duplications are rare congenital malformation that may require surgical intervention in the neonate, infant, and occasionally the older child. Symptoms produced by duplications vary according to their location, size, type and histology. We report the clinical characteristics and the surgical results of 9 cases of the gastrointestinal duplications treated at at Asan Medical Center between 1989 and 2000. Five patients were boys and four were girls; age of patients ranged from 5 days to 10 years. Eight duplications were cystic and one was tubular. One involved the stomach; five were in the ileum, and two in the cecum. The most common presentation was intestinal obstruction. There was associated anomaly in one patient, pulmonary sequestration and double ureter. Ectopic gastric mucosa was found in two. All patients underwent surgical resection. There was no perioperative mortality or morbidity. Although gastrointestinal duplication is a rare entity. consideration of associated anomalies and being familiar with the anatomy and clinical features are required for adequate management. In cystic form. complete excision is recommended but planned surgery is required for long segment tubular lesion.

• Advances in pediatric surgery
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.55-60
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• 1998

Six children with solid and papillary epithelial neoplasm of the pancreas were studied retrospectively. There were 2 boys and 4 girls. The mean age at operation was 11 years(range; 8-13years). Three patients had incidental abdominal mass, in two patients the mass was non-tender, in one patient the mass was tender. The minimum size of tumor was $6.5{\times}6.0$ cm and the maximum was $10.5{\times}8.0$ cm. Five tumors were located in the head of the pancreas, and the other one in the tail. Local invasion or metastasis was not noticed. Tumors were removed completely by performing the following operations: 3 pylorous preserving pancreaticoduodenectomy, 2 Whipple's operation and 1 distal pancreatectomy. There was no mortality. The histologic findings were characteristic. There were no recurrences during a follow-up of 0.5 to 12 years (mean; 5.0 years).