• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제27권2호
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• pp.227-231
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• 1998

To furnish basic data for the utilizatin of camellia(Camellia japonica L.) seeds as a raw material of industrial products, major chemical components of camellia and defatted camellia seeds were investigated. The moisture, crude ash, crude fat and crude protein contents of camellia seeds were 4.06%, 1.83%, 65.75% and 8.44%, respectively. Defatted camellia seeds indicates that it contains 10.31% moisture, 5.28% crude ash and 17.49% crude protein while no crude fat was detected. The curde ginseng saponin, crude saikosaponin and red ginseng saponin contents of camellia seeds were 108.0mg%, 0.4mg% and 40.3mg%, respectively. Total amino acid contents of camellia seeds and defatted camellia seeds were 7,851mg% and 13,002mg%, respectively, and the major amino acids were glutamic acid, arginine, aspartic acid and leucine. The ratio of essential/total amino acid of camellia seeds was 0.29.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제46권2호
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• pp.225-234
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• 2022

Background: Ginseng, officially known as Panax ginseng Meyer, has been traditionally used as a medicinal herb, particularly in Asia. Ginseng is propagated from seeds; however, seed germination is challenging, especially in its natural environment on farms. The seeds typically exhibit morphophysiological dormancy and require release from both morphological and physiological dormancy before germination. Although some studies have proposed methods for increasing seed germination rates, the underlying mechanisms of its dormancy release process remain unclear. Here, we investigated metabolic alterations during dehiscence in P. ginseng to determine their potential roles in dormancy release. Methods: We compared the ginseng seed metabolome before and after dehiscence and the ginsenoside and phytosterol compositions of the seeds in both periods in the presence of related enzymes. Results: After seed dehiscence, the sugar, amino acid, and squalene concentrations were significantly altered, phytosterols associated with the stigmasterol biosynthesis pathway were increased, while ginsenoside and brassinosteroid levels were not significantly altered. In addition, squalene epoxidase, cycloartenol synthase, 24-methylenesterol C-methyltransferase, and the stigmasterol biosynthesis pathway were activated. Conclusion: Overall, our findings suggest that morphological activities that facilitate ginseng seed growth are the primary phenomena occurring during the dehiscence process. This study improves the understanding of P. ginseng germination processes and promotes further research of its germination and cultivation.

• 한국작물학회지
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• 제33권1호
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• pp.54-58
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• 1988

인삼종자의 자연상태에서의 배 생장 및 및 발아능력을 구명하기 위하여 파종직후 미숙배 상태의 종자를 묘상에 파종하였던 바 그 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 1. 파종후 80일에는 관행개갑종자와 미숙배 종자직파구의 배율간에 유의차가 없었고 100일후에는 관행개갑종자에 비해 미숙배 종자직파구의 배율이 현저히 증가되었다. 2. 미숙배 종자 직파구의 파종 100일후 종자 자연개갑율은 관행개갑구 종자의 개갑율과 유의차가 인정되지 않았다. 3. 미숙배 종자직파구의 2개년 평균 발아율은 약 57%로서 관행개갑종자 추파구의 종자발아율과 유의차를 나타내지 않았다. 4. 발아 전엽후 묘삼의 경장, 경직경, 엽장 및 엽폭 모두 관행개갑종자 추파구와 미숙배 종자직파구간에 유의차가 인정되지 않았다.

• 한국자원식물학회지
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• 제35권2호
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• pp.183-191
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• 2022

인삼은 다년생 식물로 종자 번식을 하는데, 수확 시 미성숙한 배(embryo)를 가지고 있어 후숙이 필요하다. 기후변화에 대비하고 안정적인 종자 보급을 위해서는 단기 및 장기간 대량으로 종자를 저장할 수 있는 기술이 필요하다. 본 연구에서는 2개 지역에서 얻은 개갑된 인삼 종자를 수분함량을 달리하여 -3.5℃에 보관하고, 저장 3, 15, 27개월 후에 유근과 지상부 출현을 관찰하여 발아력 검정을 통해 종자 저장성을 조사하였다. 3개월 후, 전반적으로 batch #1보다 batch #2에서 발아율이 높았고, 그리고 수분함량이 35% 이상에서만 발아가 원활하였다. 15개월 후, batch #2에서 수분함량이 45~54%인 부분 건조된 종자들에서 가장 높은 발아율을 보였고, 대부분의 무건조 종자는 부패하며 발아에 실패하였다. 수분함량 25% 이하로 건조된 종자들 역시 유근발아 또는 출아가 불량하였다. 부분 건조 종자들은 토양에서의 발아 및 생육도 우수하였지만, 1년 뒤에는 역시 활력을 유지하지 못하였다. 요약하면, 인삼 종자는 온대성 난저장 종자의 특성을 가지는 것으로 보이며, 부분 건조 조건에서는 종자의 수명을 연장할 수 있어 1년 정도의 단기 저장에 활용할 수 있을 것으로 판단된다.

• Journal of Plant Biology
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• 제35권1호
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• pp.45-51
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• 1992

인삼(Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer)의 채종전 홍숙 종자로부터 채종 후 미개갑 종자까지 단계별 배발달에 따른 배유세포내 단백과립의 변화상을 확인하여 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. 홍숙 초기단계의 종자의 배유세포에는 구형의 스페로솜이 산재하였으며, 액포내에는 저장 단백질이 축적되어 단백과립을 형성하였다. 홍숙 말기단계의 종자의 배유세포내 세포질은 대부분 스페로솜과 단백과립으로 충만하였고, 세포소기관은 거의 관찰할 수 없었으며, 단백과립은 전자밀도가 높은 무정형의 함유물을 가지고 있는 것과 균일한 단백질 기질로만 이루어져 있는 것 등으로 크게 구분되었다. 채종 후 후숙 처리를 하지 않은 미개갑 종자에서, 배유세포내 단백과립은 구상체(globoid), 단백질 결정체 등을 함유하고 있었고, 구상체는 다양한 형태의 전자밀도가 높은 물질을 가지고 있었다. 제형층은 배와 배유조직 사이에 위치하였으며, 이와 인접하여 배유세포벽의 분해양상과 셀루로우즈 미세섬유상이 관찰되었다. 제형층은 lipid body와 분해된 배유세포의 잔유물로 이루어져 있었다. 제형층과 인접한 배유세포의 단백과립은 퇴행성 변화를 나타내었고, 이로 인해 단백질 기질은 전자밀도가 점진적으로 낮아지는 결과를 얻었다.

• 한국자원식물학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국자원식물학회 2019년도 춘계학술대회
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• pp.81-81
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• 2019

Ginseng seeds are one of short-lived seeds species which loose their viability easily in the condition of conventional storage. Cryopreservation using liquid nitrogen (LN) has been recommended as a alternative storage for this kind of germplasm short lived or dessiccation-sensitive. This study was performed to find out whether cryopreservation could affect physiological change such as enzyme activity induced by reactive oxygen species. In this work, the redox ratio of ascorbate and glutathione were examined onto ginseng seedlings before and after LN storage of seeds for 1 day using spectrophotometer method. Reduced ascorbate (ASA) was increased while oxidized ascorbate (DHA) was decreased slightly for both after 1d-LN storage. And for glutathione also, reduced form (GSH) was increased while oxidized form (GSSG) was decreased slightly for both after 1d-LN storage. Consequently total phenol compound and ion leakage after LN storage showed no significant differences. Additionally root growth from the seeds after LN storage was not affected by ultra low temperature. From the above results, we may suggest that cryopreservation could be recommended for storage tool of ginseng seeds even with low viability also and expected to make slower seed aging process during preservation period through further study.

• 한국조리학회지
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• 제23권4호
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• pp.135-143
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• 2017

This study aimed to reduce the oily taste of Bechamel sauce, and improve consumers' acceptability and functionality by adding Ginseng seed inside. This study also performed quantitative description analysis and acceptability test in order to see its unique sensory characteristics. The results were as follows: The viscosity and moisture content decreased as ginseng seeds got added. This may be due to decrease in relative amount of flour. In terms of color, brightness (L) and yellowness (b) tended to decrease as ginseng seeds were added, while redness (a) showed just the opposite propensity. The salinity became higher with more ginseng seed, however, soluble solid content showed no significant difference among the samples. From the result of quantitative and descriptive analysis among the sensory tests, the concentration of Bechamel sauce got higher with more ginseng seed, where the fragrance and the taste of ginseng were sensed strongly, while fragrance of milk, flour, and nuts were considered weak. Also, sense of stuffiness, oiliness, and tenderness has decreased as well. From the acceptability test, adding 30% of ginseng seed got the highest ratings in terms of fragrance, taste, afterward-taste, and overall acceptability. Therefore, adding ginseng seed positively affected Bechamel sauce in taste, smell, after-taste, and general acceptability. Moreover, when the added amount of ginseng seed was 30% compared to the flour, the taste of Bechamel sauce was relatively optimized. From the test results, it can be concluded that ginseng seed injected in Bechamel sauce improved nutritive facts and the taste acceptability as well, and 30% compared to the flour amount was the right amount to maximize consumers' acceptance of Bechamel sauce.

• 한국약용작물학회지
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• 제27권6호
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• pp.390-396
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• 2019

Background: Usually ginseng seeds are sown during autumn and spring. Sowing in spring often results in poorer seedling establishment than in autumn. One of the reasons for poor germination could be cold-treatment condition for breakage of physiological dormancy during winter. Here we tested the effects of storage temperature used during cold treatment on germination. Methods and Results: Germination properties were observed after dehiscent seeds were stored as wet and dry at 2℃, -2℃, -3.5℃ and alternating temperature (AT). Seed dryness and storage temperature affected germination properties (p < 0.01). Wet and AT condition germinated highest, and wet and -3.5℃ condition germinated lowest, which was 91.2% and 1.4% respectively. Mean germination time (MGT) of the wet and AT condition was faster than other treatments at 2.4 days, and the dry and -2℃ condition was the longest. Germination performance index (GPI) was highest for wet and AT condition (37.7%) and the lowest for wet and -3.5℃ condition (0.5%). The growth of above-ground and below-ground were the best for wet and 2℃ condition, and wet seeds showed better growth than dry seeds (p < 0.01). Conclusions: For cold treatment, ginseng seeds may not be stored below -2℃ for successful germination during spring sowing.

• 한국자원식물학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국자원식물학회 2019년도 추계학술대회
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• pp.44-44
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• 2019

Spring sowing of ginseng seeds often results in failure of seedling establishment. Storage condition during winter, sowing time, and seed treatment might effect on germination. Here we tested effects of temperature regimes of seed storage on spring sowing. Dehisced wet or dry ginseng seeds were stored at $2^{\circ}C$, $-2^{\circ}C$, $-3.5^{\circ}C$, or alternating temperature: at $2^{\circ}C$ until December, $-3.5^{\circ}C$ in January, and $2^{\circ}C$ in February, and sowed in March. In overall, emergence rate was dependent on storage temperature, and $-3.5^{\circ}C$ resulted poorest emergence than other conditions. Storage of wet seeds in alternating temperature resulted highest emergence rate. Seed dry also affected on emergence rate, while it was dependent on the storage temperature. In terms of growth, storage at $2^{\circ}C$ as wet seed resulted highest growth, and dried seeds resulted poorer growth than wet seeds. As a modification of alternating temperature, seeds were stored at $2^{\circ}C$ at first, then transferred to $-3.5^{\circ}C$ at Nov 30, Dec 20, and Jan 10, each. When transfer date was delayed, emergence rate was increased. We suggest that seed storage temperature for ginseng should not be decreased below $-2^{\circ}C$, and alternative temperature regime for successful spring sowing could be useful.

• 한국작물학회지
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• 제33권2호
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• pp.134-137
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• 1988

인삼 종자의 발육시기별 종자 및 배유의 크기, 사포닌, 유리당 그리고 지방산의 함량을 조사하였던바 그 결과는 다음과 같다. 1. 종자의 크기(길이, 폭, 두께) 생장은 개화후 35 일경에, 배유의 크기 생장은 개화후 50일경에 완료되었으나 장육을 제거하지 않은 종자의 무게는 개화후 65일까지 감소되었다. 2. 총사포닌 및 ginsenosides의 함량은 개화후 일수가 경과할수록 감소되었다. 3. Glucose, maltose 및 fructose의 함량은 개화후 일수가 경과할수록 감소되었으나 sucrose 함량은 경과일수에 따라 증가되었다. 4 Palmitic 산의 함량은 개화후 일수가 경과함에 따라 감소경향이었으나 oleic, linoleic 및 stearic산은 경과일수에 따라 증가되었다.