• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.109 no.3
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• pp.313-324
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• 2020

This study investigated the environmental location effects that Larix kaempferi and mixed forests had on the early growth of wild-simulated ginseng (Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer) seedlings. Experimental plots were created in Larix kaempferi and mixed forests, and confirmed the location environments and growth characteristics of wild-simulated ginseng seedling. Our results showed that the soil properties, such as soil organic matter, total nitrogen, and cation exchangeable capacity were significantly higher in the mixed forest soil compared to the Larix kaempferi forest soil. Likewise, the growth characteristics of wild-simulated ginseng seedlings were significantly higher in mixed forestsd compare to the Larix kaempferi forest. Correlation analysis between tree species ratio, soil properties, and growth characteristics in the experimental plots determined that the soil properties and growth characteristics had significant positive correlation with the broad-leaved forest percentage. Growth characteristics of the wild-simulated ginseng seedlings were shown to have a significant positive correlation with organic matter, total nitrogen, and cation exchange capacities. This study has clearly demonstrated that the tree species ratio, and soil properties in Larix kaempferi and mixed forests were significantly correlated with the early growth of wild simulated ginseng seedlings. These results could help to improve the selection of suitable cultivation sites for wild-simulated ginseng.

• 한국약용작물학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2011.04a
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• pp.156-157
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• 2011

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.67-70
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• 2004

Bacillus subtilis B-4228 selected from ginseng field soil for prevention of rusty root was tested for the control of ginseng root rot. In petri-plate dual culture, mycelial growth of Cylindrocarpon destructans was inhibited by B-4228 and hyphal swelling of C. destructans was occurred. In pot experiment with C. destructans-contaminated soil B-4228 dipping of ginseng seedling showed significant preventive effect of root rot (p=0.01), percent healthy root 82% and 20% for treatment and control, root rot rate 6% and 50.4%, respectively.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.37-43
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• 1992

Structural changes of the endosperm of Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer from fertilization to germination were investigated by light microscope. The endosperm of the ginseng seed is cellular type. Since endosperm cells adjacent embryo continuously breakdown and disappear with the elongation of embryo, the real of endosperm is gradually decreased. As the anatropous ovules of immature seed with green seed coat developes more and more, ovary cells adjacent ovary cavity become abundant by the periclinal division, their size is decreased, hypotrophy of cell wall discern, and they are gradually differentiated in seed coat. Though embryo responds strongly to basic dye at the stage of completion of endosperm formation, tissue of endosperm responds to acidic dye positively Cell wall of embryo and endosperm are composed of primary cell wall not lignified. Endosperm cells adjacent embryo begin to breakdown in the endosperm tissue of indehiscent seed before the beginning of the after-ripening. Dehiscent seed of which seed coat is opened through after-ripening represent the form as a seedling in the result of embryo developments with the formation of organs; radicle, cotyledon, plumule. Umbilifom layer represents strong positive response to the toluidine blue and the basic function. Umbiliform layer that endosperm cells breakdown and disappear is observed clearly at the periphery of the embryo cotylemon, while slightly at the periphery of the radicle.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.26 no.6
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• pp.490-497
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• 2018

Background: The growth process of ginseng seedlings is very important in producing good quality ginseng. This study was carried out to investigate the effects of different microclimates on the growth characteristics of ginseng seedlings in a multi-layer bed facility. Methods and Results: Ginseng seedlings were cultivated in a three-layer bed facility. The air temperatures on the first and second floors were similar, while that on the third floor was about $1-4^{\circ}C$ higher than that on the other floors. The vapor pressure deficit (VPD) was higher inside than on the outside of the facility, and that on third floor was the highest in the multi-layer bed system. The photosynthetic rate, chlorophyll fluorescence, and growth characteristics of ginseng seedlings did not significantly differ among the three floors. The yield of ginseng seedlings was the highest at $721g/1.62m^2$ on the first floor. Conclusions: It was found that microclimate plays an important role in growing ginseng seedlings in multi-layer bed facilities, and therefore proper environmental control is important. In addition, producing ginseng seedlings using multi-layer bed facilities is a technology that is expected to provide a way to overcome climate change and stabilize ginseng production.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.422-427
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• 1989

Weeds may compete detrimentally with the ginseng for moisture and nutrients but hand weeding is the only practical means of eliminating weeds after crop establishment. To define the effects of 2, 4-D herbicide application on the plant growth and root yield of Korean ginseng (Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer). the herbicide 2, 4-D was applied as a foliar spray with the rates of 0.5. 1.0. 1.5 and 2.0 times of the recommended herbicide dosage 70ml/l0a. The Korean ginseng treated with 2, 4-D in the rate of two times concentration was indistinguishable from nontreated plants in visual rating for foliar symptoms. There were no significant differences of the leaf length and width as well as the stem length and diameter in check plants and those recieving 2, 4-D treatments. The. berry maturing in 3 and 4-years old ginseng was not inhibited with 2, 4-D treatment. The root weight of the 4-years old ginseng plant was not reduced by 2, 4-D application of 2 times dosage. However. when the ginseng seedling was treated with 2, 4-D. detrimental phenomena as stem bending and dicoloration of marginal part of seedling leaf were occured but stem bending was recovered in a few days.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.113-116
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• 2006

This study was carried out to investigate spectral irradiance characteristics of blue, yellow, and blue-black colored polyethylene (PE) shading net and the effect on growth characteristics and yield in ginseng seedling. The spectral irradiance $({\mu}mol/m^2/s/nm)$ showed the peak at 498 nm in both of blue and blue-black PE shading net, and 606 nm under yellow PE one. The intensity of blue light in blue shading was more strong than that of blue-black shading, control. Blue shading was increased by 17% and 23% in accumulated quantum for daytime, $0.5^{\circ}C and $0.2^{\circ}C$ in maximum temperature on June 2 than that of yellow and blue-black shading, respectively, but heat injury ratio of the former was lower than that of the latter. Chlorophyll content and stem length in blue shading were decreased more significantly than those of yellow and blue-black shading. The specific leaf weight was higher under blue and yellow shading than that of blue-black shading. Ginseng seedling harvested in blue shading was increased by $13{\sim}17%$ in the number of root, and $17{\sim}20%$ in root weight per $m^ 2 compared to yellow and blue-black shading owing to the increase of survived plant, and the decrease of specific leaf weight, heat injury ratio, and stem length.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.7-12
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• 1971

1. The number of Rhizoctonia solani, Pythium debaryanum, Fusarium and Trichoderma was detected by the modification of Boosails special plating method when ginseng seed bed was drenched with Captan, Difolatan, Zineb, Maneb and PCNB at weekly intervals. Pythium debaryanum Hesse was described for the first time on Panax ginseng in Korea. 2. The number of Rhizoctonia solani and Pythium debaryanum was decreased gradually as the geason Progressed, whereas that of Fusarium and rrichcderma was increased. 3, The number of Rhixoctonia solani was greatly reduced by PCNB, and soils treated with other fungicides generally showed less Rhizoctonie solani than in the control. The number of Pythium debaryanum was significantly reduced by Zineb, Maneb, followed by Captan and Difolatan. None of the fungicids reduced the number of Fusarium colonies in the fourth week. Effects of the chemicals on Trichoderma were not statistically significant. 4. More fresh weight of the seedling roots was obtained using Difolatan, Maneb and PCNB. Phytotoxicity was noted with Maneb, Zineb and Captan after the third treatment.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.175-182
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• 2010

North American ginseng seedlings (Panax quinquefolius L.) were grown in pots in heated greenhouses, in a cool greenhouse, or in the field, in 11 experiments at various times over 16 years. Crop establishment, dry matter partitioning, photosynthesis, radiation use efficiency and carbon budget were measured and/or calculated in some years. Once the seedling canopy, of about $20\;cm^2$ per seedling, and a leaf area index of 0.37, was established, about 40 days after germination, full canopy display lasted about 87 days. Only 16.6% of the incoming solar radiation was intercepted by the crop, the remainder falling on the mulched soil surface. Total and root dry matter accumulations in the cool greenhouse and in the field were about double that in the heated greenhouses. Partitioning of dry matter to roots (economic yield or harvest index) in the cool greenhouse and in the field was 73% whereas it was 62.5% in the heated greenhouses. The relationship between root dry matter and radiation interception during the full canopy period was linear with growth efficiencies of $2.92\;mg\;MJ^{-1}$ at 4.8% of incoming radiation and $0.30\;mg\;MJ^{-1}$ at 68% of incoming radiation. A photosynthetic rate of $0.39\;g\;m^{-2}\;h^{-1}$ was attained at light saturation of about $150\;{\mu}mol\;m^{-2}\;s^{-1}$ (7.5% of full sunlight); dark respiration was $0.03\;g\;m^{-2}\;h^{-1}$, about 8.5% of maximum assimilation rate. Estimates of dry matter accumulation by growth analysis and by $CO_2$ uptake were similar, 6.21 vs. 7.62 mg $CO_2$, despite several assumptions in $CO_2$ uptake calculations.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.155-160
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• 2008

The North American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius L.) seed crop varies from year to year. The ability to hold stratified seed for a year would ensure continuity of seed supply and no interruption in production cycles. Seed drying and rehydration protocols at room temperature $(21{\pm}2^{\circ}C)$ were developed. These protocols and seed storage at 4 ${\pm}1^{\circ}C$ and 35%, or variable, relative humidity (RH) allowed the holding of stratified seed for one year and then establishment of the following five treatments in field plots: Trt.1 : dried 2005 stratified seed (seed harvested Fall 2004) held at $4^{\circ}C$ and at variable humidity; Trt.2 : 2006 stratified seed planted directly into the field; Trt.3 : 2005 stratified seed dried in October 2005 and held at $4^{\circ}C$ and 35% RH ; Trt.4 : 2005 stratified seed held in moist sand from October to December 2005 at room temperature $(21{\pm}2^{\circ}C)$ and then in December dried and held at $4^{\circ}C$ and 35 % RH; Trt.5 : 2005 stratified seed held in moist sand from October to December 2005 at room temperature and then in December dried and held at $-12^{\circ}C$ Seedling emergence was best in Trts. 2 and 4 with 67.3 and 65.1% respectively which is similar to the industry expected rate of 68% after regular stratification. Seedling growth was similar in Trts. 2 and 4 with root dry weights of 172 and 159 mg respectively in mid-August. Therefore, if holding stratified seed in August/September for one year is desired, the seed can be placed in moist sand until December and then dried and stored at $4^{\circ}C$ and 35% RH. These seed can be planted in the following August/September and will germinate and grow in the following year to give an acceptable crop.