• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.357-363
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• 1983

An attempt was made to investigate the lipid contents and fatty acid compositions of the roots (rhizome, epidermis, pith, cortex, branch root, fine root) and aerial parts (seed, flesh of seed, leaf, stem) of ginseng plant. Total contents of free and bound lipids in nine parts ranged 0.91 to 3.48%, those of the seeds were 15.08%. Fourteen even-numbered and 4 odd-numbered fatty acids were identified and quantified by GLC. The major fatty acids in each part were linoleic, palmitic, oleic, and linolenic acid. Fatty acid composition of different parts was varied significantly. Fatty acid composition of ginseng seeds was notably different from those of other parts in plant; the amount of oleic and linoleic acids (51.21 and 37.46%) were higher than those of the other parts. The unsaturated fatty acid content of the free lipid in seed, pith, and cortex were higher than those of the other parts in plant.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.36 no.3
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• pp.298-307
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• 2012

Panax ginseng has been cultivated for centuries, and nine commercial cultivars have been registered in Korea. However, these nine elite cultivars are grown in less than 10% of ginseng fields, and there is no clear authentication system for each cultivar even though their values are higher than those of local landraces. Here, we have developed 19 microsatellite markers using expressed gene sequences and established an authentication system for all nine cultivars. Five cultivars, 'Chunpoong', 'Sunpoong', 'Gumpoong', 'Sunun', and 'Sunone', can each be identified by one cultivar-unique allele, gm47n-a, gm47n-c, gm104-a, gm184-a (or gm129-a), and gm175-c, respectively. 'Yunpoong' can be identified by the co-appearance of gm47n-b and gm129-c. 'Sunhyang' can be distinguished from the other eight cultivars by the co-appearance of gm47n-b, gm129-b, and gm175-a. The two other cultivars, 'Gopoong' and 'Cheongsun', can be identified by their specific combinations of five marker alleles. This marker set was successfully utilized to identify the cultivars among 70 ginseng individuals and to select true F1 hybrid plants between two cultivars. We further analyzed the homogeneity of each cultivar and phylogenetic relationships among cultivars using these markers. This marker system will be useful to the seed industry and for breeding of ginseng.

• Applied Microscopy
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.15-28
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• 1984

The endosperm cells and the umbiliform layer of ginseng (Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer) seed are studied with light and electron microscope. Differentiated mitochondria, ER cisternae, proplastids and ribosomes are characteristically observed in the endosperm cells of matured seed. The cell inclusions contain the protein bodies and the spherosomes. Protein body contains, in proteinaceous matrix, globoids and crystalloids. Particularly the crystalloids have the lattice structure, and the formation of globoids is closely related with ER. Umbiliform layer has the positive reaction on alcian blue (pH 2.5) and the metachromasis on the toluidine blue. The umbiliform layer is formed by autolysis of endosperm cells, and composed of the deformated cell wall and the lipoprotein bodies. Particularly a part of the lipoprotein body and the fibrilar network structure have the positive reaction on acid phosphatase.

• Applied Microscopy
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.15-29
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• 1995

Legumin was purified from the endosperm cells of the ginseng seed and analyzed its characteristics. Distributional patterns of the legumin in the endosperm cells were identified using the immunocytochemical method. Legumin was glycoprotein composed of two subunits, molecular weights about 33,000 and 25,000 respectively. The molecular shape of purified legumin stained negatively seems to have hexagonal structure about 10 nm in size. It was localized at the rER, dictyosomes, and in the vacuoles at the early developing stage. Legumin was glycosylated in the dictyosomes and transported from the dictyosomes to the vacuoles. Legumin was accumulated into the central vacuole via the dictyosomes while the endosperm cells were developing. The armorphous proteins containing legumin were scattered randomly within the central vacuoles, which were aggregated together and became gradually spherical shape. Legumin was distributed within the globular protein bodies in the endosperm cells of matured seed. However legumin was not found in the globoids located in the protein bodies.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.43-48
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• 1997

Dynamic parameters of biochemistry including the POD (peroxidase) activity, contents of DNA and RNA, isozymes of POD and ES (esterase) in American send (Panax quinquefolium L.) seed are reported in the present paper. The dynamic changes of POD activity proved that the PAS (physiological afterripening stage) is a stage in which some substances are prepared for seed germination. The POD activity correlated with ER (embryo ratio) significantly DNA content changed little only within 0.0036∼0.013 mg/ml, which did not correlate with ER. RNA content changed from 0.1539 to 1.0313 mg/ml and correlated significantly with RE during all of the embryo afterripening. None of the POD isozyme band was obtained in ESGS (embryo slowly growth stage), but five bands in ERGS (embryo rapidly growth stage) and six bands in PAS. Four bands of ES isozymes were obtained in ESGS, but six bands in ERGS, particularly, the content of ES isozymes increased in PAS. All of these may provide some information for understanding the dormancy mechanisms of American song seed.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.114-118
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• 1989

Tolclofos-methyl applied as seed dipping at 1,000 ppm for 3 hrs before sowing and soil drenching at the rate of 300 g ai./10 a in the middle of April protected emerging seedlings of Panax ginseng from damping-off caused by Rhiiutonia solani(AG2-1) in Yangjik Soil artificially infested with the pathogen. Germination rates with tolclofos-methyl, pencycuron, and control were 53.7%, 45.8%, and 7.5%, respectively, while the rate of the seeds at non-infested soil was 62.6%. The effectiveness of Tolclofos-methyl against the pathogen in the soil lasted upto 32 days in vitro. However, the transpiratio of ginseng seedlings increased greatly with chemical treatment, showing 0.02, 0.12, and 0.24 m1/cm2 leaf area/day at 0, 1,2, and 4 ppm a.i. of the fungicide, respectively.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.84-99
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• 1982

Water content and its seasonal change in reprodltctive organs were reviewed in relation to cultivation practice s. Precipitati on and humidity under shade roof were reviewed in relation to shading ,jystem and environmental factors. High water content of reproductive organs suggests vulnerability to water stress during reproductive growth stage. Watering during dehisconce treat menu seems to keep optimum temperature but cnoventional practice seems to be too often In watering. Information effe on water physiology of seeds is too rare to develop seed storing method and ctive seed use. Dehiscent mechanism was considered in terms of water absorption of embryo. Precipitation rate of conventional shade roof reaclled to 38% and at line level 50% and varied with shade patterns. Precipitation rate under shade has been investigated for itself but should be investigated in relation to light intensity and soil moisture content Relative humidity under shade depends mainly on air humidity and soil moisture, considerably on shade materials and lithe on pole height, bed width or plant density. Since relative humidity was lower in afternoon it was often less than 50% even in summer with high temperature suggesting possible disorder of phi biological function especially in photosynthesis. More information was needed on optimum humidity for productive physiological function of leaf.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.134-137
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• 1988

Sizes of ginseng seeds and contents of ginsenosides, free sugars and fatty acids in the seeds were investigated at different dates after flowering of 4 year old ginseng to get basic information used for determining harvest . time of ginseng seed. The sizes of seeds were maximum about 35 days after flowering(DAF), while those of endosperms reached maximum at 50 DAF. At 65 DAF seeds with intact pulp weighed most heavy. The amounts of total saponin and ginsenosides were decreased with time after flowering. Contents of free sugars such as glucose, maltose and fructose were decreased continously after flowering. Amount of palmic acid was decreased, .but those of oleic, linoleic and stearic acids were increased with time after flowering.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.258-261
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• 1983

This experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of early seed harvest on germination of tobacco(Nicotiana tabacum L.) seeds. Seeds of seven burley tobacco were harvested every two days from 8 to 30 days after pollination and tested for germination. The results are; 1. Seeds harvested 12days after pollination germinated but germination rates were low and varied across cultivars. These seeds will provide viable seeds adequate for breeding program. 2. Germination rates of seeds harvested 24-28 days after pollination were high and showed none significant differences among cultivars. 4. Over-ripen seeds showed low germination rates cused by after-harvest or temporary dormancy.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.19-23
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• 1989

The polyamine and its biosynthetic enzyme In ginseng has been studied , We have found that putrescine was a major polyamine in ginseng seedling. Putrescine was increased with growth stage , and ADC activity was also increased as putnescine content. But ODC activity was not shown. ADC activity was shown l0% inhibition by spermidine and 20% inhibition by spermine but not affected by putrescine. in contrast to seed, spermidine was a major polyamine in two year old ginseng. The abundance was decreased in order of leaf, petiole, root, and stem. ADC activity seemed to parallel with polyamine content.