• Food Science and Biotechnology
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• 제14권3호
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• pp.371-374
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• 2005

The compositions and antioxidant activities of tree and hydrolyzed phenolic acids, which are aglycones of esterified phenolic acids, in wild ginseng leaves were investigated. The contents of tree and hydrolyzed phenolic acids in the wild ginseng leaves were $422.4\;{\pm}\;3.5$ and $319.6\;{\pm}\;5.7\;mg/100\;g$, respectively, as gallic acid equivalents. Free phenolic acids were composed of 55.3% benzoic acid derivatives and 44.6% phenylpropanoids. The major constituents of free phenolic acids in the ginseng leaves were syringic (139.4 mg/l00 g) and sinapic (131.2 mg/100 g) acids. On the other hand, hydrolyzed phenolic acids in the ginseng leaves were mainly composed of caffeic (59.4 mg/100 g), ferulic (49.5 mg/100 g), and p-coumaric (33.8 mg/100g) acids. Phenylpropanoid content was higher (82.7%) than benzoic acid derivatives (17.3%). $IC_{50}$ values of DPPH radical scavenging activity were $10.2\;{\mu}g/mL$ for tree phenolic acids and 8.0 mg/mL for hydrolyzed phenolic acids, as gallic acid equivalents. Hydrolyzed phenolic acids also exhibited higher hydroxyl and superoxide radical scavenging activities than free phenolic acids did. These results indicated that the antioxidant activities of the wild ginseng leaves were correlated more closely with phenylpropanoid contents than with total amount of phenolics.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제14권2호
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• pp.122-125
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• 1990

Ethylene was released from leaf and fruit but root of Panax ginseng. Root callus showed higher ethylene release (ER) than fruit ER increased with leaf senesence. Fruit during ripening showed decreasing ER in the order of green stage, early stage of reddening and fully ripened stage. between leaves from the plant with fruits in different stages of ripening showed similar trend of fruit in ER but it was about 10 times higher in leaves than in fruits. Leaves of P. quinquefolius showed about 200 times higher ER than that of P ginseng on 22 July Fruits from the plant treated with ethephon showed higher ER after 109 days. Forty-five day-old seedlings grown with various growth regulators showed a significant decrease of stem length and significant increase of ER only in Uniconazole (0.1 ppm) and H-9 (0.0, 5 ppm) solution.

• 한국토양비료학회지
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• 제12권2호
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• pp.77-82
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• 1979

대두엽(大豆葉)과 비교(比較)하여 인삼절제엽(人蔘切除葉)의 위조(萎凋) 증산(蒸散) 특성(特性)을 온도별로 그리고 엽절편(葉切片)의 water potential 및 흡수특성(吸水特性)을 조사(調査)하였다. 1. 인삼엽(人蔘葉)은 대두엽(大豆葉)에 비(比)하여 얇고 초기수분함량(初期水分含量)이 크지만 탈수속도(脫水速度)는 적으면서도 영구위조점(永久萎凋点)의 수분함량(水分含量)이 높아서 (초기수분함량(初期水分含量)의 약(約) 80%, 대두(大豆)는 50%) 영구위조점(永久萎凋点)에 이르는 시간(時間)이 대두(大豆)의 반(半)에 불과(不過)하며 고온에서 더욱 단축(短縮)되었다. 2. 인삼엽(人蔘葉)은 대두엽(大豆葉)보다 증산량(蒸散量)이 적었으며 (약(約)1/4) $23^{\circ}C$보다 $33^{\circ}C$의 증산량(蒸散量)이 적어 고온에 대한 내성(耐性)이 적은 것으로 나타났다. 3. 인삼엽(人蔘葉)은 water free space가 적으나 흡수속도(吸水速度)는 (시간당 단위생중당 흡수량(吸水量)) 큰 차이(差異)가 없었고 수분결차(水分缺差)가 컸다. 4. 액침법(液浸法)에 의한 water potential은 대두엽(大豆葉)보다 컸다. 5. 이상(以上)의 결과(結果)는 인삼(人蔘)이 대두(大豆)에 비하여 수분부족(水分不足)에 약(弱)한 것을 나타내며 여름 고온에 의한 위조피해(萎凋被害)가 클 것으로 보였으며 전엽기간(展葉期間)에 수광량(受光量)을 높이고 비교적(比較的) 온도를 높게 경과하여 기공수를 증대시키어 증발산기능을 증대시켜 고온 내성(耐性)으로 키워야 하며 근권(根圈)엔 산소(酸素)가 부족(不足)되지 않는 한 수분(水分)을 충분(充分)히 공급(供給)하는 것이 좋을 것으로 보였다.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제38권1호
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• pp.52-58
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• 2014

To determine whether Fourier transform (FT)-IR spectral analysis combined with multivariate analysis of whole-cell extracts from ginseng leaves can be applied as a high-throughput discrimination system of cultivation ages and cultivars, a total of total 480 leaf samples belonging to 12 categories corresponding to four different cultivars (Yunpung, Kumpung, Chunpung, and an open-pollinated variety) and three different cultivation ages (1 yr, 2 yr, and 3 yr) were subjected to FT-IR. The spectral data were analyzed by principal component analysis and partial least squares-discriminant analysis. A dendrogram based on hierarchical clustering analysis of the FT-IR spectral data on ginseng leaves showed that leaf samples were initially segregated into three groups in a cultivation age-dependent manner. Then, within the same cultivation age group, leaf samples were clustered into four subgroups in a cultivar-dependent manner. The overall prediction accuracy for discrimination of cultivars and cultivation ages was 94.8% in a cross-validation test. These results clearly show that the FT-IR spectra combined with multivariate analysis from ginseng leaves can be applied as an alternative tool for discriminating of ginseng cultivars and cultivation ages. Therefore, we suggest that this result could be used as a rapid and reliable F1 hybrid seed-screening tool for accelerating the conventional breeding of ginseng.

• 고려인삼학회:학술대회논문집
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• 고려인삼학회 1990년도 Proceedings of International Symposium on Korean Ginseng, 1990, Seoul, Korea
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• pp.49-57
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• 1990

It has been well known that extended exposure to reactive oxygens causes severe damage to susceptible biomolecules. In this study, the effects of flavonoids including trifling and kaempferol from Ginseng leaves on single oxygen induced photohemolysis of erythrocytes and free radical scavenging activities were investigated . Each flavonoid aglycone (5-50UM) such as kaempferol, quercetin or baicalein exhibited a high protective effect against the photohemolysis. They protected the cells by scavenging 102 and free radicals. Although the free radical scavenging activities of the flavonoid glycosides were not much lower than those of their corresponding aglycones, their insolubility into lipid bilayers of membrane made them less effective in preventing the photohemolysis induced by 1O2. The 102 and free radical scavenging activities of flavonoids were estimated by the decomposition of the flavonoid by 1O2 and the bleaching of free radicals by the flavonoid, respectively. The solubilization of the flavonoid into micelle or erythrocytes was deduced from spectrophotometric and microscopic observations. The cooperation of L-ascorbic acid and a flavonoid, and a possible involvement of lipoxygenase or cyclooxygenase in the photohemolysis mechanism were discussed. Keywords Panax ginseng C.A Meyer, ginseng leaves, flavonoids, singe1 oxygen, Photohemolysis.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제7권2호
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• pp.133-147
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• 1983

This study was carried out to obtain the basic information for the development of new ginseng varieties. The two variants (violet-stem variant and yellow-berry variant) of Korean ginseng (Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer) and American ginseng (Panax quinquefolium L.) of one to four-year were used for this study. All of the characteristics, such as leaf length, leaf width, petiol length, number of leaves per plant, number of leaflets per plants, stem diameter, stem length, number of stems per plant, root length, primary root length, root diameter, root weight were determined and correlations among them were estimated. The results obtained were summarized as follows. 1. Leaf length, petiol length, number of leaves per plant, and number of leaflets per plant of Panax ginseng, violet-stem variant and yellow-berry variant, were larger than those of Panax quinquefolium at all of the plant ages, while leaf width was wider in Panax quinquefolium. 2. The length of stem of Panax quinquefolium was shorter than that of Panax ginseng, and the frequency of multi-stem plants at 4-year-old ginseng was larger in violet-stem variant than in Panax quinquefolium and yellow-berry variant. 3. In the characteristics of ginseng root, the primary root length of Panax ginseng, violet-stem variant and yellow-berry variant, were less than that of Panax quinquefolium, while root weight, root diameter, and umber of secondary root related to yield were larger in Panax ginseng. 4. The root weight per plant related to the yield had positive and highly significant correlations with stem diameter, leaf length, leaf length, leaf width, number of compound leaves and leaflets in Panax ginseng and Panax quinguefolium. 5. The root weight related to the wield of ginseng had been influenced to stem diameter, leaf length, and leaf width directly, and number of compound leaves and leaflets indirectly. 6. The number, total area and activity of stomate per mm2 of Panax quinquefolium were more, larger and stronger than those of Panax ginseng.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제8권2호
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• pp.91-104
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• 1984

This study was conducted to investigate the characteristics of nonstarchy polysaccharides in Korean ginseng, (Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer). The results obtained are as follows. 1. The total sugar content of ginseng roots were decreased with increasing the cultural period. On the other hand, the crude fiber content was increased with that of the ginseng leaves or stems. But the crude fiber in root was much less than that of leaves and stems. 2. The dietary fiber content of ginseng root on 5 years old was 14.20% as neutral detergent fiber, 9.08% as acid detergent fiber, hemicellulose 5.12%, cellulose 7.98% and lignin of 1.10%, respectively. 3. Much more pectin was found in ginseng roots which was cultivated for shooter Period. And it was contained much more in the root than in the leaves and stems. 4. ginseng hemicellulose content in root was 5% to 10%. It was decreased with increasing: cultivated period. Hemicellulose was constituted of xylose, arabinose, glucose, rhamnose and xylose of these sugars was the predominant. 5. X-ray diffraction Pattern of ginseng cellulose showed maximum intensity at tile interplanar angle of 4.1$^{\circ}$.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제45권5호
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• pp.717-722
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• 2016

고품질의 안전한 농산물로서 유기농 인삼 잎을 첨가한 마들렌 제조 시 최적 첨가 비율을 결정하기 위하여 유기농 인삼잎을 밀가루 대신 0%, 1%, 3%, 5%, 7%의 비율로 첨가하여 유기농 인삼 잎이 마들렌의 품질에 미치는 영향을 검토하였다. 유기농 인삼 잎을 첨가한 마들렌의 pH와 수분은 대조군이 가장 높게 나타났으며, 첨가량이 증가할수록 감소하는 경향을 나타내었다. 반면 마들렌 반죽의 비중은 첨가량이 증가할수록 증가하여 유기농 인삼 잎이 첨가된 7%가 가장 높게 나타났지만, 굽기손실률은 유기농 인삼 잎의 첨가량이 증가할수록 대조군과의 유의차가 없었다. 마들렌 crust의 L, a, b 값은 유기농 인삼 잎의 첨가량이 증가할수록 감소하였고, crumb의 L값과 a값도 첨가량이 증가할수록 감소하였지만 b값은 유기농 인삼 잎의 첨가량이 증가할수록 증가하였다. 마들렌의 경도는 첨가량이 증가할수록 점차 증가하는 경향을 나타내었지만 점착성, 씹힘성, 검성과 응집성은 유기농 인삼 잎의 첨가량이 증가할수록 유의적으로 감소하는 경향을 나타내었다. 마들렌의 DPPH 라디칼 소거능을 평가한 결과 0%(24.79%), 1%(32.77%), 3%(50.49%), 5%(71.54%), 7%(73.87%)로 유의적으로 높아졌다. 마지막으로 유기농 인삼 잎을 첨가한 마들렌의 관능검사를 시행한 결과 건강한 이미지와 색에서는 3% 유기농 인삼 잎의 첨가군이 가장 높게 나타났으며, 촉촉한 정도, 부드러운 정도와 씹힘성에서는 첨가량이 증가할수록 유의적으로 감소하는 경향을 나타내었다. 향미와 전반적인 기호도는 대조군과 다른 첨가군보다 3% 유기농 인삼 잎을 첨가한 마들렌이 가장 높게 나타났다. 이상의 결과를 볼 때 3% 유기농 인삼 잎의 첨가가 가장 적합할 것으로 생각한다.

• 한국식품영양학회지
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• 제18권1호
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• pp.63-71
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• 2005

인삼의 생산과정에서 부산물로 얻어지는 인삼엽을 건강 기능성 식품의 소재로 활용 가능성을 모색하기 위하여 인삼엽차를 건조법(DRT), 숙성법(AGT), 열처리법(HPT)등 3가지 방법으로 제조하고 화학적 조성의 변화를 조사하였다. 인삼엽차의 제조방법에 따른 일반성분 함량은 거의 유사하였으나 조지방, 환원당 함량은 HPT에서 감소되는 경향을 나타내었다. 유리당 함량은 DRT가 6.07%로 가장 많았으며 sucrose, fructose, glucose순이었다. 유리아미노산의 조성은 serine 이 309.6∼336.6 mg%로 가장 높았으며 valine, leucine, isoleucine, aspartic acid 순으로 그 함량이 높았고 DRT에 비하여 ACT, HPT에서 감소되는 추세를 나타내었다. 무기질 함량은 Ca 가 2,115 mg%로 가장 많았고 K, Mg, P, Na, Mn, Fe, Zn, Cu 순으로 제조방법 사이에 차이는 나타나지 않았으나 찻물의 무기질 함량을 좌우하는 침출율은 HPT가 가장 우수하였다. 특히 Zn, Mn, Mg등은 면역체계를 유지하며 체내 유해 활성산소의 제거에 관여하는 무기질로서 이들 함량이 높다는 점은 인삼엽차의 우수성의 하나로 평가된다. 인삼엽차의 총 비타민 C 함량은 HPT가 424.4 mg%로 가장 많았으며 침출율도 가장 높았다. 지방산 조성은 제조방법간 차이는 나타나지 않았으며 palmitic acid가 가장 높았고 linoleic acid, linolenic acid, oleic acid, stearic acid 순이었다. 한편 인삼엽차의 색도는 DRT에 비해 AGT, HPT 에서 L값이 감소하고 a값은 증가하여 갈색 물질의 증가를 나타내었다. 이상의 결과를 종합해볼 때 인삼엽차의 제조방법은 열처리법(HPT)에서 가장 우수한 품질을 나타낸 것으로 생각한다.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• 제20권3호
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• pp.196-199
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• 2004

Ginseng anthracnose was observed in Koyang area, Korea. A fungus was repeatedly isolated from leaves and stems of the infected ginseng plants and identified as Colletotrichum dematium according to the morpho-logical and cultural characteristics. The fungus showed pathogenicity on inoculated ginseng leaves. This is the first report of ginseng anthracnose caused by Colletotri-chum dematium in Korea.