• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.38 no.4
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• pp.425-429
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• 1994

The genuine aglycone, 20(S)-protopanaxadiol, obtained from the leaves of Panax ginseng as a result of direct alkaline treatment was isolated and characterized by spectroscopic evidences. The study on the yield of genuine aglycone which is produced from the treatment of some kinds of alkali was carried out. $Ginsenoside-Rh_2$ was synthesized by conjugation of 2,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-${\alpha}$-D-glucopyranosyl bromide to 20(S)-protopanaxadiol in the presence of silver carbonate and cadmium cabonate. The preparation of $ginsenoside-Rh_2$ by this method is a new one which the yield of this saponin can be improved in the mild condition.

• Journal of Plant Biology
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.100-106
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• 1976

The fine structure of the callus induced from epidermis of Panax ginseng leaves cultured on Murashige & Skoog medium plus kinetin 0.1mg/l, NAA 0.2mg/l and 2.4-D 0.5mg/l was observed. The cells composing callus tissue are mononucleus. Three types of cells were identified; cells with abundant cytoplasm, cells with relatively differentiated vacuoles and with numerous starch grains in the plastids and ones with highly differentiated vacuoles and with unsaturated lipid granules. Prolamellar body, plastid lamellae, plastid globules, stromacenter, fine tubules, crystal-containing body and DNA-like structures were observed in the stroma of the plastids. The chromoplasts were identified in some cells believed as the mother cells of secretory cells in secretory ducts. Curved or straight micro-fibrils of 100~150A in diameter were observed in the cytoplasm. And the characteristics of cell organelles and cell inclusions and the vacuole formation in callus tissues were discussed.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.261-265
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• 1990

The volatile components of Eucommiae foliums were extracted by simultaneous steam distillation-extraction apparatus, and analyzed by combined gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry(CC-MS). Thirty five components, including 7 alcohols, 3 aldehydes, 4 ketones, 2 esters. 18 hydrocarbons and 1 phenol were confirmed in Eucommiae foliums. Among total volatiles the main component it appeared to be 2-ethyl furyl acrolein, comprising about 31.4%.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Tobacco Science
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.129-139
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• 1985

cent was carried out to study on the effect of temperature and humidity to chemical tobacco leaves during the yellowing stage. The results were follows : In the condition of high humidity and low temperature, yellowing time was delayed ; leaf color appeared lack clearness. In the higher temperature and the lower humidity during the yellowing stage : total sugar, reducing sugar and malic acid content were increased. Decomposition of nitrogenous components elevated in $38^{\circ}C$, 85%RH. Changes of total nitrogen content correlated with total curing time. Adecrease of linolenic acid with a corresponding increase of chlorogenic acid proceeded in the condition of low temperature and high humidity. In a view of tobacco quality by chemical components, the low temperature and high humidity during the yellowing stage decreased quality of tobacco leaves. It is considered to control of the proper condition of temperature and humidity during the yellowing.

• Applied Microscopy
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.16-28
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• 1987

Carlaviruses were isolated from naturally infected medicinal plants, and identified by means of test plants and electron microscopy. Mottle symptoms were shown on leaves of Panax ginseng, Aralia cordata, Xanthium strumarium, Taraxacum officinale, Aconitum carmichaeli, and Bupleurum longiradiatum var. breviradiatum. Ring spot on leaves of Abutilon avicennae and ring mosaic or vein clearing on leaves of Sambucus sieboldiana were also shown. These viruses had rather narrow host ranges by mechanical inoculation. The virus particles were scattered or aggregated in cytoplasm of infected host plant leaves. The carlaviruses for which the name panax virus S (PaVS), aralia virus S (ArVS), xanthium mottle virus (XaVS), taraxacum virus S (TaVS), aconite mottle virus (AcMV), bupleurum virus S (BuVS) and abutilon ring spot virus (AbRSV) were proposed, had flexuous particles with width 13 nm and length $620{\sim}720nm$. A reported elder ring mosaic virus was isolated from leaves of Sambucus sieboldiana with ring mosaic or vein-clear symptoms.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.43 no.4
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• pp.600-605
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• 2019

Background: The leaves and roots of Panax ginseng are rich in ginsenosides. However, the chemical compositions of the leaves and roots of P. ginseng differ, resulting in different medicinal functions. In recent years, the aerial parts of members of the Panax genus have received great attention from natural product chemists as producers of bioactive ginsenosides. The aim of this study was the isolation and structural elucidation of novel, minor ginsenosides in the leaves of P. ginseng and evaluation of their antiinflammatory activity in vitro. Methods: Various chromatographic techniques were applied to obtain pure individual compounds, and their structures were determined by nuclear magnetic resonance and high-resolution mass spectrometry, as well as chemical methods. The antiinflammatory effect of the new compounds was evaluated on lipopolysaccharide-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. Results and conclusions: Two novel, minor triterpenoid saponins, ginsenoside $LS_1$ (1) and 5,6-didehydroginsenoside $Rg_3$ (2), were isolated from the leaves of P. ginseng. The isolated compounds 1 and 2 were assayed for their inhibitory effect on nitric oxide production in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells, and Compound 2 showed a significant inhibitory effect with $IC_{50}$ of $37.38{\mu}M$ compared with that of NG-monomethyl-L-arginine ($IC_{50}=90.76{\mu}M$). Moreover, Compound 2 significantly decreased secretion of cytokines such as prostaglandin $E_2$ and tumor necrosis factor-${\alpha}$. In addition, Compound 2 significantly suppressed protein expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase and cyclooxygenase-2. These results suggested that Compound 2 could be used as a valuable candidate for medicinal use or functional food, and the mechanism is warranted for further exploration.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.111-117
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• 1987

The phase and times on the development of dormancy bud in seedling, and those of flower organs in 2-year-old ginseng are different to those of over 2-,3-year-old plant, respectively. The growing aspects of dormancy bud in seedling were investigated from rooting stage (April, 8) to Mid-June, and those of flower organs in 2-year-old plant had done once in two days late in April after compound leaves were unfolded. Firstly, the formation of dormancy bud in seedling was begun on Mid-late in March. This is early about one month compare with those of over 2-year-old plant. Fine bud in seedling was formed between cotyledons, at W spot under young shoot. Secondly, development of flower organs in 2-year-old plant was completed from late of April to early of May after compound leaves of transplanted plant were unfolded. In tare, this is very different characteristics because plants of any other ages form the flower organs one year ago. Thirdly, flower organs of ginseng plant, over 3-year-old plant, always develop in the rhizome formed one year ago, but those of 2-year-old plant develop in apical shoot meristem.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.18 no.1 s.38
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• pp.35-41
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• 1979

Four to $17\%$ of the seeds of ginseng (Panax ginseng Meyer) collected from seemingly healthy plants carried Colletotrichum panacicola Nakata et Takimoto whereas the seeds from the plants with anthracnose sympotoms carried $42\%$ of the same fungus. Prevalent organisms isolated other than C. panacicola from seeds of both kinds of plants were Fusarium, Alternaria, Phoma, Trichoderma and others, ana in that order on acidified potato sucrose agar. C. panacicola also was isolated from 18 months old herbarium specimens. The fungus in the infected tissues also survived during the Korean winter months either on the soil surface or in the soil at 10 and 30 em in depth. When conidial suspensions of C. panacicola were inoculated on detached ginseng leaves, anthracnose symptoms occurred from 25 to $35^{\circ}C$. No symptoms occurred at temperatures below $17^{\circ}C$. Direct sunlight increased significantly the number of anthracnose lesions over those obtained in leaves inoculated in darkness or in 400 lux of fluorescent light. The lesions decreased as age of the leaves increased or as the number of conidia applied decreased. Optimum temperature for mycelial growth and conidial formation of C. panacicola was $25^{\circ}C$. Optimum pH for the mycelial growth was at $pH\;2.8\~4.6$ while the most conidial formation occurred at $pH\;5.2\~5.8.$. When fungicides were applied in the field to ginseng plants with a conidial suspension of C. panacicola, the most effective control of the anthracnose disease was by spraying with difolatan, and followed by maneb, zineb, captan and phaltan; Bordeaux mixture and ferbam were significantly less effective but significantly better than the inoculated control plants.

• Journal of agriculture & life science
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• v.44 no.3
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• pp.61-67
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• 2010

This study was conducted to investigate the antioxidant activities and ginsenoside compositions of 4-year-old cultured ginseng roots (4CGR), 4-year-old mountain ginseng roots (4MGR) and leaves (4MGL), and 8-year-old mountain ginseng roots (MGR) and leaves (8MGL). Ginseng root and leaves were extracted with water and 80% ethanol. Crude saponin content of 4CGR was 3.85% (d.b.) and the contents of 4MGR, 4MGL, 8MGR and 8MGL were 6.75, 8.57, 6.53 and 7.54% (d.b.), respectively. 4CGR showed the highest content of ginsenoside-$Rh_1$ (6.07 mg/g), 4MGR showed the highest content of ginsenoside-$Rb_1$ (11.63 mg/g), 4MGL showed the highest content of ginsenoside-Re (24.35 mg/g), 8MGR showed the highest content of ginsenoside-$Rh_1$ (19.77 mg/g), and 8MGL showed the highest content of ginsenoside-Re (20.43 mg/g). Total antioxidant activity (AEAC) was ranged from 5.56 at 4MGR to 20.67 mg AA eq/g at 8MGL.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Crop Science Conference
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• 1989.02a
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• pp.102-104
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• 1989