• 고려인삼학회:학술대회논문집
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• 고려인삼학회 1974년도 학술대회지
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• pp.137-146
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• 1974

This experiment was on the purpose to study the effects of different shading of Mulching treatments on the quality and yield of ginseng root. This experiment were conducted at Mei-Feng for one year, from July, 1972 to July, 1973. The variety been used was introduced Korea Panax ginsvng. Three different Shading of Mulching treatments have been studied. The results were summerized as follows: 1. The growth of ginseng plant is good under around 4,300 Lux of light intensity. Fig . showed the shadow treatment of straw had a better effect than that of black or grey plastic film. The differences between treatments were significant. 2. The adequate soil temperature for ginseng culture was in the range of $16-18^{\circ}C$. Fig 2. showed that there were significant differences among treatments, of which the straw shadow treatment had the best effect. 3. The growth of ginseng plant was greatly affected wth various shadow treatments. Fig 1. showed both straw and black plastic film treatments had a better effects on growth of stem, leaf area and leaf numbers. 4. Fig. 2. 3. 4. 5 indicated there were distingished differences among all treatments. The straw and black plastics film mulching treatments had a better effects on root length, root diameter, root weight and leaf weight than the grey plastic film. 5. The amount of plant alkaloids and panacene content had related to the shadow treatment, as showed in Fig. 6 and 7 that straw shadow treatment had greatly increased the procuction of plant alkaloids and panacene content. 6. The quality and yield of roots of ginseng greatly affected by different shading of mulching treatments.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제28권2호
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• pp.255-261
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• 2018

Aglycon protopanaxatriol (APPT) has valuable pharmacological effects such as memory enhancement and tumor inhibition. ${\beta}$-Glycosidase from the hyperthermophilic bacterium Dictyoglomus turgidum (DT-bgl) hydrolyzes the glucose residues linked to APPT, but not other glycoside residues. ${\beta}$-Glycosidase from the hyperthermophilic bacterium Pyrococcus furiosus (PF-bgl) hydrolyzes the outer sugar at C-6 but not the inner glucose at C-6 or the glucose at C-20. Thus, the combined use of DT-bgl and PF-bgl is expected to increase the biotransformation of PPT-type ginsenosides to APPT. We optimized the ratio of PF-bgl to DT-bgl, the concentrations of substrate and enzyme, and the reaction time to increase the biotransformation of ginsenoside Re and PPT-type ginsenosides in Panax ginseng leaf extract to APPT. DT-bgl combined with PF-bgl converted 1.0 mg/ml PPT-type ginsenosides in ginseng leaf extract to 0.58 mg/ml APPT without other ginsenosides, with a molar conversion of 100%. We achieved the complete biotransformation of ginsenoside Re and PPT-type ginsenosides in ginseng leaf extract to APPT by the combined use of two ${\beta}$-glycosidases, suggesting that discarded ginseng leaves can be used as a source of the valuable ginsenoside APPT. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first quantitative production of APPT using ginsenoside Re, and we report the highest concentration and productivity of APPT from ginseng extract to date.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제13권1호
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• pp.92-97
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• 1989

인삼엽을 강광(100 KLuw) 및 고온($45^{\circ}C$, 암상태)에 처리하여 효소(glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, acid phosphatase, catalase, peroxidase)의 활성도를 조사한 결과 두 처리구에서 공히 감소하는 경향이었으나, 특기 강광에서 활성도가 현저히 감소하였다. 이와 같은 활성도 감소는 효소의 thermal stabilities나 coagulation 등과 같은 광에 의한 2차적인 엽온상승 효과에 따른 inactivation이 아니며, proteolytic activity 증가로 인한 효소단백질의 함량감소로 확인되었다. 인삼엽에서 proteolytic activity가 강광에 의해 급속히 증가하는 것으로 보아 정상엽(normal leaf)에 inactive 상태로 내재(compartmentation)되어 있는 proteinase가 타 식물에 비해 많은 것으로 사료된다. 또한 chlorphyll bleaching과 효소의 inactivation을 유발시킬 수 있는 superoxide radical(${O_2}^{-}$)의 광화학적 생성율이 비교식물(Solanum nigrum)보다 높게 나타나고 crude saponin이 superoxide의 생성율을 촉진하는 것으로 보아 superoxide에 의한 pigment system의 광산화율이 타 식물에 비해 높을 것으로 사료된다.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제36권2호
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• pp.146-152
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• 2012

Panax ginseng (PG) is a globally utilized medicinal herb. The medicinal effects of PG are primarily attributable to ginsenosides located in the root and leaf. The leaves of PG are known to be rich in various bioactive ginsenosides, and the therapeutic effects of ginseng extract and ginsenosides have been associated with immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory activities. We examined the effect of PG leaf extract and the isolated ginsenosides, on nuclear factor (NF)-${\kappa}B$transcriptional activity and target gene expression by applying a luciferase assay and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction in tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-${\alpha}$-treated hepatocarcinoma HepG2 cells. Air-dried PG leaf extract inhibited TNF-${\alpha}$-induced NF-${\kappa}B$transcription activity and NF-${\kappa}B$-dependent cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) gene expression more efficiently than the steamed extract. Of the 10 ginsenosides isolated from PG leaves, Rd and Km most significantly inhibited activity in a dose-dependent manner, with $IC_{50}$ values of $12.05{\pm}0.82$ and $8.84{\pm}0.99\;{\mu}M$, respectively. Furthermore, the ginsenosides Rd and Km inhibited the TNF-${\alpha}$-induced expression levels of the COX-2 and iNOS gene in HepG2 cells. Air-dried leaf extracts and their chemical components, ginsenoside Rd and Km, are involved in the suppression of TNF-${\alpha}$-induced NF-${\kappa}B$ activation and NF-${\kappa}B$-dependent iNOS and COX-2 gene expression. Consequently, air-dried leaf extract from PG, and the purified ginsenosides, have therapeutic potential as anti-inflammatory.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제14권2호
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• pp.122-125
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• 1990

Ethylene was released from leaf and fruit but root of Panax ginseng. Root callus showed higher ethylene release (ER) than fruit ER increased with leaf senesence. Fruit during ripening showed decreasing ER in the order of green stage, early stage of reddening and fully ripened stage. between leaves from the plant with fruits in different stages of ripening showed similar trend of fruit in ER but it was about 10 times higher in leaves than in fruits. Leaves of P. quinquefolius showed about 200 times higher ER than that of P ginseng on 22 July Fruits from the plant treated with ethephon showed higher ER after 109 days. Forty-five day-old seedlings grown with various growth regulators showed a significant decrease of stem length and significant increase of ER only in Uniconazole (0.1 ppm) and H-9 (0.0, 5 ppm) solution.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제5권2호
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• pp.163-169
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• 1981

In order to clarify the biological effects of chemical mutagen, ethyl methane sulphonate (EMS), in M, seedling(Ponax ginseng C. A. Meyer) . the dehiscent seeds of ginseng were treated with EMS for 12 hours at 20t and Post-washed for 24 to 72 hours. The differences of biological injuries in M, generation due to the concentration of EMS were quite obvious in rate and date of germination, stem length, stem diameter, leaf length, leaf width, root length, root diameter, and root weight . Especially, the seeds treated with the high concentration of EMS , above 0.8%, were not germinated The growth injury was directly proportional to the concentration of EMS but not relative to the post-washing time of afire 25 hours. The useful range of EMS concentration and post-washing time in ginseng seeds were 0.4 % - 0.6% and above 24 hours, respectively.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제7권1호
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• pp.23-36
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• 1983

This study was devised to observe the nutritional effects of the diets supplemented with the leaf or trunk in rats. The male albino rats (110 heads), Sprague-Dowley strain weighing 75g to 79g, were used as the experimental aninl mils. The animals were divided into twelve diet groups and maintained with corresponding diet for 40 days, and then sacrificed. The growth rate, the consumption and efficiency ratios of the food and protein, the absorption rates of carbohydrate, lipid and protein, and the utilization rates of energy were determined during the feeding term. The results obtained are summarized as follows: 1) The growth rate, the consumption and efficiency ratios of the food and protein in each experimental diet group added ginseng steamed leaf or trunk were higher than those in experimental group A which has the diet supplemented with ginseng raw leaf of trunk. 2) The absorption rates of the carbohydrate were above 96%, higher than those or the control group, But those of fat, protein and the utilization rate of energy in each experimental diet group were generally lower than those in the control group.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제23권1호
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• pp.1-7
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• 1999

인삼속 식물의 광질별 광합성과 잎표백화 특성을 구명하기 위하여 공시재료로 고려인삼 및 미국삼을 사용하여, 각종 단색 광원하에서 개엽의 동화량 및 잎표백화 정도를 측정한 결과는 다음과 같다. 고려인삼의 광질별 광합성은 측정한 전온도 및 광도에서 공히 적색광 > 황색광 > 청색광 > 백색광 > 녹색광 순으로 높았으며 미국삼도 같은 경향이었다. 광질별 잎표백화 정도는 미국삼의 잎에서 근적외광 > 적색광 > 백색광 > 청색광 > 황색광 > 녹색광 순으로 근적외광에서 표백화가 가장심하였다. 이상의 결과로보아 인삼포의 해가림 자재는 청색광 및 황색광 자재의 가능성을 제시 하였다. 고려인삼의 광합성 최적온도는 $25^{\circ}C$ 부근 이었으며 미국삼도 같은 경향 이었다. 인삼잎의 호흡량은 온도가 증가함에 따라 증가 하였으며, 특히 $30^{\circ}C$ 이상의 고온에서는 $25^{\circ}C$에 비해 잎호흡량이 고려인삼이 $80\%$이상, 미국삼이 $73\%$이상 급격히 증가 되었다. 광합성능은 미국삼이 $3.54\~4.04\;mg\;(CO_2{\cdot}dm^{-2}{\cdot}hr^{-1})$로 고려 인삼 $2.08\~2.59\;mg\;(CO_2{\cdot}dm^{-2}{\cdot}hr^{-1})$보다 높았다.

• 한국자원식물학회지
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• 제8권2호
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• pp.127-133
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• 1995

1. Panax ginseng의 재배년수에 따른 내부형태적 차이를 검토한 결과, 소엽신(小葉身)의 주맥부(主脈部), 소엽병(小葉柄), 엽병(葉柄)의 횡절면(橫切面)에 있어서 각각의 특징에 의하여 발육년수(年數)를 판단할 수가 있었다. (Tabel II) 2. 내부형태를 비교검토한 결과, 서울, 부산, 대구, 금산의 $\ulcorner$인삼잎$\lrcorner$은 원식물(原植物)이 Panax ginseng으로서 대부분이 5년 및 6년생이었으며 부분적으로 4년생이 함유되어 있었다.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제35권1호
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• pp.12-20
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• 2011

The characteristics of absorption and accumulation of inorganic germanium in Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer were examined. In 4-year-old P. ginseng, the germanium content of the field soil increased with increased amounts and frequencies of inorganic germanium application, while chemical components of the soil, such as available phosphate and exchangeable calcium, potassium, and magnesium, decreased with the increased inorganic germanium application. In the 4-year-old P. ginseng, the germanium content was highest in the rhizome and increased in the order of stem, leaf, lateral root, and main root, suggesting that inorganic germanium was absorbed from the root and translocated to the stem and leaf via the rhizome. As for changes in ginsenosides in 4-year-old P. ginseng rhizomes, the contents of ginsenosides $Rb_1$, $Rb_2$, Re, and Rf decreased as the germanium content in soil increased. Ginsenosides $Rb_1$, $Rb_2$, Rc, Re, and Rf in the main root also decreased with increasing germanium content in the main root. The results suggest that inorganic germanium treatment may increase organic germanium in harvested P. ginseng, thus enhancing the medicinal effi cacy of ginseng products.