• 약학회지
• /
• 제38권1호
• /
• pp.20-23
• /
• 1994

The contents of ginkgolides were determined in the leaves of male and female Ginkgo biloba from late spring until mid-autumn. Ginkgolides were detected during the whole growing season in the leaves of each tree. Ginkgolides content was low in late spring, gradually increased to reach a maximum in august and decreased thereafter. The male trees have two or three times higher ginkgolides content than the female trees. Comparing our results with that of previously reported values, the sexual variation of ginkgolides content seemed not to be genetic.

• 약학회지
• /
• 제40권6호
• /
• pp.720-726
• /
• 1996

The neurotoxicity induced by L-glutamate in primary cultures of rat cortical cells could be attenuated by diterpene constituents of Ginkgo biloba leaves, ginkgolides A, B and C. At the concentration of 100 nM, ginkgolides up-regulated the activity of glutathione reductase in primary cultures of rat cortical cells exposed to 100 ${\mu}$M glutamate. Furthermore, ginkgolides increased the content of reduced glutathione in glutamate-treated cortical cells. However, ginkgolides showed little effect in reducing superoxide dismutase activity. Ginkgolides did, however, markedly block the production of malondialdehyde, a byproduct of lipid peroxidation in glutamate-treated rat cortical cells.

• 대한약학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 대한약학회 2003년도 Proceedings of the Convention of the Pharmaceutical Society of Korea Vol.2-2
• /
• pp.137.3-138
• /
• 2003

The major active components of EGb 761, extract of Ginkgo biloba leaves, include flavonoid glycosides and unique diterpenes known as ginkgolides. Ginkgolides are potent inhibitors of platelet activating factor. In this study, we investigated antiinflammatory activity of ginkgolides on the Complete Freund"s Adjuvant (CFA)-induced mice. The ginkgolides were extracted from commercially available EGb 761. This extracting procedure was done by sequential treatments of the EGb 761 with chloroform, methanol, and water. (omitted)tted)

• Biotechnology and Bioprocess Engineering:BBE
• /
• 제9권1호
• /
• pp.41-46
• /
• 2004

The influence of various culture conditions on growth and ginkgolides (GKA and GKB), and bilobalide formation in callus and suspension cultures of Ginkgo biloba were investigated. Callus induced from the leaf petioles exhibited distinct morphological and physiological responses. The cell biomass and ginkgolides content varied among the cell lines; brownish callus lines produced high levels of ginkgolides and bilobalide in spite of poor cell growth. Among the culture media used, MS medium showed significant effect on cell growth and ginkgolides production. Low concentration of sucrose (3%) improved cell growth, while higher sucrose levels (5 and 7%) improved ginkgolides production. Cultivation of callus cultures above 28$^{\circ}C$ dramatically reduced their growth rate; however the cell lines grown at 36$^{\circ}C$ showed increased levels of bilobalide content. A 2.5-L balloon type bubble bioreactor (BTBB) was successfully developed for the cell growth and ginkgolides production.

• Biotechnology and Bioprocess Engineering:BBE
• /
• 제9권1호
• /
• pp.35-40
• /
• 2004

Ginkgolides (GK) and bilobalide are valuable compounds that belong to the lactone terpene. The contents of these metabolites were determined by HPLC from female and male tree of Ginkgo biloba L. The productivity of G. biloba cells was also compared with the corresponding individual trees. High variations in the ginkgolides and bilobalide were observed from different individuals, plant parts, and cultured cells. The ginkgolides and bilobalide contents were different depending on the plant parts. Callus was obtained from various plant tissues, and NAA was better at callogenesis than 2,4-D in both the female and male trees. The plants and their corresponding cells showed considerable variation in their ginkgolides and bilobalide concentrations. The ginkgolides and bilobalide contents were not correlated with the production between dominant trees and their corresponding cells. Light irradiation enhanced the production of GK-A and GK-B, however, the concentration of bilobalide decreased under dark conditions.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
• /
• 제32권9호
• /
• pp.3261-3266
• /
• 2011

The interaction of bilobalide (BB) and ginkgolides B (GB) with bovine serum albumin (BSA) was investigated by fluorescent technique and UV/vis absorption spectroscopy. The results showed that BB and GB could intensively quench the fluorescence of BSA through a static quenching procedure. The binding constants (Ka) and the average binding distance between the donor (BSA) and the acceptor (ginkgolides) were obtained ($r_{BB}$ = 5.33 nm and $r_{GB}$ = 4.20 nm) by the theory of non-radiation energy transfer, and then the thermodynamic parameters such as ${\Delta}S^0$ (0.17-0.32 kJ/mol), ${\Delta}G^0$ (-20.76 ~ -17.79 kJ/mol) and ${\Delta}H^0$ (32.47-76.52 kJ/mol) could be calculated, respectively. All these results revealed that the interaction of BB and GB with BSA were driven mainly by hydrophobie force. The synchronous fluorescence spectroscopy was applied to examine the effect of two ginkgolides on the configuration of BSA. The configuration alteration of BSA could be induced by the hydrophobicitv environment of tyrosine with the increase of the drug concentration.

• 약학회지
• /
• 제39권3호
• /
• pp.337-345
• /
• 1995

The effects of ginkgolides(natural mixture of ginkgolides, ginkgolide B, ginkgolide C) and flavonoids(quercetin, kaempferol, myricetin), extracted from Ginkgo biloba, on ADP and PAF-induced platelet aggregation in vitro and ex vivo were investigated. In these experiments, both of ginkgolides and ginkgoflavonoids did not affect the ADP(5 $\mu{M}$) induced platelet aggregation in vitro. The IC$_{50}$ value on PAF (0.3 $\mu{M}$) induced platelet aggregation were 2.52 $\mu{M}$ (ginkgolide B) and 6.35 $\mu{M}$ (natural mixture of ginkgolides) and 2.80 $\mu{M}$ (mixture of ginkgolide B and quercetin). Oral administration of ginkgolide B (1 and 3 mg/kg) and quercetin (3 and 9 mg/kg) to rabbits inhibited ex vivo PAF induced platelet aggregation in a dose-dependent manner. Ginkomin-F tablets administered to the diabetic patients showed inhibitory activities on the ADP and PAF induced platelet aggregation in a dose and time dependent manner.

• 대한약학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 대한약학회 2003년도 Proceedings of the Convention of the Pharmaceutical Society of Korea Vol.2-2
• /
• pp.137.1-137.1
• /
• 2003

We investigated immunoactivity of ginkgolides (GLS), the primary active constituent of Ginkgo biloba leaves, against disseminated candidiasis due to Candida albicans. This fungus is a polymorphic opportunistic pathogen. BALB/c mice were induced neutropenia by intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of cyclophosphamide (CP) 24 hours before an i.p administration of GLS (2 mg/mouse) to the mice. Control mice received diluent (Dulbecco's phosphate saline solution; DPBS) instead of GLS. (omitted)

• 생약학회지
• /
• 제24권4호
• /
• pp.304-308
• /
• 1993

A platelet activating factor(PAF) antagonist ginkgolides produced from Ginkgo biloba are well known for their potential usage in septic shock and other PAF related diseases. Even though they are extracted from the leaves and on occasion the root bark, the exact biosynthetic site and pathway have not proved yet. In order to locate the enzymes involved and elucidate the biosynthetic site of the compounds, embryo-derived aseptic intact plantlet and plantlet without root have been cultured on 0.3% active carbon-containing solid Murashige and Skoog's medium. The leaves from the six-week-old normal plantlet contained similar amount of ginkgolide B to that of outdoor plant leaves, while the plantlets without root had less than 30% of the ginkgolide B compared to the in vitro intact plantlets. The results suggest that the ginkgolides may be synthesized in the root and transported to the aerial part.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
• /
• 제16권3호
• /
• pp.244-250
• /
• 1993

Calli and suspension cultures were obtained following inoculation of the explant from leaves of Ginkgo biloba L on the supplemented MS basal medium. The obtained calli and suspension cultured cells were able to produce detectable amounts of ginkgolides which are known as natural specific PAF antagonists. The production of ginkgolides in the calli and suspension cultured celles were identified using GC/MS, GC and HPLC with authentic ocmpounds. Since the production of ginkgolides A and B the calli and suspension cultured cells had been confirmed, effects of types and concentration of plant growth regulators, media and illumination on the induction and growth of the callus were studied. The concentrations of growth regulators for optimal callus were studied. The concentrations of growth regulators for optimal callus induction were studied. The concentrations of growth regulators for optimal callus induction were 1.0 to 2.0 mg/L for NAA and o.1 mg/L for kinetin. The growth of the Callus seemed to be more simnultaed with the combination of NAA and kinetin than NAA and BA with illumination at all concentration ranges of 1.0 to 4.0 mg/l for NAA and o.1 to 1.0 mg/L for kinetin or BA studied. Amogn 8 different media used, the induction rate of callus on Anderson, Eriksson, and Shenk and Hildebrant at 4 weeks after the innoculation was almost the same as that of MS. However, callus was rarely induced on Heller or White medium. Suspension cultures were easily initiated with 3 g of callus (fresh weight) derived from ginkgo leaves on supplemented MS medium. A typical growth curve of suspension cultured cells could be obtained by measuring the fresh weight of the suspension cultured cells at every 3 days. To improve the growth of suspension cultured cells of ginkgo, effects of concentrations of NAA, sucrose, phosphate ions and molar ratio of $NH_{4}^+\;to\;NO_{3}^-$ ions in the culture medium were studied. The maximum growth of the cells was achieved when the culture medium contained 1.0 mg/L of NAA, 30 g/L sucrose, 1.75 mM phosphate ions and 1:5 molar ratio of $NH_{4}\;to\;NO_{3}^-$ ions.