• International Journal of Highway Engineering
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.147-156
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• 2011

Since the urbanization process has been taking place, negative outcomes such as environmental pollution and traffic congestion have produced as well. Reflecting the phenomenon, our study assumed that physical structure of urban form were implicit in relation to both economic performance and cost. It can be interpreted that as the urban space has been growing bigger, economic performances such as regional product output, economy of scale and the effect of agglomeration economies are increased. On the contrary, the negative effects such as environmental pollution and traffic congestion were incurred as economic loss and expenses. It means that even though economic performance can help increase regional product output, we should consider the loss on economic expenses which are paid for social problems such as environmental pollution and traffic congestion, which are caused by urbanization. Therefore, this study aims to statistically validate the relationship between traffic congestion as the most representative economy costs and physical characteristics of urban in a large city such as Seoul and to suggest its implications. As a result of model development for empirical analysis, GRDP(0.604), the population(0.582), employment GINI coefficients(0.296), population GINI coefficients(0.254) in order led to congestion cost. We can come to the conclusion that in case of scale factor such as the population, if the population tends to concentrate, urban becomes more crowded and that if GINI coefficients (the population, employment) which are variable on inequality according to region have the disparity with surrounding areas, congestion cost is caused a lot on account of movement related with employment. In addition, this phenomenon was caused if both the population and employment were geographically biased on one side.

• Korean Journal of Social Welfare Studies
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• v.40 no.1
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• pp.235-260
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• 2009

This study aims to analyze consumption inequality of Korean elderly households. The justification for analyzing consumption inequality during old age could be summarized as follows. First, due to the rapid growth of elderly population, the intra generational inequality of older people will bring greater consequences to the society in the coming years. Second, inequality is more actualized during old age when income stops playing a major role and the everyday lives are based mostly on consumption activities. For analysis, this study used the 2nd, 5th, 7th and 9th wave of 『Korea Labor and Income Panel Study』. The findings are as follows. First, total consumption inequality of elderly households is gradually decreasing after the economic crisis. Also, the gini coefficient of consumption items representing modern consumption culture, such as expenditures on eating out and car maintenance is decreasing. However, the inequality contribution rate of such items is continually rising, indicating that whereas the elderly households in general are being assimilated to the mainstream consumption culture, the disparity between classes is continually expanding. Second, gini coefficient and inequality contribution rate of the essentials such as food and housing has decreased indicating that basic livelihoods in general has risen. Third, the inequality of education expenditure is increasing after the year 2000 which implies that the problem of education inequality in general might have an effect on elderly households.

• Korea journal of population studies
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.98-114
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• 1995

Since 1962 the Korean society has undergone a rapid transformation under government policies to achieve maximum economic growth. Urbanization via massive rural to urban migration has been observed to be connected with a rapid economic development. Based on the data from the government publications such as Population and Housing Census Reports and Korean Urban Yearbooks, this study measures inequalities in terms of the distribution of urban population. In a historical context, the pace of urbanization during the period 1966-1970 was characterized as the most rapid and the urban-rural growth difference(URGD), which is a valuable measure of the pace of urbanization, was the highest. In terms of regional pattern, Seoul dominated the urbanization picture of Korea during the period 1966-1970. Its annual growth rate was the fastest among those shown during the period 1960 to 1990 and also highest. However, Seoul's primacy was pulled down since 1970. The Gini coefficient, which is the most common general measure of inequalities in distribution, was the highest in 1980. Since 1980 it has continued to fall. As a result, it was lower in 1990 than in 1970. Despite lowering Gini coefficient, inequalities are still large. A concentration index also showed the same trends as those of Gini coefficent.

• Journal of Agricultural Extension & Community Development
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.229-241
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• 2023

This study aims to examine the farm household income and consumption structure change as well as farm income inequality. Data from the Agricultural Household Survey for the years 2016, 2021, and 2022 were hired to analyze farm income inequality by the Gini coefficient decomposition method. Results show that from 2016 to 2021, all income quintiles exhibited an increasing trend, but in 2022, income decreased across all quintiles. As a result of analyzing farm household consumption expenditure, consumption expenditure increased in all income quintiles in 2021 and 2022 compared to 2016, but consumption of optional goods decreased in the fifth quintile. In addition, it was found that farmers in the first quartile had higher consumption expenditures and expenditures on options than those in the second quartile. The analysis of farm income by region show that public subsidies increased significantly for general rural farmers than for farmers in special and metropolitan areas in all income quintiles during the period. In the case of the first quintile, farm household income in rural areas in special and metropolitan cities increased compared to general rural areas. In the fifth quartile, agricultural income and sideline income in general rural areas increased compared to rural areas in special and metropolitan cities, while rural areas in special and metropolitan cities increased non-business income compared to rural areas. Results of farming income inequality by income type show a steady decline in inequality from 2016 to 2022, indicating that the decreasing gini coefficinet of public subsidies is contributing to the decline in farm income inequality. Private subsidies and side income are shown to increase inequality.

• Proceedings of the Korea Contents Association Conference
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• 2006.05a
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• pp.75-79
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• 2006

The Purpose of the study is to analyze the change of the unbalanced national development by the construction of multifunctional administrative city and innovation cities. In this study, index of unbalanced national development is measured by unbalanced distribution of population on national land. Gini's coefficient is used to measure the unbalanced distribution of population. As a result, the construction of multifunctional administrative city and innovation cities will relieve the unbalanced national development. but the effect will be insignificant. For the relief of unbalanced national development, various policy and strategy will have to develop.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.18 no.6
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• pp.33-44
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• 2020

The main objective of this study is to measure the concentration and deconcentration of the domestic freight forwarding system which illustrate the development trends in this industry. In this study, Herfindal-Hirschman index (HHI), shift-share analysis (SSA), and GINI coefficient combined with Lorenz curves were employed to investigate the domestic freight forwarders. The results are as follows: first, the HHI was used to assess the concentration of domestic freight forwarders in Vietnam. The downward trend from 0.117 in 2008 to 0.083 in 2018 indicate the deconcentration of domestic freight forwarders in Vietnam. Second, the SSA results indicated that the company Transimex showed the best performance with a shift effect of million VND 1,906,515 and a ABSGR value of million VND 2,158,232. Third, the GINI index go down from 0.468 to 0.393 in 2008-2018 as follow and the Lorenz curves covered a large part which make more demonstrate the deconcentration trend of freight forwarding in Vietnam. The results show that deconcentration is a trend in 2008-2018. The results of this study provides relevant data on freight forwarders which are not easily accessible to related stakeholders.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.18 no.6
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• pp.65-79
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• 2020

With the rapid development of China's economy, the aviation industry, as an important part of transportation services, has undoubtedly achieved rapid development. However, there is hardly any academic work that was based on the development of the top airlines in the Chinese airline industry. Hence, this study provides empirical research that takes into account the longitudinal development of the top 20 airlines in China from 2009 to 2018. The throughput volumes (cargo and passenger) of the airlines were analyzed by concentration indicators, namely the concentration ratio (CR), the Herfindahl- Hirschman index (HHI), the Gini coefficient, and the shift-share analysis (SSA). In this paper, the top 20 airlines have been analyzed in terms of the passenger and cargo throughput from 2009 to 2018. The calculation results of CR6, HHI and the Gini coefficient show that the airlines were extremely deconcentrated. In addition, by comparing the ABSGR of passenger and cargo throughput, it is shown that China's aviation industry is dominated by four airlines- Air China, China Eastern Airlines, China Southern Airlines and Hainan Airlines. In the future study, it is necessary to explore growth strategies to find niche markets for passenger and cargo transportation.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.457-467
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• 2012

The purpose of the study was to explore the general characteristics of sports for all through the patterns of sports for all policy and analysis of causal relation of the determinants. To achieve this goal, 26 countries among OECD 30 members which provide useful data sources were selected. The data were analyzed by Qualitative Comparative Analysis(QCA) with cluster analysis. GDP, leisure time, social expenditure, Gini's coefficient, poverty rate and tax burden ratio were used as casual variables for Qualitative Comparative Analysis. The findings of this study were as follows. First, three patterns were examined and Korea was classified into the pattern which has low sports for all participation and sportsclub participation. Second, as a result of Qualitative Comparative Analysis for analyzing the determinants of sports for all patterns, the pattern in which includes Korea showed that GDP, leisure time, social expenditure, tax burden ratio had negative relationship and Gini's coefficient, poverty rate had positive relationship.

• Journal of the Economic Geographical Society of Korea
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.513-525
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• 2019

In Seoul, the subway system has been in use since 1974 and is the most frequently used travel mode accounting for approximately 40% of passenger journeys in 2015. As such the subway system is widely adopted by people and therefore, can have great impacts on their everyday life. However, it is easily noted that transit resources are not distributed spatially uniform, in other words, not all parts of the city gain the same benefits from their networks. This study aims to examine the inequity of spatial distribution of subway networks based on accessibility. Accessibility of subway networks are calculated based on the time-distance between stations and then equity is measured using the Gini index. Resulted map of subway accessibility shows that the benefits are not evenly distributed in Seoul with a pattern of highly accessible core - less accessible periphery areas. Also the subway accessibility network has fairer distribution against the employees' distribution rather than the distribution of general population or possibly transit dependent groups.

• Journal of Korea Spatial Information System Society
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.73-78
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• 2009

100 households' survey was carried out in 2007 in Chitwan to foresee the people's livelihood and their insight into the forest conservation. This analysis revealed that households' was mainly survived with multiple livelihood categories where 98% citizens belong to food crops and 92% to livestock husbandry. The households' income shared by agriculture (crop and livestock), forest and remittance was 37% and 20% respectively. Results further showed that income distribution was somehow equal with Gini coefficient 0.25 than with the 0.37 of landholdings size. But, average per capita income of households was lower than the national standard with 33% of households below the poverty thresholds and 0.0945 poverty gap index. Similarly, 85% respondents assured for the current degraded status of forest and 83% of households for not participated in forest management activities due to low awareness in 82% households. These findings shows the forest assets could be unduly degraded in the past and forest availability which is extracting from the remaining forest is also decreasing in the area. Thus, tendency of forest dependency has been shifting to the small scale farming, other livelihood sources such as local business and services. This information could be useful in planning and decision-making process in searching of better alternative for the local livelihood as well as sustainable forest conservation strategy.