• Title/Summary/Keyword: Germination responses

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Effect of Temperature and Various Pre-treatments on Germination of Hippophae rhamnoides Seeds (갈매보리수나무 종자의 온도 및 여러 가지 전처리에 따른 발아반응)

  • Choi, Chung-Ho
    • Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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    • v.25 no.1
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    • pp.132-141
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    • 2012
  • This study was carried out to test seed germination responses to temperatures and pre-treatments in Hippophae rhamnoides, which has many abilities in antioxidant activity, soil improvement and erosion control. H. rhamnoides seeds were placed at 10, 15, 20, 25, 30 and $35^{\circ}C$ under light condition. As the results, germination percentage (GP) was the highest at 15 and $20^{\circ}C$, and mean germination time (MGT), germination rate (GR) and germination value (GV) were the highest at $25^{\circ}C$. Quadratic and linear regression model were used to determine the cardinal temperatures such as base ($T_b$), maximum ($T_m$) and optimum ($T_o$) temperature for germination. In quadratic regression model using PG, $T_b$, $T_m$ and $T_o$ was estimated as 0.6, 36.4 and $18.5^{\circ}C$, respectively, and temperature range for germination was $35.8^{\circ}C$. In linear regression model using GR, $T_b$, $T_m$ and $T_o$ was estimated as 8.3, 35.4 and $25.3^{\circ}C$, respectively, and temperature range for germination was $27.2^{\circ}C$. Germination properties were investigated after H. rhamnoides seeds were treated by prechilling (1, 2, 4, 6 and 8 weeks), stratification (2, 4, 6 and 8 weeks), solid matrix priming (seed : carrier : water = 5 : 1 : 7, 8, 9 and 10), osmo-priming (-0.25, -0.5, -1.0 and -1.5 MPa) and calcium chloride ($CaCl_2$) -priming (100, 200, 300 and 400 mM). The highest GP was observed in $CaCl_2$ 300 and 400 mM treatments, and MGT was the shortest in stratification 6 and 8 weeks treatments. GR and GV were the highest and GP was the second highest when seeds were prechilled for 1 and 2 weeks. Consequently, prechilling 1 or 2 weeks treatment was considered as the appropriate method when we contemplate qualitative and quantitative effects in seedling production.

Chemical Responses and Fitness-Related Characteristics of Dichlofluanid-Resistant and -Sensitive Botrytis cinerea Isolates (Dichlofluanid 저항성 및 감수성 잿빛곰팡이병균(Botryits cinerea)의 약제 반응과 생태 적응력과 관련된 특성)

  • 임태헌;김병섭;조광연;차병진
    • Korean Journal Plant Pathology
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    • v.11 no.3
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    • pp.245-251
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    • 1995
  • Nine hundred and ninety-two isolates of Botrytis cinerea were obtained from infected strawberries, tomatoes and cucumbers in Taejon, Gongju, Puyo, Nonsan and Kimhae in Korea. Six hundred forty-two (64.7%) isolates were benomyl resistant (BR), 245 (24.7%) were procymidone resistant (PR), and 105 (10.6%) were dichlofluanid resistant (DR). In the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) test, DR isolates showed mycelial growth on the PDA incorporated with 100 or 500 $\mu\textrm{g}$/ml of dichlofluanid, while dichlofluanid sensitive (DS) isolates did not grow on the PDA incorporated even with 10 $\mu\textrm{g}$/ml of dichlofluanid. Chemical concentrations for inhibition of spore germination were much lower than those for inhibition of mycelial growth. IC50 values, the effective concentrations for 50% inhibition of spore germination, for DR were 0.11~0.29 $\mu\textrm{g}$/ml, whereas they were 0.04~0.09 $\mu\textrm{g}$/ml for DS isolates. In comparison of fitness-related characteristics such as virulence, sclerotial formation, and sporulation, DR isolates were inferior to DS isolates. However, mycelial growth was little different between DR isolates and DS isolates.

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Physiological Responses of Chromium on Radish(Raphanus Sativus L.) and Chinese Cabbages(Brassica campestris L.) in Hydrophonic Culture (수경재배시 무와 배추에 대한 크롬의 생리적 반응)

  • Han, Kang-Wan;Cho, Jae-Young;Choi, Jin-Kyu
    • Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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    • v.31 no.1
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    • pp.56-60
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    • 1998
  • Radish and Chinese cabbage were cultivated under hydrophonic culture to investigate the effect of chromium on germination, cell elongation, ${\alpha}$-amlyase activity, contents of chlorophyll and protein. With increasing concentration of cromium, germination, cell elongation, ${\alpha}$-amlyase activity were decreased in both radish and Chinese cabbage, the rate was higher in radish than in Chinese cabbage. Contents of chlorophyll a and b were also decreased and chlorophyll a was higher than chlorophyll b. As the concentration of chromium was increased inhibited in the order of protein> ${\alpha}$-amylase activity>chlorophyll a>chlorophyll b.

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γ-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) confers chromium stress tolerance in mustard (Brassica juncea L.) seedlings by modulating the antioxidant defense and glyoxalase systems

  • Al Mahmud, Jubayer;Hasanuzzaman, Mirza;Nahar, Kamrun;Rahman, Anisur;Hossain, Md. Shahadat;Fujita, Masayuki
    • Proceedings of the Korean Society of Crop Science Conference
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    • 2017.06a
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    • pp.235-235
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    • 2017
  • Chromium (Cr) toxicity is hazardous to the seed germination, growth, and development of plants. ${\gamma}$-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) is a non-protein amino acid and is involved in stress tolerance in plants. To investigate the effects of GABA in alleviating Cr toxicity, we treated eight-d-old mustard (Brassica juncea L.) seedlings with Cr (0.15 mM and 0.3 mM $K_2CrO_4$, 5 days) alone and in combination with GABA ($125{\mu}M$) in a semi-hydroponic medium. The roots and shoots of the seedlings accumulated Cr in a dose-dependent manner, which led to an increase in oxidative damage [lipid peroxidation; hydrogen peroxide ($H_2O_2$) content; superoxide ($O{_2}^{{\cdot}-}$) generation; lipoxygenase (LOX) activity], MG content, and disrupted antioxidant defense and glyoxalase systems. Chromium stress also reduced growth, leaf relative water content (RWC), and chlorophyll (chl) content but increased phytochelatin (PC) and proline (Pro) content. Furthermore, supplementing the Cr-treated seedlings with GABA reduced Cr uptake and upregulated the non-enzymatic antioxidants (ascorbate, AsA; glutathione, GSH) and the activities of the enzymatic antioxidants including ascorbate peroxidase (APX), monodehydroascorbate reductase (MDHAR), dehydroascorbate reductase (DHAR), glutathione reductase (GR), glutathione peroxidase (GPX), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glyoxalase I (Gly I), and glyoxalase II (Gly II), and finally reduced oxidative damage. Adding GABA also increased leaf RWC and chl content, decreased Pro and PC content, and restored plant growth. These findings shed light on the effect of GABA in improving the physiological mechanisms of mustard seedlings in response to Cr stress.

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Effect of Brevibacterium iodinum RS16 and Methylobacterium oryzae CBMB20 Inoculation on Seed Germination and Early Growth of Maize and Sorghum-sudangrass hybrid Seedling under Different Salinity Levels

  • Kim, Ki-Yoon;Hwang, Seong-Woong;Saravanan, Venkatakrishnan Sivaraj;Sa, Tong-Min
    • Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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    • v.45 no.1
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    • pp.51-58
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    • 2012
  • Salinity is one of the most relevant abiotic factor limiting crop yield and its net primary productivity. In addition, salinity induces an increased stress ethylene synthesis in plants which, in turn, exacerbate the responses to the stressor. Bacterial single or co-inoculation effect was tested using previously characterized plant growth promoting (PGP) bacteria Brevibacterium iodinum RS16 and Methylobacterium oryzae CBMB20 on maize and sorghum-sudan grass hybrid under different concentrations of NaCl. Non-inoculated maize and sorghum-sudangrass hybrid showed 33.4% and 20.0% reduction in seed germination under highest NaCl (150 mM) level tested. However, under the same NaCl concentration, co-inoculation with B. iodinum RS16 and M. oryzae CBMB20 PGP strains increased the seed germination in maize (16.7%) and sorghum-sudangrass hybrid (4.4%). In Gnotobiotic growth pouch experiments conducted for maize and sorghum-sudangrass hybrid, co-inoculation of PGP B. iodinum RS16 and M. oryzae CBMB20 mitigated the salinity stress and promoted root length by 22.9% and 29.7%, respectively. Thus the results of this study could help in development of potential bioinoculants that may be suitable for crop production under saline conditions.

Growth and Mineral Contents of Spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) and Radish (Raphanus sativus L.) as Related with a Low Dose Gamma Irradiation

  • Hwangbo, Jun-Kwon;Kim, Jae-Sung;Lim, Ji-Hyeok;Baek, Myung-Hwa;Chung, Byung-Yeoup;Kim, Jin-Hong
    • Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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    • v.21 no.4
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    • pp.400-404
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    • 2003
  • This study was to evaluate the effects of gamma irradiation on the germination, nutrient concentrations and growth of spinach and radish. Both the spinach and radish seeds exhibited relatively higher germination rates in response to the low doses of gamma irradiation compared to the non -irradiated control. Leaf DW of the radish did not respond to gamma irradiation but that of the spinach increased significantly in response to a gamma radiation of 4 Gy (P< 0.05). Leaf growth parameters of the spinach including the leaf area and SLA (leaf area/leaf dry weight) also demonstrated increased responses to gamma irradiation. R/S (root dry weight/shoot dry weight), root DW and root length of the spinach exhibited a positive response to gamma irradiation while those of the radish did not. In contrast, SRL (root length/root dry weight) significantly decreased with gamma irradiation at 8 Gy for the spinach, but not for the radish. The tissue nitrogen concentrations of the spinach showed an increased response to gamma irradiation while that of the radish did not. Furthermore, higher concentrations of phosphorus, potassium, calcium and magnesium were found in the irradiated spinach, but not in the irradiated radish. It seems that the non-specific physiological and/or biochemical activities of spinach might be accelerated by gamma irradiation, possibly accounting for the stimulation of nutrient uptake from the root media and early biomass accumulation in the current study.

Arabidopsis thaliana as Bioindicator of Fungal VOCs in Indoor Air

  • Lee, Samantha;Hung, Richard;Yin, Guohua;Klich, Maren A.;Grimm, Casey;Bennett, Joan W.
    • Mycobiology
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    • v.44 no.3
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    • pp.162-170
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    • 2016
  • In this paper, we demonstrate the ability of Arabidopsis thaliana to detect different mixtures of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emitted by the common indoor fungus, Aspergillus versicolor, and demonstrate the potential usage of the plant as a bioindicator to monitor fungal VOCs in indoor air. We evaluated the volatile production of Aspergillus versicolor strains SRRC 108 (NRRL 3449) and SRRC 2559 (ATCC 32662) grown on nutrient rich fungal medium, and grown under conditions to mimic the substrate encountered in the built environment where fungi would typically grow indoors (moist wallboard and ceiling tiles). Using headspace solid phase microextraction/gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, we analyzed VOC profiles of the two strains. The most abundant compound produced by both strains on all three media was 1-octen-3-ol. Strain SRRC 2559 made several terpenes not detected from strain SRRC 108. Using a split-plate bioassay, we grew Arabidopsis thaliana in a shared atmosphere with VOCs from the two strains of Aspergillus versicolor grown on yeast extract sucrose medium. The VOCs emitted by SRRC 2559 had an adverse impact on seed germination and plant growth. Chemical standards of individual VOCs from the Aspergillus versicolor mixture (2-methyl-1-butanol, 3-methyl-1-butanol, 1-octen-3-ol, limonene, and ${\beta}-farnesene$), and ${\beta}-caryophyllene$ were tested one by one in seed germination and vegetative plant growth assays. The most inhibitory compound to both seed germination and plant growth was 1-octen-3-ol. Our data suggest that Arabidopsis is a useful model for monitoring indoor air quality as it is sensitive to naturally emitted fungal volatile mixtures as well as to chemical standards of individual compounds, and it exhibits relatively quick concentration- and duration-dependent responses.

An enhanced root system developmental responses under drought by inoculation of rhizobacteria (Streptomyces mutabilis) contributed to the improvement of dry matter production in rice

  • Suralta, Roel R.;Cruz, Jayvee A.;Cabral, Maria Corazon J.;Niones, Jonathan M.;Yamauchi, Akira
    • Proceedings of the Korean Society of Crop Science Conference
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    • 2017.06a
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    • pp.231-231
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    • 2017
  • Drought limits rice production under upland condition. This study quantified the effect of rhizobacteria inoculation on rice root system developmental response to drought and its role in maintaining high soil water use, and dry matter production under drought using NSIC Rc192 (rainfed lowland rice variety). The source of inoculant was Streptomyces mutabilis, a recently isolated rhizobacteria containing plant growth promoting compounds such as ACC deaminase, indole-3-acetic acid and phosphatase (Cruz et al., 2014, 2015). In the first experiment, pre-germination inoculation of seeds with S. mutabilis significantly increased the shoot and root (radicle) length as well as root hair lengths, relative to the non-inoculated control. In the second experiment, rice plants inoculated with S. mutabilis and grown in rootbox with soil generally had greater total root length under drought regardless of the timing of inoculations, relative to the non-inoculated control. Consequently, improved root system development contributed to the increase in soil water uptake under drought and thus, dry matter production. Among inoculation treatments, one-time inoculation of S. mutabilis either at pre-germination or pre-drought stress at 14 days after sowing (DAS), had significantly greater shoot dry matter production than three-time inoculation at pre-germination, at thinning (3 DAS) and at pre-drought (14 DAS). This study demonstrated the effectiveness of rhizobacteria (S. mutabilis) containing growth promoting compounds for enhancing drought dehydration avoidance root traits and improving the growth of rice plants under drought condition.

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Effects of Interrupted Wetness Periods on Conidial Germination, Germ Tube Elongation and Infection Periods of Botryosphaeria dothidea Causing Apple White Rot

  • Kim, Ki Woo;Kim, Kyu Rang;Park, Eun Woo
    • The Plant Pathology Journal
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    • v.32 no.1
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    • pp.1-7
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    • 2016
  • Responses of Botryosphaeria dothidea to interrupted wetness periods were investigated under in vivo and in vitro conditions. Conidia of B. dothidea were allowed to germinate on apple fruits under wetting condition at $25^{\circ}C$ for 5 hr. They were air-dried for 0, 1, 2 or 4 hr, and then rewetted at $25^{\circ}C$ for 5 hr. Following an initial wetness period of 5 hr, 83% of the conidia germinated. The percent conidial germination increased to 96% when wetting was extended continuously another 5 hr. However, no further conidial germination was observed when wetting was interrupted by dry periods of 1, 2 and 4 hr, resulting in 83, 81 and 82%, respectively. The mean length of the germ tubes was $37{\mu}m$ after 5 hr of wetting and elongated to $157{\mu}m$ after 10 hr of continuous wetting. On the other hand, interruption of wetting by a dry period of 1 hr or longer after the 5 hr of initial wetting arrested the germ tube elongation at approximately $42{\mu}m$ long. Prolonged rewetting up to 40 hr did not restore germ tube elongation on slide glasses under substrate treatments. Model simulation using weather data sets revealed that ending infection periods by a dry period of at least 1 hr decreased the daily infection periods, avoiding the overestimation of infection warning. This information can be incorporated into infection models for scheduling fungicide sprays to control apple white rot with fewer fungicide applications.

Study on the Response of Weed Species to Paraquat Absorbed Through Root System (뿌리를 통하여 흡수된 Paraquat에 대한 잡초종(雜草種)들의 반응(反應))

  • Kang, B.H.;Shim, S.I.;Lee, S.G.
    • Korean Journal of Weed Science
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    • v.15 no.1
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    • pp.1-12
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    • 1995
  • These researches have been conducted to obtain the basic information of the effects of paraquat on plant species and to screen the plant species showing specific responses to paraquat. Paraquat resistance related to ecotype and overwintering capacity. Perennial and biennial species showed higher resistance than annual species. In a family, most species showed higher resistance were overwintering species. Lamiaceae, Brassicaceae, and Caryophyllaceae were tolerant to paraquat, whereas Poaceae and Asteraceae were sensitive. Especially Mosla dianthera of Lamiaceae, Hemistepta lyrata and Aster pilosus of Asteraceae, and Paspalum thunbergii of Poaceae showed higher tolerance than others. The response patterns of plant species on germination stage were different to those on vegetative stage. Germination of Amarathus lividus, Arabis glabra, and Bidens frondosa was not inhibited by paraquat. But their seedling growth were highly inhibited.

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