• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.58 no.2
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• pp.99-106
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• 2014

This study explores the prescribing pattern of generic drugs and the relationship between socio-demographic factors and the use of generics in South Korea. The analysis was based on claims data of 2011 from Korean National Health Insurance. We examined utilization, costs, and market share of oral preparations by original and generic product. Multiple logistic regression was performed to evaluate the predictive factors of generic use among multi-source medications. Generics accounted for 37~41% of utilization and 34~41% of costs in the insured market of oral preparations. In the generic market, costly generics made up about 58~61%, 56~66% of volume and value, respectively. Other things being equal, institutional factors affected generic use to the largest degree. The odds of having generics were 6 times higher in clinics, 4 times higher in hospitals, and 1.7 times higher in general hospitals than in teaching hospitals. Those in metropolitan or rural area were more likely to prescribe generics than those in the capital area. While generics were frequently prescribed for off-site pharmacy (OR=1.173), the odds of having generics was 0.88 after weighting the data by units prescribed. This study empirically presented the pattern of generic prescribing, confirming the widely accepted view that costly generics were more likely to be utilized in the Korean market. Up to two thirds of the generic market consisted of costly products. The strongest factors affecting generic use were institutional variables.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Language and Information Conference
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• 1994.02a
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• pp.1-10
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• 1994

• Korea Journal of Hospital Management
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.52-70
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• 2009

This study is to analyse the reimbursement prices of drugs in Japan. Japan has the world's second-largest pharmaceutical market, and the world's largest price-controlled pharmaceutical market. The reimbursement prices of new drugs in Japan are determined by confidential negotiations between the manufacturer and the Japanese Ministry of Health, Labor, and Welfare. Pharmaceuticals account for a larger share of total healthcare expenditures in Japan than in most other major pharmaceutical markets such as France, Germany, United Kingdom and United States. Prescription drugs' share of total healthcare spending has slightly increased in recent years, from 20.2% in 2000 to 21.5% in 2004, the most recent year for which data are currently available. This trend is attributable to the effect of the Japanese rapidly aging population that stimulates demand for healthcare services. There are several method of price setting for drugs as below. First, on the initial pricing of branded drugs, is the similar-efficacy pricing method and cost calculation method. Second is postmarketing price changes which are biennial price revisions under the rule of National Health Insurance. Third is the rule of the generics price. Recently, the generics market is expanded because there are increasing numbers of hospitals by DPCs(Diagnosis-procedure Combinations).

• Health Policy and Management
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.210-223
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• 2013

Backgrounds: Escalating pharmaceutical expenditure has threatened the sustainability of National Health Insurance system in Korea. Generic medicines allow patients to access safe, effective, high-quality medicines at low cost, thus insurers could achieve significant financial savings by promotion of generics, if they are priced much lower than the originator. The purpose of this study was to review generic pricing as well as promotion policies in other countries and assess the implication of those policies. Methods: We reviewed the main measures adopted by the developed countries such as Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Netherlands, Norway, Sweden, United Kingdom, especially in countries where governments are the largest third-party payers or insurance finance resource is the national health insurance. Results: The foreign countries's experience with generic medicine policy shows that demand-side policies such as physician budgets, international nonproprietary name prescribing, generics substitution, patients co-payment as well as supply-side policies relating to pricing and reimbursement seems to play a critical role in developing the generic medicines market. Conclusion: Various strategy should be implemented to promote generic drug use.

• Journal of the Korea Society of Computer and Information
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.1-9
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• 2021

In this paper, we extend a generic library framework based on the state monad to exploit deterministic parallelism in a purely functional language Haskell and provide benchmarks for the extended features on a multicore machine. Although purely functional programs are known to be well-suited to exploit parallelism, unintended squential data dependencies could prohibit effective parallelism. Symbolic execution programs usually implement fresh name generation in order to prevent confusion between variables in different scope with the same name. Such implementations are often based on squential state management, working against parallelism. We provide reusable primitives to help developing parallel symbolic execution programs with unbound-genercis, a generic name-binding library for Haskell, avoiding sequential dependencies in fresh name generation. Our parallel extension does not modify the internal implementation of the unbound-generics library, having zero possibility of degrading existing serial implementations of symbolic execution based on unbound-genecrics. Therefore, our extension can be applied only to the parts of source code that need parallel speedup.

• Korea Journal of Hospital Management
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.24-39
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• 2000

This paper aims to analyze the effects that marketing mix variables have on the marketing performance of pharmaceutical manufacturers. It examines how product characteristics, price, marketing channel and promotion effort influence the sales and market share of anti-ulcer drugs in the markets for clinics and hospitals separately. Empirical results from 29 products of anti-ulcer drugs show that sales in hospitals are affected by the profit per prescription to the physician, brand name drugs relative to generics, and the age of ingredients since its introduction to the markets. Profit per prescription to the hospital, relative price, age of ingredients and promotion effort have positive effects on the market share.

• Korean Journal of Clinical Pharmacy
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.96-100
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• 2006

Korea Food and Drug Administration (KFDA) has been expediting the Biological Equivalence Examination (BEE) project to encourage generic substitution without expense of inappropriate therapeutic outcome. However, little is known about which considerations are most important in making the decision to prescribe a drug among many generic drugs. The purpose of this survey was to identify how strongly the KFDA certification of BEE influenced doctors when they make a choice between brand and generics of glimepiride preparations. Telephone survey was performed towards doctors working at local clinics by using a questionnaire. Most influential factor to doctors' decision was drug cost followed by pharmaceutical representatives, therapeutic efficacy, and review guideline for reimbursement. Advertisement of the drug was the least influential followed by KFDA certification of BEE. The meaning of BEE was best understood by relatively young doctors with specialty in surgical parts. This survey result further indicated that the doctors considered the therapeutic equivalence examination a preferred measure to expedite generic substitution.

• THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCE & LAW REVIEW
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• v.48
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• pp.101-125
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• 2010

CEPA(Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement, hereinafter CEPA) between India and Korea may influence some changes on Korean pharmaceutical industry which shows less competitive advantages than Indian industry in many regards. So the purpose of this paper remains on suggesting the way of enhancing international competitiveness for Korean industry on the basis of double diamond model. Through the comprehensive and deep analysis, our findings on recommendable business strategies for Korea are as follows ; in terms of factor conditions, first, cooperative strategy in R&D for developing generics will be required. Second, Introduction of CMO business can be considered. In terms of demand condition, Korean firms should find out the chance for demand creation in Indian market which has future market potential and American market exploration, as soon as possible. With regards to strategy, structure and competition, trying M&A with leading Indian companies and utilizing well organized medical professionals in India will be considered. In the points of related and supportive parts, lastly, Korean government should try to make so called "National Strategic R&D committee" for pharmaceuticals and bring u-healthcare service to Korea in the first place. If Korean pharmaceutical industry implement above-mentioned strategies, CEPA can be turned into business opportunities from the crisis. As a result, Korean firms shall have more powerful global competitiveness eventually.

• Korean Journal of Clinical Pharmacy
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.105-112
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• 2017

Background: Generic medications are approved on the basis of bioequivalence with brand medications in healthy volunteers rather than the target population, there remains a substantial uncertainty regarding their clinical effectiveness and safety. The object of this paper is to compare the clinical equivalence of generic statin drugs in patients. Methods: Literature published before September 2016, which is indexed in PubMed, EMBASE, RISS, comparing generic to brand products in statins. Outcomes included blood lipid level, proportion of days covered (adherence), hospitalization and mortality. Results: 511 citations were screened, of which 11 studies met eligibility criteria (6 randomized clinical trials, 5 observational studies). Generic atorvastatin was clinical equivalent with brand drugs in blood lipid level (3 RCTs) and generic simvastatin was also clinical equivalent with brand drugs (2 RCTs). 2 of 3 studies reported no significant difference in proportion of days covered except 1 study which reported generic statin significantly enhance proportion of days covered (p<0.001). Hospitalization was no significant difference in all studies (p>0.05). 1 study reported that all cause of mortality was significantly low in generic drugs (p<0.0001). Conclusion: Published data on comparing clinical efficacy of generic and brand statins were insufficient in both quantity and quality. This systematic review suggests that additional studies on clinical equivalence and safety of generic medications in patients would be needed.

• Journal of the Korea Society of Computer and Information
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.111-119
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• 2023

In this paper, we investigate the feasibility of functional programming in the Scala language. The main issue is to what extent Scala is able to handle major properties of functional programming such as lambda expression, high-order functions, generic types, algebraic data types, and monads. For this purpose, we implement an interpreter of an imperative language. In this implementation, the same functional programming techniques are applied to both Haskell and Scala languages, and then these two versions of implementations are compared and analyzed. The abstract syntax tree of an imperative language is expressed as algebraic data types with generics and enum classes in Scala, and the state transition of imperative languages is implemented by using state monad. Extension and given, new features of Scala, are used as well.