• The Transactions of The Korean Institute of Electrical Engineers
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• v.60 no.2
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• pp.398-406
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• 2011

In this paper, we introduce a new architecture of PSO-based Polynomial Neural Networks (PNN) and discuss its comprehensive design methodology. The conventional PNN is based on a extended Group Method of Data Handling (GMDH) method, and utilized the polynomial order (viz. linear, quadratic, and modified quadratic) as well as the number of node inputs fixed (selected in advance by designer) at Polynomial Neurons located in each layer through a growth process of the network. Moreover it does not guarantee that the conventional PNN generated through learning results in the optimal network architecture. The PSO-based PNN results in a structurally optimized structure and comes with a higher level of flexibility that the one encountered in the conventional PNN. The PSO-based design procedure being applied at each layer of PNN leads to the selection of preferred PNs with specific local characteristics (such as the number of input variables, input variables, and the order of the polynomial) available within the PNN. In the sequel, two general optimization mechanisms of the PSO-based PNN are explored: the structural optimization is realized via PSO whereas in case of the parametric optimization we proceed with a standard least square method-based learning. To evaluate the performance of the PSO-based PNN, the model is experimented with using Gas furnace process data, and pH neutralization process data. For the characteristic analysis of the given entire data with non-linearity and the construction of efficient model, the given entire system data is partitioned into two type such as Division I(Training dataset and Testing dataset) and Division II(Training dataset, Validation dataset, and Testing dataset). A comparative analysis shows that the proposed PSO-based PNN is model with higher accuracy as well as more superb predictive capability than other intelligent models presented previously.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.97-110
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• 2020

This study conducted observations at 72 traffic lights and road signs in Sejong-si, Korea from March to June 2019 in order to analyze nest-site, nest-site characteristics and feeding behavior in Tree sparrow (Passeer montanus) in urban. Feeding behavior during breeding season in 2019 was investigated at 10 Town representing traffic facilities installed on the road located in the center of the city and 10 Riverside Geumgang river's riverside road. We fitted both general linear model and regression model to our field data and estimated the spatial variation of initial date of the first feeding (i.e., being date of breeding) and the total number of caterpillar fed by parents per hour. Our results showed that the frequency of nest building on artificial structures, such as traffic lights, was about 26% higher and about 8 days earlier in the riverside. In particular, the first feeding was significantly faster when the nearest distance between nest to green field as foraging site was shorter whereas there was no significant effect of the number of nest within 50 meters on the first feeding. Number of caterpillars fed by parents was higher in the Riverside than in the Urban, and especially the number in the second brood was sharply decreased in the Urban. As we estimated average amount of caterpillars per hour to 446 traffic safety facilities in Sejong-si, it was estimated that Tree sparrows fed 18,742.8 caterpillars per hour during the breeding season. In this study, we showed that characteristics of nests built in artificial structures and feeding behavior in order to analyze effects of environmental condition in urban on life-history traits during the breeding season. Finally, we discussed the conservation of birds in urban and pest control effects.

• Imaging Science in Dentistry
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• v.51 no.3
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• pp.279-290
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• 2021

Purpose: Using images in the facial image comparison process poses a challenge for forensic experts due to limitations such as the presence of facial expressions. The aims of this study were to analyze how morphometric changes in the face during a spontaneous smile influence the facial image comparison process and to evaluate the reproducibility of measurements obtained by digital stereophotogrammetry in these situations. Materials and Methods: Three examiners used digital stereophotogrammetry to obtain 3-dimensional images of the faces of 10 female participants(aged between 23 and 45 years). Photographs of the participants' faces were captured with their faces at rest (group 1) and with a spontaneous smile (group 2), resulting in a total of 60 3-dimensional images. The digital stereophotogrammetry device obtained the images with a 3.5-ms capture time, which prevented undesirable movements of the participants. Linear measurements between facial landmarks were made, in units of millimeters, and the data were subjected to multivariate and univariate statistical analyses using Pirouette^® version 4.5 (InfoMetrix Inc., Woodinville, WA, USA) and Microsoft Excel^® (Microsoft Corp., Redmond, WA, USA), respectively. Results: The measurements that most strongly influenced the separation of the groups were related to the labial/buccal region. In general, the data showed low standard deviations, which differed by less than 10% from the measured mean values, demonstrating that the digital stereophotogrammetry technique was reproducible. Conclusion: The impact of spontaneous smiles on the facial image comparison process should be considered, and digital stereophotogrammetry provided good reproducibility.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.82 no.4
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• pp.311-318
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• 2019

Background: Although physical activity is known to be beneficial to lung function, few studies have been conducted to investigate the correlation between physical activity and lung function in dusty areas. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to investigate the correlation between physical activity and lung function in a Korean cohort including normal and COPD-diagnosed participants. Methods: Data obtained from the COPD in dusty areas (CODA) cohort was analyzed for the following factors: lung function, symptoms, and information about physical activity. Information on physical activity was valuated using questionnaires, and participants were categorized into two groups: active and inactive. The evaluation of the mean lung function, modified Medical Research Council dyspnea grade scores, and COPD assessment test scores was done based on the participant physical activity using a general linear model after adjusting for age, sex, smoking status, pack-years, height, and weight. In addition, a stratification analysis was performed based on the smoking status and COPD. Results: Physical activity had a correlation with high forced expiratory volume in 1 second ($FEV_1$) among CODA cohort (p=0.03). While the active group exhibited significantly higher $FEV_1$ compared to one exhibited by the inactive group among past smokers (p=0.02), no such correlation existed among current smokers. There was no significant difference observed in lung function after it was stratified by COPD. Conclusion: This study established a positive correlation between regular physical activity in dusty areas and lung function in participants.

• Journal of Korean society of Dental Hygiene
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• v.21 no.6
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• pp.763-771
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• 2021

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to examine the association between periodontitis and health behavior in women aged ≥40 years. In addition, related factors were compared according to the presence or absence of cardiovascular disease. Methods: Data from the 7th Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2016-2018) were used. The study included 3,801 women aged 40-79 years, who participated in a questionnaire health survey related to hypertension, stroke, myocardial infarction, and angina pectoris, as well as completed blood tests, anthropometry, and oral examination. Statistical analyses were performed using complex sample general linear, complex sample crosstabs, and complex sample logistic regression analyses. Results: In all subjects, smoking and drinking, use of interdental care products, and dental checkups were confirmed to be significantly related to periodontitis. In the group with cardiovascular disease, the use of interdental care products, experience in dental checkups, and toothbrushing more than three times a day were confirmed as significant factors for lowering the prevalence of periodontitis. In the group without cardiovascular disease, smoking and drinking, use of interdental care products, and experience in dental checkups were confirmed as the significant factors. Conclusions: To improve the periodontal health of women over 40 years of age with cardiovascular disease, a health education program including self-care methods for proper dental plaque management and regular dental checkups are critical. Additionally, awareness of the risks of smoking and drinking would be helpful even for women without cardiovascular diseases.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.144-153
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• 2021

Objectives: Anxiety disorders are the most common psychiatric disorders in adolescents and seem to occur the earliest among all forms of psychopathology. The aim of this study was to investigate the association of anxiety severity with health risk behaviors and mental health in adolescents. Methods: Data from the 2020 Korean Youth Risk Behavior Web-Based Survey were analyzed. A total of 54948 adolescents responded to the 7-item Generalized Anxiety Disorder Scale (GAD-7) for the assessment of their anxiety severity as well as to the mental health and health risk behavior survey. Logistic regression analysis, t tests, and variance analysis of a complex sample general linear model were used to examine the association of anxiety severity with health behaviors and mental health. Results: After statistical adjustment for sociodemographic characteristics, the subjects in the severe anxiety group were significantly more likely to be current smokers (odds ratio [OR]: 2.08, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.72-2.50), current drinkers (OR: 1.91, 95% CI: 1.67-2.19), experience habitual substance use (OR: 10.89, 95% CI: 8.22-14.42), have sexual intercourse (OR: 2.10, 95% CI: 1.76-2.51), and have unprotected intercourse (OR: 2.21, 95% CI: 1.67-2.92) than those in the normal group. Anxiety severity negatively correlated with sleep satisfaction and happiness, but positively correlated with stress perception, loneliness, depressive symptoms, and suicidality. Conclusion: Adolescent anxiety is associated with health risk behaviors and poor mental health. Thus, early screening and intervention for anxiety in adolescents could contribute to the management and coping of youth health risk behaviors in the community.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.17 no.6
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• pp.1170-1184
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• 2023

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Skipping breakfast is prevalent in young adult women. This study examined the psychosocial factors and eating behaviors according to the breakfast frequency among female university students. SUBJECTS/METHODS: The subjects were female university students in Seoul, South Korea. A survey was done, and the data from 291 students were analyzed. The subjects were categorized into a high breakfast group (HBG) and low breakfast group (LBG). Analysis of covariance and multiple linear regression were mainly used in data analysis. RESULTS: The subjects had breakfast 3.6 days/week on average. The HBG (47.4%) and the LBG (52.6%) differed significantly in breakfast status, including place, people eating together, breakfast menu, and breakfast preparers (P < 0.001). The HBG agreed more strongly with the advantages of breakfast than the LBG (P < 0.001). The disadvantages/barriers of breakfast were stronger in the LBG (P < 0.001). The HBG felt more confidence in having breakfast (P < 0.001) and confidence in general eating behaviors (P < 0.05). The two groups also differed in the subjective norms from parents/professionals (P < 0.001) and siblings/friends (P < 0.01). The HBG showed desirable eating behaviors more frequently (P < 0.001) and undesirable eating behaviors less frequently (P < 0.001). Multiple regression showed that the following were significantly related to the breakfast frequency, explaining 57.3% of the variance: self-efficacy regarding having breakfast (P < 0.001), perceived barriers of breakfast (no appetite/habit/indigestion, P < 0.001), desirable and undesirable eating behaviors (P < 0.01), subjective norms from parents/professionals (P < 0.05), and perceived barriers due to lack of time/preparation difficulties (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Psychosocial factors and eating behaviors were significantly related to the breakfast frequency. Nutrition education might include strategies to increase self-efficacy for breakfast, modify the beliefs, particularly the disadvantages/barriers of breakfast, adopt desirable eating behaviors, and elicit support from significant others.

• Journal of Korean Society of Rural Planning
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.37-53
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• 2024

The purpose of this study is to analyze the effectiveness of an agriculture and rural development ODA project in southern Nepal's Terai region to improve food security, and to suggest appropriate project approaches to improve food security. The subject of the analysis is the KOICA-funded 'Inclusive Rural Development project', and a framework for analyzing food security was established based on the FAO's four pillars of food security, and indicators were proposed to measure the food security of project farmers. The data for this study were obtained from a survey of project beneficiary farmers and their control group, and the effects of the project on food security were measured using a a t-test analysis, difference-in-difference analysis, propensity score matching-linear regression combined model (PSM-OLS) and a propensity score matching-difference-in-difference combined model(PSM-DID). The results showed that, in general, the ODA project treatment group had significant improvements in each of the four pillars of food security (food availability, access, utilization, and stability). In addition, cooperative membership had a positive impact on food security improvements, and there were also differences in outcomes among different ethnic groups in the Terai region. The implications of this study are that the Korean government's ODA policy should set aside the food security sector and incorporate food security indicators to contribute to the improvement of food security in ODA partner countries, and that agricultural and rural development ODA projects should include food security indicators as performance indicators in their pre-planning to contribute to securing food security for vulnerable groups as food insecurity is higher among vulnerable groups.

• The Korean Journal of Rehabilitation Nursing
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.29-44
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• 1999

This study was carried out to obtain basic data required to plan and develop Rehabilitation Day Care Program for the stroke Survivors at home in Korea. The subjects comprised of 118 stroke survivors who discharged from 4 hospitals in Seoul during the past 2 years. The data were collected from August 3, 1998 to September 18, 1998, through interviews with questionnaires about general characteristics, activities of dally living, depression and service need of rehabilitation day care program at the outpatient clinics by trained nursing graduates. Data were analyzed with descriptive analysis, Pearson's correlation analysis, and Stepwise multiple linear regression analysis using SPSS/WIN program. The results obtained are as follows ; 1. The mean score of the general need of rehabilitation day care program of stroke survivors was 2.78(range 1-4). The highest need among the service categories of the rehabilitation day care program was self-care and restorative activities category, and health services referral category, recreation category, psychosocial activities category in order. The needs of each category are as follows ; 1) In the health services referral category, the need for speech therapy was highest, followed by the need for physical therapy and occupational therapy. 2) In the psychosocial activities category, the need for self-help group was highest. 3) In the self-care and restorative activities category, the need for bathing was highest, followed by bowel training, and ambulation training. 4) The need for the recreation category was 2.62. 2. Among the need for the effect related to the utilization of day care program, the need for survivors' physical and psychological well-being was highest and was followed by the need for caregiver's physical and psychological wellbeing. Pearson's correlation analysis revealed following results ; 1. The need for rehabilitation day care program service displayed a correlation with the level of education, ADL, and the level of depression, and a reverse correlation with age. 2. The need for the effect related to the utilization of rehabilitation day program displayed a correlation with the level of education, ADL, and the level of depression. The stepwise multiple linear regression analysis revealed following results : 1. For the need for rehabilitation day care program service, 28.4% of the variance was initially explained by one variable, level of depression. The level of depression plus two variables, survivors' age and ADL, explained 34.2% of the variance in the need for rehabilitation day care program service. 2. For the need for the effect related to the utilization of rehabilitation day care program, 12.4% of the variance was initially explained by one variable, level of depression. The level of depression plus one variable, level of education, explained 20.4% of the variance in the need for the effect related to the utilization of rehabilitation day care program. In conclusion, above characteristics should be considered when we are planning to develop stroke survivors' rehabilitation day care program.

• Journal of Embryo Transfer
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.199-205
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• 2009

This study was carried out to investigate the effective genetic resources preservation system using the frozen boar semen. The porcine oocytes were matured for 44 hours in NCSU-23 medium with or without 10% Porcine Follicle Fluid (PFF), 0.5 ${\mu}g/ml$ porcine FSH, 0.5 ${\mu}g/ml$ equine LH, 1.0 ${\mu}g/ml$ 17 $\beta$-estradiol ($E_2$) and 10 ng/ml Epidermal Growth Factor (EGF) under mineral oil at $38.5^{\circ}C$ in humidified atmosphere of 5% $CO_2$ in air. After 44 h of culture, the oocytes were inseminated with frozen-thawed semen and fresh semen prepared with mTBM medium for 6 h. Later, set of 50 presumptive zygotes were transferred into 4-well dish (500 ${\mu}l$) of IVC medium. for embryos freezing, slow-freezing and vitrification methods were used as a cryopreservation. Differences among treatments were analyzed using General Linear Model Procedure by SAS Package (version 6.12) differences were considered significant when p<0.05. Following IVF and IVC, the rates of cleavage and blastocysts formation were significantly higher (p<0.05) in hormone supplemented group than that of hormone-free group (25.7 vs, 12.1). The development rates to cleavage and blastocysts were significantly higher in PZM-5 group than NCSU-23 group (60.3%, 46.6% vs 27.4%, 11.1%). Further improvement was achieved when PZM-5 was supplemented with FBS. Cleavage rates was significantly higher in fresh semen source group than frozen semen (66.7% vs 43.7%). However in blastocysts rates was similar two groups. Post-thaw survival rates of embryos were 1.2% and 2.2% in slow-frezing and vitrification groups, respectively. The results of our study suggest that it is still possible to improve the culture conditions and boar semen cryopreservation for enhance reproductive technology and animal genetic resources conservation.